NUMBER 13-22-00075-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
DUTY FREE CITY USA, LLC
A/K/A DUTY FREE CITY, LLC, Appellant,
v.
ALONZO CANTU, Appellee.
On appeal from the 197th District Court
of Cameron County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Tijerina, Silva, and Peña
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Tijerina
Appellant Duty Free City, USA, LLC a/k/a Duty Free City, LLC (Duty Free) appeals
the trial court’s granting of summary judgment in favor of appellee Alonzo Cantu. By two
issues, Duty Free asserts that the trial court erred in granting Cantu’s: (1) no-evidence
summary judgment motion on Duty Free’s counterclaims, and (2) traditional summary
judgment motion on Cantu’s claims for breach of contract. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On March 23, 2015, Duty Free, as tenant, entered into a commercial lease with
Thomas H. Sweeney III, as landlord, for the purposes of operating a duty-free store. The
term of the lease was for sixty months, ending on June 22, 2020. Under the terms of the
lease, on the first of each month, Duty Free paid Sweeney $2,650 for monthly rent. Duty
Free further agreed to pay a late charge of $225 if rent was not paid within six days of the
due date. The lease provided that changes would be in writing.
Thereafter, Sweeney sold his rights under the lease to Cantu in November 2017.
Duty Free continued to make payments to Cantu under the lease until 2018. According
to Cantu, Duty Free defaulted on the lease by failing to make monthly rental payments in
September, October, November, and December of 2018. In October 2019, Cantu
effectuated a “lock-out” of Duty Free from the leased premises. Duty Free obtained a writ
of re-entry to the property and removed its personal property from the leased premises.
On March 27, 2020, Cantu filed suit against Duty Free, asserting breach of contract
and requesting attorney’s fees. Duty Free responded stating that in 2018, “the parties
negotiated a reduction in rent because of [a] changing business environment.” Duty Free
asserted the defenses of equitable estoppel, promissory estoppel, and novation. Duty
Free further asserted that Cantu failed to mitigate damages because he made no attempt
to re-lease the premises. Lastly, Duty Free asserted the defense of impossibility,
asserting that Cantu’s lock-out of the premises and the “Stay at Home” COVID orders
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made it impossible for it to conduct business on the premises. Duty Free counterclaimed
for breach of contract, asserting the lockout was not done in accordance with the terms
of the lease.
Cantu filed a joint traditional and no-evidence motion for summary judgment. Cantu
stated that Duty Free defaulted on the lease by failing to make monthly payments as they
became due and failed to pay late charges. Cantu asserted Duty Free paid no rent for the
months of September 2018, October 2018, November 2018, and December 2018, yet
Duty Free occupied the premises until November 21, 2019, and thereafter abandoned the
lease. Thus, according to Cantu, Duty Free owed $38,770 for past due rental payments,
rental payments owing through the end of the lease term, and late charges. To support
his traditional motion for summary judgment, Cantu attached the commercial lease, the
lock-out notice he posted on the property, rental payments made by Duty Free, a
statement of rent due, an affidavit of the onsite manager Odette Castillo, and Duty Free’s
discovery responses. Cantu further asserted he was entitled to a no-evidence summary
judgment on Duty Free’s breach of contract claim because there was no evidence that
Duty Free tendered performance under the lease or that Cantu breached or caused
damages.
Duty Free responded to the motion for combined summary judgment asserting that
the parties negotiated a rent reduction to $2,223 per month and that Cantu did not comply
with the notice requirements as set out in the lease when Cantu locked out Duty Free.
Therefore, according to Duty Free, Cantu breached the contract rather than Duty Free.
Duty Free attached a series of e-mails reflecting negotiations on rent, the lock-out notice
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Cantu posted, Duty Free’s sworn application for a writ of re-entry, the executed writ of re-
entry, and a chart with Duty Free’s sales for the years 2018–19.
Cantu responded that he complied with the notice provisions of the property code
and insisted that Duty Free provided no evidence of the elements of its breach of contract
claim or damages. The trial court granted Cantu’s joint traditional and no-evidence
summary judgment motion, ordered that Cantu recover from Duty Free the amount of
$38,770, attorney’s fees, and pre-judgment and post-judgment interest. Duty Free filed a
motion for new trial, which the trial court denied. This appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Cantu filed a combined no-evidence and traditional motion for summary judgment.
See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c), (i). We review both motions for summary judgment de novo.
See Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). We review no-
evidence motions for summary judgment under the same legal sufficiency standard used
to review a directed verdict. Painter v. Amerimex Drilling I, Ltd., 561 S.W.3d 125, 130
(Tex. 2018). A party without the burden of proof at trial, after adequate time for discovery,
may move for summary judgment because there is no-evidence of one or more essential
elements of a claim or defense. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). “In a no-evidence summary
judgment, the movant must specifically state the elements as to which there is no
evidence.” Macias v. Fiesta Mart, Inc., 988 S.W.2d 316 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1999, no pet.). “The burden then shifts to the non[]movant to bring forth evidence that
raises a fact issue on the challenged elements.” Id. at 317. The trial court properly grants
a no-evidence summary judgment if the respondent does not bring forth more than a
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scintilla of probative evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact. See King Ranch,
Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003). “[M]ore than a scintilla exists when
the evidence rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ
in their conclusions.” Macias, 988 S.W.2d at 317 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Conversely, “[l]ess than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence is so weak as to
do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted).
