In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-23-00050-CV
___________________________
GAIL E. AUSTIN AND MARY HEINEN, Appellants
V.
M&T BANK, Appellee
On Appeal from the 78th District Court
Wichita County, Texas
Trial Court No. 187,262-B
Before Sudderth, C.J.; Bassel and Wallach, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Bassel
MEMORANDUM OPINION
I. Introduction
This is a forcible-detainer case. Appellants Gail E. Austin and Mary Heinen
appeal from a judgment awarding possession of the property at issue to Appellee
M&T Bank. Appellants raise five points. Having previously analyzed the exact points
that they raise under facts analogous to those here, we see no reason to depart from
our prior precedent.1 We therefore affirm.
II. Background
After M&T Bank purchased the subject premises at a foreclosure sale, it filed a
forcible-detainer suit against Appellants in justice court and obtained a judgment
granting it possession of the subject premises. Appellants appealed that judgment to
1
Appellants’ brief fails to cite the dispositive cases from this court in which
appellants’ attorney has previously raised the exact issues that he raises in this appeal
and in which each of his arguments was overruled. See Gaber v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n,
No. 02-20-00376-CV, 2021 WL 5367851, at *1–6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 18,
2021, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Rosalez v. Foson Invs., LLC, No. 02-20-00023-CV, 2021
WL 1918755, at *1–4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 13, 2021, pet. denied) (mem. op.);
Askew v. Mena Homes, Inc., No. 02-19-00181-CV, 2020 WL 579121, at *1–3 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth Feb. 6, 2020, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Martinez v. Cerberus SFR
Holdings, L.P., No. 02-19-00076-CV, 2019 WL 5996984, at *1–9 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth Nov. 14, 2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also Enriquez v. Cap. Plus Fin., LLC,
No. 02-19-00184-CV, 2020 WL 719441, at *1–3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb. 13,
2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (raising four of the same issues—all of which were
overruled).
2
the district court (the trial court).2 Appellants also filed a plea in abatement
(challenging M&T Bank’s standing and presuit notice) and an original answer subject
to their plea.
In a brief bench trial, the trial court heard argument on Appellants’ plea in
abatement and overruled it. The trial court then proceeded to receive evidence and to
hear argument in the forcible-detainer suit. M&T Bank introduced certified copies of
the Deed of Trust that was originally foreclosed that previously secured the property,
the Substitute Trustee’s Deed from the foreclosure sale, and a business-records
affidavit to which was attached a notice to vacate and a certified-mail receipt.
Appellants objected only to the Substitute Trustee’s Deed, which was admitted over
their objection. After hearing arguments, the trial court stated that the proceeding
was “a complete collateral attack on the deeds that are on file in the county clerk’s
office that have never been challenged” and granted M&T Bank possession of the
property.3
Appellants thereafter filed an emergency motion to determine the amount of
bond, deposit, or security, and M&T Bank filed a response. The trial court signed a
separate “Order Regarding Supersedeas,” finding that the judgment could be
reasonably superseded pending appeal to this court by the posting of a bond in the
As pointed out in Appellants’ brief, Wichita County justice-court appeals are
2
to the district court. See Shaw v. Shaw, No. 2-07-147-CV, 2008 WL 2002640, at *4
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 8, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.).
3
Appellants did not request findings of fact and conclusions of law.
3
amount of $25,000 or by depositing $2,083.33 with the Wichita County District Clerk
on or before the twenty-first day of each month during the pendency of the appeal.
The record contains a letter showing that at least one monthly supersedeas deposit
was paid.
Appellants also filed a motion for new trial, and M&T Bank filed a response in
opposition. The motion was overruled by operation of law, and this appeal followed.
III. Applicable Law
A tenant at sufferance commits a forcible detainer when she refuses to
surrender possession of real property on written demand by the person entitled to
possession of that property. See Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 24.002. A plaintiff in a
forcible-detainer suit can establish “the superior right to immediate possession by
establishing the fact of a foreclosure pursuant to a deed of trust that created a tenancy
at sufferance after the foreclosure.” Askew, 2020 WL 579121, at *1–2; Martinez, 2019
WL 5996984, at *2.
