People v. Smith

2024 IL App (1st) 221455-U
FIRST DISTRICT,
FIRST DIVISION
January 29, 2024

No. 1-22-1455

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
_____________________________________________________________________________

IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
_____________________________________________________________________________

) Appeal from the
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,
) Circuit Court of
) Cook County, Illinois.
Plaintiff-Appellee,
)
v.
) No. 92 CR 19294
)
CALVIN SMITH, a/k/a Sam Hewitt,
) Honorable
) Michael B. McHale,
Defendant-Appellant.
) Judge Presiding.
_____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE COGHLAN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Lavin and Pucinski concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: Dismissal of defendant’s section 2-1401 petition for relief from judgment is
affirmed where statute prohibiting possession of short-barreled firearms is
constitutional under the second amendment.

¶2 In 1992, defendant Calvin Smith (also known as Sam Hewitt) pled guilty to two counts of

unlawful use of a weapon (UUW) (720 ILCS 5/24-1(a)(7) (West 1992)) for possessing a shotgun

with a barrel length of less than 18 inches, and an overall length of less than 26 inches (a short-

barreled shotgun). Defendant was initially sentenced to 18 months’ probation, and, subsequently,

three years’ imprisonment for violating his probation.
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¶3 On June 23, 2022, defendant filed a petition for relief from judgment under section 2-

1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2022)), seeking to vacate

his UUW conviction as a violation of his second amendment rights. Defendant appeals the

circuit court’s dismissal of his petition, arguing that the UUW statute prohibiting possession of

short-barreled firearms violates the second amendment under New York State Rifle & Pistol

Ass’n v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022). For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶4 BACKGROUND

¶5 On August 25, 1992, defendant was charged with two counts of UUW for knowingly

possessing a shotgun with a barrel length of less than 18 inches, and an overall length of less

than 26 inches. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 34, § 24-1-A(7), now codified at 720 ILCS 5/24-

1(a)(7)(ii). On September 11, 1992, defendant pled guilty to both counts and was sentenced to 18

months’ probation. He then violated his probation by committing a drug offense (case No. 93-

CR-13081). On July 1, 1993, defendant pled guilty to the drug offense and violating his

probation and was sentenced to concurrent terms of three years’ imprisonment for each offense.1

¶6 On June 23, 2022, defendant filed a section 2-1401 petition for relief from judgment,

arguing that his UUW conviction should be vacated because the “UUW statute [was] struck

down as facially unconstitutional on Second Amendment grounds” in People v. Aguilar, 2013 IL

112116. On August 12, 2022, the circuit court dismissed defendant’s petition, finding that his

1
Defendant was convicted of first degree murder and attempt first degree murder in case No. 94-
CR-14946 and is currently serving a natural life sentence. See People v. Hewitt, 295 Ill. App. 3d 1110
(April 29, 1998) (table) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).
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reliance on Aguilar is “misplaced as it does not apply to the specific facts of his case,” where he

was convicted of possessing “a ‘sawed off’ shotgun.” Defendant now appeals. 2

¶7 ANALYSIS

¶8 Section 2-1401 of the Code provides a comprehensive statutory procedure by which final

judgments may be vacated more than 30 days after their entry. 735 ILCS 5/2-1401(a) (West

2022); People v. Vincent, 226 Ill. 2d 1, 7 (2007). Ordinarily, a section 2-1401 petition must be

filed within two years of a final judgment. 735 ILCS 5/2-1401(c) (West 2022). However, a

petition can be brought at any time where, as here, a defendant alleges that his conviction or

sentence “is based on a statute that is facially unconstitutional and void ab initio.” People v.

Stoecker, 2020 IL 124807, ¶ 28. “We review de novo a section 2-1401 petition that was denied or

dismissed on legal grounds.” People v. Abdullah, 2019 IL 123492, ¶ 13. We “may affirm on any

basis appearing in the record, whether or not the trial court relied on that basis or its reasoning

was correct.” People v. Daniel, 2013 IL App (1st) 111876, ¶ 37.

¶9 Defendant argues the UUW statute’s “flat-out ban on private residents from merely

possessing short-barreled firearms” is facially unconstitutional under the second amendment.

Section 24-1(a)(7)(ii) of the Criminal Code of 2012 provides that a person commits UUW if he

knowingly “[s]ells, manufacturers, purchases, possesses or carries *** any rifle having one or

more barrels less than 16 inches in length or a shotgun having one or more barrels less than 18

inches in length or any weapon made from a rifle or shotgun, *** if such a weapon as modified

has an overall length of less than 26 inches.” 720 ILCS 5/24-1(a)(7)(ii).

2
Defendant mailed his notice of appeal on September 8, 2022, but it was not filed until
September 15, 2022. On June 28, 2023, defendant filed a motion for supervisory order, requesting that the
court treat his notice of appeal as timely filed. On July 13, 2023, our supreme court granted the motion
and directed this court to “treat the notice of appeal *** as a properly perfected appeal from the circuit
court’s August 12, 2022, order.”