A traditional motion for summary judgment requires the moving party to show that
no genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Nassar v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 508 S.W.3d 254,
257 (Tex. 2017). Once a movant initially establishes a right to summary judgment on the
issues expressly presented in the motion, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to present
issues or evidence precluding summary judgment. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). The
nonmovant must either negate at least one of the essential elements of a cause of action
or conclusively establish each element of an affirmative defense. See Randall’s Food
Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex. 1995). A plaintiff movant must
conclusively prove all essential elements of its cause of action as a matter of law.
Draughon v. Johnson, 631 S.W.3d 81, 87 (Tex. 2021). “The non[]movant has no burden
to respond to a motion for summary judgment unless the movant conclusively establishes
each element of its cause of action as a matter of law.” Wyrick v. Bus. Bank of Tex., N.A.,
577 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, no pet.) (quoting Rhone-
Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 222–23 (Tex. 1999)).
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“To defeat summary judgment by raising an affirmative defense, the nonmovant
must do more than just plead the affirmative defense.” Lunsford Consulting Group, Inc. v.
Crescent Real Estate Funding VIII, L.P., 77 S.W.3d 473, 475 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2002, no pet.). “The nonmovant must present summary judgment evidence that
raises that defense.” Id. at 476. In reviewing either type of summary judgment motion, we
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting favorable
evidence if reasonable jurors could do so, and disregarding contrary evidence unless
reasonable jurors could not. Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex.
2013); Valence Operating Co., 164 S.W.3d at 661. When the trial court’s order does not
specifically state the grounds for granting judgment, we must affirm the judgment “if any
of the theories presented to the trial court and preserved for appellate review are
meritorious.” Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex. 2003).
III. NO-EVIDENCE SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Duty Free asserts the trial court erred in entering a no-evidence summary
judgment on its counterclaim for breach of contract because “a valid contract exists, and
more than a scintilla of evidence shows Duty Free performed or tendered performance
as the parties agreed, Cantu breached by failing to perform as the contract required, and
Duty Free sustained damages as a result.”
To establish a breach of contract claim, the claimant must prove: (1) the existence
of a valid contract; (2) performance or tendered performance by the claimant; (3) a breach
by the defendant; and (4) the claimant incurred damages as a result of the breach. USAA
Texas Lloyds Co. v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 501 n.21 (Tex. 2018). Cantu challenged
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all elements. In its response to Cantu’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment, Duty
Free did not address the necessary elements for its breach of contract counterclaim or
provide any evidence establishing that it performed or tendered performance under the
lease by paying Cantu $2,650 per month as required by the lease. See Holloway v. Tex.
Elec. Util. Constr., Ltd., 282 S.W.3d 207, 212 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2009, no pet.) (holding
that a no-evidence summary-judgment response was inadequate to raise fact issue when
the party failed to discuss the challenged element anywhere in its response). In fact, Duty
Free does not dispute that it failed to pay monthly installments in that amount. Instead,
Duty Free asserts that the parties “negotiated, a rent reduction,” and it made rental
payments pursuant to this reduction.
However, the contract prohibited changes to it “except by written agreement.” Duty
Free did not provide a written agreement demonstrating that the parties agreed to a rent
reduction. To the contrary, Duty Free provided a series of e-mails between it and Cantu
discussing a possible rent reduction.
In the e-mails, the following exchange transpired: (1) Duty Free stated it would pay
Cantu $10,600 for the last four months of 2018 (September, October, November,
December), asked Cantu to “put this agreement in writing stating the rent reduction [is]
effective January 2019 and forward,” stated that “[o]nce we have this [agreement] in
writing we’ll issue the check and send to your attention”; (2) Cantu responded requesting
documentation from Duty Free showing that its sales had dropped; (3) Duty Free
responded, “I thought finally we had [a] resolution and we[’]re moving forward. Why the
back tracking?”; (4) Cantu requested further documentation for the past twelve months
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showing that Duty Free’s sales were decreasing; (5) Cantu informed Duty Free he would
deposit “the checks received for January through April rent as partial payment for those
months until [he] receive[s] the requested State Sales tax reports as proof of decreasing
sales,” and that “[o]nce those reports are received[,] we can proceed in assessing the
sales decrease and make an amendment to the lease contract.”
According to this evidence, the rent reduction was conditioned on Cantu receiving
documentation showing Duty Free’s sales decreasing for the last twelve months. Cantu
further stated that once he received those sales reports, the parties could proceed in
making “an amendment to the lease contract.” Furthermore, Cantu explained the rent he
received was being deposited as “partial payments” for January through April. Thus,
although Duty Free states that the parties agreed to a rent reduction in 2019, the series
of e-mails Duty Free provided do not account for a rent reduction, and Duty Free provided
no evidence of a modification of the lease terms that was reduced to a written agreement
as the lease required. Therefore, Duty Free failed to provide evidence that it tendered
performance under the terms of the lease. See Lunsford Consulting Group, 77 S.W.3d at
475; Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d at 501. Accordingly, the trial court properly granted Cantu’s
no-evidence summary judgment on Duty Free’s breach of contract counterclaim, and we
overrule Duty Free’s first issue.