The only issue that the trial court determines in a forcible-detainer action is the
right to actual and immediate possession of the property. See Coinmach Corp. v.
Aspenwood Apartment Corp., 417 S.W.3d 909, 919 (Tex. 2013); Marshall v. Hous. Auth. of
the City of San Antonio, 198 S.W.3d 782, 785 (Tex. 2006). To prevail in such an action,
a plaintiff is not required to prove title; it is required only to show sufficient evidence
of ownership demonstrating a superior right to immediate possession of the property.
Askew, 2020 WL 579121, at *2. Defects in title or in the foreclosure process cannot
4
be determined in a forcible-detainer action. E.g., Williams v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, 315
S.W.3d 925, 927 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 510.3(e) (stating
that in a forcible-detainer action, “[t]he court must adjudicate the right to actual
possession and not title”). “The arena to challenge the propriety of a foreclosure” is
not in a forcible-detainer action but “in a separate suit for wrongful foreclosure or to
set aside a substitute trustee’s deed.” Martinez, 2019 WL 5996984, at *3. When, as
here, “a foreclosure pursuant to a deed of trust establishes a landlord and tenant-at-
sufferance relationship between the parties, the trial court has an independent basis to
determine the issue of immediate possession without resolving the issue of title to the
property.” Reardean v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., No. 03-12-00562-CV, 2013 WL
4487523, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 14, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.).
IV. Analysis
As we thoroughly explained in Martinez, most of the points raised by
Appellants are based on a challenge to the Substitute Trustee’s Deed by which M&T
Bank claims a superior right to possession of the property, and Appellants cannot
attack the form of the deed in a forcible-detainer action. 2019 WL 5996984, at *3–6.
We need not repeat that expository here but will instead move forward with
addressing why each of Appellants’ points fails.
A. Presuit Demand for Possession
In their first point, Appellants argue that “there was not a statutorily sufficient
pre[]suit demand for possession to support [M&T Bank’s] claims.” Appellants
5
correctly cite the governing statute for a forcible-detainer action that specifies a
demand for possession “must be made in writing by a person entitled to possession of
the property and must comply with the requirements for notice to vacate under
Section 24.005.” See Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 24.002(b). In turn, the basic
requirements for a notice to vacate to a tenant at sufferance (such as Appellants
became in accordance with the deed of trust after the foreclosure on the subject
property) are as follows: “If the occupant is a tenant at will or by sufferance, the
landlord must give the tenant at least three days’ written notice to vacate before the
landlord files a forcible[-]detainer suit unless the parties have contracted for a shorter
or longer notice period in a written lease or agreement.” See id. § 24.005(b).
Appellants’ argument has as its basis an attack on the affidavit attached to the
Substitute Trustee’s Deed,4 and they make no challenge to the form or timing of the
notice to vacate. Indeed, the evidence establishes that the notice was sent to both
Appellants by a law firm on M&T Bank’s behalf, and the notice stated,
This law firm represents the current owner of the above[-]described real
property.
On 07/04/2017, the above-described real property was sold at
foreclosure sale, pursuant to the terms of the Deed of Trust securing
said property[] and TEX. PROP. CODE § 51.002. Title to the subject
property is now held by our current client.
4
Appellants argue that because the affidavit was defective, the Substitute
Trustee’s Deed does not show M&T Bank’s right to possession, and thus it does not
show M&T Bank was a person authorized to make a demand for possession. As
discussed herein, we reject that argument.
6
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT YOU MUST
VACATE THE PREMISES WITHIN THREE (3) DAYS.
If you fail either to vacate the premises or to leave the property in
a state of good and clean repair, we will be forced to take legal action
against you to enforce our client’s rights.