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¶ 10 “ ‘Constitutional challenges carry the heavy burden of successfully rebutting the strong

judicial presumption that statues are constitutional.’ ” People v. Rizzo, 2016 IL 118599, ¶ 23

(quoting People v. Patterson, 2014 IL 115102, ¶ 90). “That presumption applies with equal force

to legislative enactments that declare and define conduct constituting a crime and determine the

penalties imposed for such conduct.” Id. The challenger has the burden of clearly demonstrating

a constitutional violation. People v. Greco, 204 Ill. 2d 400, 406 (2003). “A facial challenge to the

constitutionality of a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount,” as “[a] statute is facially

unconstitutional only if there are no circumstances in which the statute could be validly applied.”

People v. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 25. The constitutionality of a statute is a question of law,

which is reviewed de novo. Id. ¶ 26.

¶ 11 The second amendment provides: “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the

security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”

U.S. Const., amend. II. “Throughout the twentieth century, the prevailing understanding of the

second amendment, at least in some way, related to militia service.” People v. Brooks, 2023 IL

App (1st) 200435, ¶ 66. This changed after District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 595

(2008), where the Supreme Court held that the second amendment confers an “individual right to

keep and bear arms” for self-defense. Specifically, the “the right of an ordinary, law-abiding

citizen to possess a handgun in the home for self-defense.” Bruen, 597 U.S. at 8-9. This

individual right to keep and bear arms was extended to the States under the fourteenth

amendment in McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U.S. 742, 750 (2010).

¶ 12 After Heller and McDonald, the lower courts developed a “two-step” approach to assess

second amendment claims. Bruen, 597 U.S. at 18. First, the government could justify its

regulation by “ ‘establish[ing] that the challenged law regulates activity falling outside the scope

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of the right as originally understood.’ ” Id. (quoting Kanter v. Barr, 919 F.3d 437, 441 (7th Cir.

2019)). If the regulated conduct fell beyond the amendment’s original scope, then the analysis

stopped there, and the regulated activity was “ ‘categorically unprotected.’ ” Id. (quoting United

States v. Greeno, 679 F. 3d 510, 518 (6th Cir. 2012)). However, “[i]f history proved inconclusive

or suggested that the regulated activity was not ‘categorically unprotected’ courts proceeded to

the second step, whereupon they conducted a means-ends analysis, employing either strict or

intermediate scrutiny and weighing the severity of the regulation against the ends the

government sought to achieve.” Brooks, 2023 IL App (1st) 200435, ¶ 67 (citing Atkinson v.

Garland, 70 F.4th 1018, 1020 (7th Cir. 2023)).

¶ 13 Recently, in Bruen, the Court condemned the application of any “means-end scrutiny” in

the second amendment context. Bruen, 597 U.S. at 19. There, the Court struck a New York

licensing regime requiring persons wishing to carry a firearm outside the home to show “proper

cause” to be issued a license, meaning, a “ ‘special need for self-protection distinguishable from

that of the general community.’ ” Id. at 12, 71. In doing so, the Court adopted a new framework

for evaluating second amendment claims, instructing, “[w]hen the Second Amendment’s plain

text covers an individual’s conduct, the Constitution presumptively protects that conduct [and]

[t]he government must then justify its regulation by demonstrating that it is consistent with the

Nation’s historical tradition of firearm regulation.” Id. at 24. “Only then may a court conclude

that the individual’s conduct falls outside the Second Amendment’s ‘unqualified command.’ ”

Id. (quoting Konigsberg v. State Bar of Cal., 366 U.S. 36, 50, n. 10 (1961)).

¶ 14 Under Bruen, we first must determine whether the plain text of the second amendment

covers the conduct at issue here, i.e., whether the second amendment protects an individual’s

right to possess short-barreled firearms. See id. at 24. Defendant argues that the second

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amendment “presumptively protects Americans’ rights to possess ‘all instruments that constitute

bearable arms ***,’ ” which includes short-barreled firearms. The State responds that because

short-barreled firearms are “dangerous and unusual” weapons that are “not commonly used by

law-abiding citizens for self-defense purposes,” they are not “arms” protected by the second

amendment.

¶ 15 The Supreme Court has recognized that, “[l]ike most rights, the right secured by the

Second Amendment is not unlimited.” Heller, 554 U.S. at 626. “From Blackstone through the

19th-century cases, commentators and courts routinely explained that the right was not a right to

keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose.” Id.

In Heller, the Court recognized an “important limitation on the right to keep and carry arms”

based on the nature of the arms. Id. at 627. Specifically, the “sorts of weapons protected [by the

second amendment are] those ‘in common use at the time,’ ” which is “fairly supported by the

historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of ‘dangerous and unusual weapons.’ ” Id.