IV. TRADITIONAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT
By its second issue, Duty Free asserts that the trial court erred by granting Cantu’s
traditional motion for summary judgment on Cantu’s breach of contract cause of action.
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As summary judgment evidence, Cantu submitted a balance sheet containing
invoices submitted to Duty Free, payment dates, check numbers, amounts paid, and
balance due. According to the balance sheet, invoices dated October 1, 2018, through
May 1, 2019, accrued with an outstanding balance of $23,850. The balance sheet further
reflected that Duty Free submitted five check payments on May 3, 2019, in the amount of
$2,223 each, resulting in an outstanding balance of $12,735. Duty Free continued to
make check payments in the amount of $2,223 from June 2019 to October 2019. No
further payments are reflected on the balance sheet. Cantu further submitted balance
statements addressed to Duty Free reflecting balances from September 2018 to May
2020, referencing their correlated invoice numbers and the monthly past due amounts.
Cantu attached each of Duty Free’s checks, which Cantu endorsed. Furthermore, Cantu
provided the lockout notice he displayed on the premises, which read: “PURSUANT TO
TEXAS PROPERTY CODE SECTION 93.002 YOU MAY OBTAIN YOUR NEW KEY
UPON THE PAYMENT OF ALL PAST DUE AMOUNTS. YOU CAN CALL ODETTE
CASTILLO AT [] OR VISIT THE BUSINESS LOCATED AT [ADDRESS] DURING
NORMAL BUSINESS HOURS TO OBTAIN THE NEW KEY.” See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN.
§ 93.002(f) (providing that if a landlord changes the door lock of a delinquent tenant’s
premises for failure to pay rent, the landlord must place a written notice on the tenant’s
front door stating the address or phone number of the individual from which the new key
may be obtained if the tenant pays the delinquent rent).
Based on this evidence, Cantu established that a valid contract existed, that Cantu
performed under the lease, that Duty Free breached the lease, and that Cantu suffered
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damages as a result. See Sauceda v. GMAC Mortg Corp., 268 S.W.3d 135, 140 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg, no pet.). Because Cantu’s summary judgment evidence
established his right to judgment as a matter of law, it became Duty Free’s burden to raise
a genuine issue of material fact as to an element of the breach of contract claim or to
each element of an affirmative defense. See Brownlee v. Brownlee, 665 S.W.2d 111, 112
(Tex. 1984) (“If the party opposing a summary judgment relies on an affirmative defense,
he must come forward with summary judgment evidence sufficient to raise an issue of
fact on each element of the defense to avoid summary judgment.”).
In response to Cantu’s summary judgment, Duty Free raised the defenses of
estoppel and impossibility. 1 Regarding estoppel, Duty Free asserted that Cantu was
estopped “from making unverified claims that the notice of the lockout was legitimate or
that the statutory provision of Chapter 93.002(h) [of the property code] do[es] not apply.”
See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 93.002(g)(2). However, this argument—that Cantu is
estopped from asserting the lockout was legitimate—relates to Duty Free’s claim that
Cantu breached the contract and that Duty Free was entitled to damages pursuant to
§ 93.002 of the property code. See id. We have already determined that Duty Free’s
breach of contract counterclaim against Cantu failed as a matter of law. Therefore, Duty
Free did not establish the elements of this affirmative defense. See id.
Next, Duty Free raised the defense of impossibility: Cantu’s “conduct in the lockout
rendered [Duty Free’s] performance under the contract impossible” because if the “shop
1 We note that Duty Free’s response to Cantu’s summary judgment largely focused on its assertion
that Cantu breached the contract and Duty Free was apparently thus entitled to damages pursuant to the
lockout provision in § 93.002 of the property code. See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 93.002(g)(2) (providing
that a tenant may recover damages if the landlord violates this section).
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is not open to the public, there are no sales and therefore no possibility of paying rent.”
To have defeated summary judgment on Cantu’s breach of contract claim, Duty Free was
required to do more than just plead the affirmative defense. See FP Stores, Inc. v.
Tramontina US, Inc., 513 S.W.3d 684, 690 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet.
denied). Duty Free was required to “come forward with evidence sufficient to raise a
genuine issue of material fact on each element of its affirmative defense” of impossibility.
See id. However, Duty Free has not specified either in its summary judgment response
or its brief on appeal any element of impossibility. See id. In fact, Duty Free appears to
wholly abandon this argument on appeal because it does not address the affirmative
defense of impossibility. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i) (providing that an appellant’s brief
“must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate
citations to authorities and to the record”). Accordingly, Duty Free did not meet its
summary judgment burden. See id. We overrule its second issue.
V. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
JAIME TIJERINA
Justice
Delivered and filed on the
30th day of November, 2023.
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