If you have any questions, please contact our office at the address
or phone number above.
Appellants identify no deficiency in the notice,5 and we see none. We overrule
Appellants’ first point.
B. Lack of Standing
In their second point, Appellants couch the basis of their claim that M&T Bank
lacked standing as follows:
M&T’s pleadings, and the predicate notice demanding possession, were made on the
basis of a [S]ubstitute [T]rustee’s [D]eed, the recitations of which were not to be
treated by the trial court as prima facie evidence of a conveyance per TEX. PROP.
CODE §[ ]51.002(e), because the deed not only does not contain an affidavit of a
person averring from her or his own personal knowledge that there was compliance
with TEX. PROP. CODE §[ ]51.002(b) and (d) in the manner of giving of notice.
Therefore, the [S]ubstitute [T]rustee’s [D]eed was not entitled to the evidentiary
presumption provided by TEX. PROP. CODE §[ ]51.002(e). Consequently,
5
To the extent that Appellants’ statement—that “[t]he inescapable conclusion is
that a forcible[-]detainer plaintiff must make its own demand for possession[] and that
the plaintiff not be allowed to proceed without establishing that it has in fact made
proper demand through an authorized person”—argues that a demand for possession
must have been made by M&T Bank itself rather than by an agent acting on its behalf,
we have considered and rejected this identical argument in Rosalez and Enriquez. See
Rosalez, 2021 WL 1918755, at *2; Enriquez, 2020 WL 719441, at *1. We noted that
corporations act only through their agents and concluded that the presuit demand in
those cases was properly sent through the plaintiff’s agent. See Rosalez, 2021 WL
1918755, at *2; Enriquez, 2020 WL 719441, at *1. We likewise conclude in this case
that it was sufficient under the statute for M&T Bank to send its presuit demand
through an authorized agent.
7
M&T never demonstrated standing, on the face of the public record or
to the trial court, to claim title to the real property in question or that it
had evidence of authority to make the statutorily required pre[]suit
demand for possession. Such failure required abatement or dismissal of
the case under the standard articulated by this [c]ourt in A[ ]Plus
Investments[, Inc.] v. Rushton, [No. 02-03-00174-CV, 2004 WL 868866, at
*2–3] (Tex. App.—Fort Worth [Apr. 22,] 2004[, no pet.) (mem. op.)].
[Emphasis added in italics.]
Appellants’ argument is a recasting of the claim that the Substitute Trustee’s Deed
through which M&T Bank claims title has a defective affidavit that makes it
potentially defective. We explained in detail in Martinez why A Plus Investments does
not apply and why such a claim does not create a title issue so inextricably intertwined
with the right to possession that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to hear the forcible-
detainer suit, nor does it demonstrate that M&T Bank lacked a superior right of
immediate possession. 2019 WL 5996984, at *4–5, *8; see also Rosalez, 2021 WL
1918755, at *2–3; Enriquez, 2020 WL 719441, at *2; Askew, 2020 WL 579121, at *2–
3.6 Accordingly, we overrule Appellants’ second point.
6
Within their second point, Appellants argue that M&T Bank failed to
appropriately verify its petition. Although M&T Bank’s counsel verified the
document, Appellants contend that this was insufficient because Rule of Civil
Procedure 510.3(a) requires an eviction petition to be “sworn to by the plaintiff.”
Tex. R. Civ. P. 510.3(a). “We have previously considered this same issue on several
occasions and have concluded every time that a party’s attorney may verify a petition
in a forcible[-]detainer action as that party’s agent.” Gaber, 2021 WL 5367851, at *4
(collecting cases).