¶ 16 In considering what types of weapons are covered by the second amendment, the Heller

Court examined its decision in United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174 (1939). See Heller, 554 U.S.

at 624. In Miller, the Court held that the second amendment did not guarantee the right to keep

and bear short-barreled shotguns “[i]n the absence of any evidence tending to show that

possession or use of a [short-barreled shotgun] *** at this time has some reasonable relationship

to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia.” Miller, 307 U.S. at 178.

¶ 17 The Heller Court “read Miller to say only that the Second Amendment does not protect

those weapons not typically possessed by law-abiding citizens for lawful purposes, such as

short-barreled shotguns.” (Emphasis added.) Heller, 554 U.S at 623, 625. This necessarily

precludes defendant’s argument that he has a second amendment right to possess a short-barreled

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shotgun. And to the extent that defendant challenges the UUW statute’s prohibition on

possessing both short-barreled shotguns and short-barreled rifles, he has offered “no meaningful

distinction between the two.” See United States v. Cox, 906 F.3d 1170, 1186 (10th Cir. 2018)

(taking its “cue from Heller” and “conclud[ing] that the possession of short-barreled rifles falls

outside the Second Amendment’s guarantee”). Accordingly, the plain text of the second

amendment does not encompass an individual’s right to possess short-barreled firearms. See

Heller, 554 U.S at 625; see also People v. Ramirez, 2023 IL 128123, ¶ 27 (finding that defaced

firearms “are not covered by the plain text of the second amendment because they are not

typically used by law-abiding citizens for lawful purposes”).

¶ 18 Defendant argues that we should not rely on Heller’s pronouncement that short-barreled

shotguns are not protected by the second amendment because Heller did not involve “any

historical analysis *** as to short-barreled firearms,” as is now required under Bruen. We

disagree. The Heller Court found that limiting the kinds of weapons protected by the second

amendment is “fairly supported by the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of

‘dangerous and unusual weapons.’ ” Heller, 554 U.S. at 627. Heller is entirely consistent with

Bruen. See Bruen, 597 U.S. at 17 (“In keeping with Heller, we hold that when the Second

Amendment’s plain text covers an individual’s conduct, the Constitution presumptively protects

that conduct.”); see also id. at 72 (Alito, J., concurring) (noting that the Court had not “disturbed

anything that [they] said in Heller or McDonald *** about restrictions that may be imposed on

the possession or carrying of guns”).

¶ 19 Defendant further asserts that short-barreled firearms are in “common use today” because

162,267 short-barreled shotguns and 532,725 short-barreled rifles were registered in the United

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States as of 2021.3 However, unlike handguns, short-barreled firearms are not “an entire class of

‘arms’ chosen by American society for [the] lawful purpose” of self-defense. See Heller 554

U.S. at 625, 628. Short-barreled firearms are regulated precisely because they are “concealable

weapon[s] *** likely to be used for criminal purposes.” See United States v. Thompson/Ctr.

Arms Co., 504 U.S. 505, 517 (1992) (explaining that short-barreled rifles are regulated under the

National Firearms Act (26 U.S.C. §§ 5841, 5845) for this very reason). The sheer number of

registered short-barreled firearms does not undercut their dangerousness, or the fact that they are

“not typically possessed by law-abiding citizens for lawful purposes.” 4 See Heller, 554 U.S. at

625, 628 ; see also People v. Dean, 207 Ill. App. 3d 640, 642 (1990) (noting that the UUW

statute “provides that a person in possession of a sawed-off shotgun *** has committed a crime.

No exceptions are allowed under this section because such weapons are considered to be

inherently dangerous to human life”).

¶ 20 Accordingly, defendant’s facial challenge to section 24-1(a)(7)(ii) fails where he has not

established that there are “no set of circumstances under which the statute would be valid.”

People v. Bochenek, 2021 IL 125889, ¶ 10.

¶ 21 CONCLUSION

¶ 22 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.

3
Defendant cites to Firearms Commerce in the United States Annual Statistical Update 2021,
United States Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, in support of
these statistics.
4
Since Bruen, numerous federal district courts have held that because short-barreled shotguns
and rifles are dangerous and unusual weapons, their possession is not conduct protected under the second
amendment. See, e.g., United States v. Wuchter, No. 23-CR-20240CJW-MAR, 2023 WL 4999862, at *5
(N.D. Iowa Aug. 4, 2023); United States v. Saleem, No. 3:21-cr-00086-FDW-DSC, 2023 WL 2334417, at
*7 (W.D.N.C. Mar. 2, 2023); United States v. Brooks, No. 23-26-DLB-CJS, 2023 WL 6880419, at *4
(E.D. Ky. Oct. 18, 2023); United States v. Rush, No. 22-cr-40008-JPG, 2023 WL 403774, at *3 (S.D. Ill.
Jan. 25, 2023); United States v. Royce, No. 1:22-cr-130, 2023 WL 2163677, at *3 (D.N.D. Feb. 22, 2023).

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¶ 23 Affirmed.

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