Appellants further argue that the petition “does not contain sufficient plausible
statements and signature of an affiant before a notary who has taken the oath of the
signer, in such a manner that perjury could be assigned to the attachments to the
[p]etition.” This issue was previously raised by Appellants’ attorney in an appeal
8
C. Substitute Trustee’s Deed Not Entitled to Presumption of Validity
In the third rehash of their same complaint, Appellants argue that
[n]either M&T’s pleadings nor its offered exhibits include a complete
purported [S]ubstitute [T]rustee’s [D]eed with an authenticating affidavit
sufficient for purposes of TEX.[ ]PROP.[ ]CODE §[ ]51.002(e) to entitle it
to be treated as prima facie proof of the matters recited therein, and no
notice under the applicable rules was given of the filing of such in a form
and manner to which [Appellants] could have objected through counsel
before the November 9, 2022 trial. No critical recitations within the
Substitute Trustee’s Deed, and hence no statutorily sufficient notice to
vacate, were properly before the trial court and were not entitled to any
presumption of regularity or validity. Since a proper deed and affidavit
would mean that the [S]ubstitute [T]rustee’s [D]eed would be entitled to
be treated as prima facie evidence of compliance, a deed inadequate on its
face, which bore no sufficient TEX.[ ]PROP.[ ]CODE §[ ]51.002(e)
affidavit[], should mean that the [Substitute Trustee’s D]eed should not
be adequate evidence on which to base a claim of superior right to
possession, just as it would be insufficient to support validity of the sale
in title litigation.
To briefly reiterate why this argument fails, the attack on the form of the
affidavits did not prevent M&T Bank from claiming a superior right to possession and
appears unfounded from a factual standpoint. See Martinez, 2019 WL 5996984, at *8;
decided by the Dallas Court of Appeals. See Lua v. Cap. Plus Fin., LLC, 646 S.W.3d
622, 630–31 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2022, pet. denied). The court in Lua set forth the
applicable law—Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 510.3—and explained that the
requirement set out in that rule is not jurisdictional; because it is not jurisdictional,
appellants were required to preserve the issue by raising it in the county court. See id.
at 631. Because appellants did not point the court to, nor could the court find, where
they had raised this issue in the county court, and because the record showed that
appellee’s attorney had sworn to the eviction pleading on behalf of his client (thus
satisfying the requirements of Rule 510.3), the Dallas Court of Appeals overruled the
Luas’ argument. Id. We are in a similar position: we have not been pointed to, nor
can we find, where Appellants raised this issue in the district court. And we have held
in the preceding paragraph that M&T Bank’s counsel verified the document. We
therefore overrule this argument.
9
see also Rosalez, 2021 WL 1918755, at *3; Askew, 2020 WL 579121, at *3. We overrule
Appellants’ third point.
D. Lack of Privity and Challenge to M&T Bank’s Right to Rely on
Tenancy-at-Sufferance Term of Deed of Trust
In their fourth point, Appellants assert that the trial court erred by granting
M&T Bank possession because it was not in privity of contract with Appellants in
relation to the Deed of Trust and therefore did not show that it was entitled to rely on
the “tenancy at sufferance” language in that instrument. We have rejected this same
argument each time that it has been presented:
[W]e have recently stated that “[t]he fact that the lender in the Deed of
Trust does not match the holder identified in the Substitute Trustee’s
Deed . . . presents a question of title” and “does not undermine the
showing of superior right to possession accorded Appellee because it
was the grantee in the Substitute Trustee’s Deed.” Martinez, 2019 WL
5996984, at *8 (citing Deubler v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, No. 02-10-00125-
CV, 2011 WL 1331540, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 7, 2011, no
pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that party was not required to present evidence
establishing connection between deed of trust and substitute trustee’s
deed to establish superior right to possession)).
Rosalez, 2021 WL 1918755, at *4 (quoting Askew, 2020 WL 579121, at *3); see also
Martinez, 2019 WL 5996984, at *8.
M&T Bank was not required to establish privity of contract with Appellants in
relation to the Deed of Trust. See Rosalez, 2021 WL 1918755, at *4. It is sufficient
that the Substitute Trustee’s Deed shows that M&T Bank purchased the subject
property at a foreclosure sale and so acquired the right to enforce the tenancy-at-
10
sufferance clause in the Deed of Trust. See id.; Enriquez, 2020 WL 719441, at *3. 7 We
overrule Appellants’ fourth point.
E. Continued Occupancy
In their fifth point, Appellants contend that the trial court erred by granting
possession to M&T Bank because it did not present any evidence of Appellants’
continued occupancy of the subject property. See Shields Ltd. P’ship v. Bradberry, 526
S.W.3d 471, 478 (Tex. 2017) (citing refusal to vacate premises as an element of a
forcible-detainer action). Because neither party requested findings of fact and
conclusions of law, the trial court’s finding on this element is implied if there is
sufficient evidence to support it. See id. at 480. Here, M&T Bank offered, and the
trial court admitted into evidence at trial, a copy of M&T Bank’s notice to vacate,
which was addressed to “Gail E[.] Austin, Mary Heinen[,] And/Or All Current
7
Appellants’ fourth point also briefly mentions an impermissible counterclaim:
[A]bsent proof of connection of the ownership of the lien of a deed of
trust to the trustee granting the Substitute Trustee’s Deed (which would
require prima facie evidentiary status for the deed) as well as admission of
the deed in spite of its issuance pursuant to a sale based on the
impermissible counterclaim, then M&T had no standing to (a) issue pre[]suit
demands for possession, or (b) seek to proceed to judgment at the trial
on November 9, 2022 and/or to treat Austin and/or Heinen as a tenant
at sufferance. [Emphasis added.]
As explained in Gaber, we have previously rejected challenges premised on the
impermissible-counterclaim argument. 2021 WL 5367851, at *2. And as Gaber
further pointed out, “any questions about defects in the foreclosure process or
‘[w]hether the sale of property under a deed of trust is invalid may not be determined
in a forcible[-]detainer [action] and must be brought in a separate suit,” which
Appellants did not do. See id. (footnote and citations omitted).
11
Occupants,” accompanied by a supporting business-records affidavit and tracking
information showing that the notice was sent by certified mail, and Appellants do not
argue that they did not receive the notice to vacate. See Brittingham v. Fed. Home Loan
Mortg. Corp., No. 02-12-00416-CV, 2013 WL 4506787, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth Aug. 22, 2013, pet. dism’d w.o.j.) (mem. op.) (holding that there was sufficient
refusal-to-vacate evidence based in part on business records demonstrating notice).
M&T Bank also filed a verified petition averring that despite its written demand to
vacate the premises, Appellants had refused and continued to refuse to surrender
possession.8 See Isaac v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 563 S.W.3d 305, 316 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied) (holding refusal-to-vacate evidence sufficient based in
part on the bank’s verified complaint).
After the justice court rendered judgment granting M&T Bank immediate
possession of the property, Appellants filed a bond to maintain possession pending
their appeal to the trial court. See Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 24.0061. And the fact that
Appellants appealed—from the justice court to the trial court—a judgment depriving
them of possession is some acknowledgement that they were in possession of the
property at the time of trial and had refused to vacate the property as demanded by
8
M&T Bank’s verified justice-court petition was accompanied by an affidavit
averring that the facts in the petition “are true and correct.”
12
M&T Bank.9 See Gaber, 2021 WL 5367851, at *5; Rosalez, 2021 WL 1918755, at *4;
Martinez, 2019 WL 5996984, at *9; see also Askew, 2020 WL 579121, at *3 n.2. Because
there is legally sufficient evidence of Appellants’ refusal to vacate the property, we
overrule Appellants’ fifth point.
V. Conclusion
Having overruled Appellants’ five points, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/s/ Dabney Bassel
Dabney Bassel
Justice
Delivered: December 14, 2023
9
Appellants also filed a post-judgment motion to determine the amount of the
supersedeas bond, and in that motion, Appellants described the property as their
“residential homestead” and asked the trial court to permit them “to maintain
possession of the [p]roperty without threat of eviction during the pendency of their
appeal.”
13