UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
RONALD T. EDWARDS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
No. 96-2237
CHARLES MICHAEL TOBIN; JOEL S.
ARONSON; STEFANIE SCHWARTZ,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt.
Alexander Williams, Jr., District Judge.
(CA-94-983-AW)
Argued: December 3, 1997
Decided: March 19, 1998
Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, MOTZ, Circuit Judge, and
WILSON, Chief United States District Judge for the
Western District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Gary M. Sidell, LAW OFFICE OF GARY M. SIDELL,
Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Shirlie Norris Lake, ECCLESTON
& WOLF, P.C., Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellees.
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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Ronald T. Edwards ("Edwards") brought this breach of fiduciary
duties and malpractice action under the district court's diversity juris-
diction against his former attorneys, Charles Tobin and his associates,
Joel Aronson and Stefanie Schwartz (collectively"Tobin"). The dis-
trict court found insufficient evidence to support the breach of fidu-
ciary duties claim. In addition, the court found the malpractice claim
barred by collateral estoppel and by the prohibition against collateral
attacks on judgments. We agree with the district court that there is
insufficient evidence to support Edwards' breach of fiduciary duties
claim. We also conclude that the malpractice claim is simply a
repackaged, prohibited collateral attack on the judgment of the Mary-
land Court of Appeals. Accordingly, we affirm.
I.
In 1978, Edwards joined William Grambling ("Grambling") and
Denver Roberts ("Roberts") to market an invention, called an "Au-
toswab," designed to extract oil and water from oil wells. After travel-
ing below the surface of the oil, this self-propelled device engages a
rubber seal designed to trap the natural gas normally present in oil
wells. The Autoswab uses the pressure from this gas to force oil to
the surface. In 1980, Edwards, Grambling and Roberts formed Gram-
bling Engineering Corporation ("GEC") and became the officers,
directors and sole shareholders of the new corporation.
Over time, Edwards' relationship with his business associates dete-
riorated because of their conflicting visions of GEC's future. Gram-
bling and Roberts sought to sell GEC along with its intellectual
property. Edwards wanted to further improve the design of the rubber
seal, upgrade the method of producing it and continue efforts to mar-
ket the Autoswab. GEC had been manufacturing the seal using a
2
single-cavity experimental mold that could produce only one seal at
a time. When Grambling rebuffed Edwards' proposal to develop a
four-cavity production mold, Edwards financed the project himself in
the hope that GEC would reimburse him. GEC eventually used seals
manufactured with the four-cavity mold but never repaid Edwards. In
1983, Edwards, in his own name, secretly applied for a patent on the
new seal. The patent was granted on July 16, 1995, in Edwards'
name.
Intra-corporate conflicts and Edwards' appropriation of the patent
and mold inevitably led to litigation. When Grambling refused to
honor a demand by Edwards for a statement of corporate affairs,
Edwards filed suit against the corporation in the Maryland Circuit
Court, Montgomery County. GEC counterclaimed alleging: (1)
breach of fiduciary duty ("count I"); (2) tortious interference with a
valid business expectancy ("count II"); (3) conversion ("count III");
(4) intentional interference with advantageous contractual arrange-
ments ("count IV"); and (5) defamation ("count V"). GEC sought
compensatory and punitive damages, and injunctive relief, including
assignment of the seal patent to the corporation. Prior to trial, the
court dismissed count IV of the counterclaim and GEC withdrew
count V.
Edwards' claim was tried before the circuit court, which dismissed
his complaint.1 The remaining three counts of GEC's counterclaim
were tried before a jury. Following the conclusion of the evidence and
arguments of counsel, the court submitted the following three ques-
tions to the jury:
(1) Did Ronald Edwards breach his fiduciary duty to
Grambling Engineering Corporation?
(2) Did Ronald Edwards tortiously interfere with a valid
business expectancy of Grambling Engineering Corpo-
ration? . . . .
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1 Prior to trial, GEC provided Edwards with the statement of corporate
affairs that he had demanded.
3
(3) Did Ronald Edwards convert corporate property to his
own use?
The jury answered "yes" as to question one, but "no" as to questions
two and three. As a result, the court dismissed GEC's tortious inter-
ference and conversion claims. The court then enjoined Edwards to
assign the patent and turn over the four-cavity mold to GEC.
Edwards retained Tobin to prosecute, before the Maryland Court of
Appeals, his appeal of the circuit court's injunction. In that appeal,
Tobin argued that the injunction was inconsistent with the jury's ver-
dict and that the trial court had entered the injunction without making
specific findings of fact.2 In making these arguments, Tobin, in briefs
submitted to the court, on at least one occasion referred to the jury's
decision as a "special verdict." He noted, however, that questions
existed concerning the appropriate classification of the verdict as a
special or a general verdict.
In a published opinion, the Maryland Court of Appeals rejected all
of Tobin's arguments and affirmed the district court's remedial order.
See Edwards v. Grambling Engineering Corp., 588 A.2d 793 (Md.
1991). The court concluded first that the injunction was consistent
with the jury's verdict and second that the trial court did not err when
it failed to make findings of fact. The court premised its second con-
clusion on its characterization of the verdict as a"special verdict."
Under Maryland Rule 2-522(c), the court reasoned, the trial court was
not required to accompany special verdicts with findings of fact. See
Maryland Rule 2-522(c). On other occasions throughout the opinion,
the appeals court called the verdict a "special verdict."
Edwards dismissed Tobin, and, with newly retained counsel, filed
a Motion for Reconsideration with the Maryland Court of Appeals.
Edwards argued that the appeals court, and Tobin, had mischaracter-
ized the verdict. The verdict, he then contended, was a general, rather
than special, verdict. The court denied Edwards' motion without com-
ment.
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2 Tobin also unsuccessfully argued that, because federal preemption
precluded the trial court from determining entitlement to patents, it
lacked jurisdiction to order the assignment of the patent at issue.
4
Prior to his dismissal, Tobin also represented Edwards in a separate
proceeding seeking the dissolution of GEC. Edwards' discharged him
before the matter was resolved.
Later, Edwards filed this action in the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland alleging that Tobin breached his fiduciary
duties by "charging [him] unjustified, unearned, inflated and fraudu-
lent fees." In addition, Edwards claimed that Tobin committed legal
malpractice before the Maryland Court of Appeals. 3 Tobin moved for
summary judgment on both claims. The district court found no evi-
dence supporting the over-billing allegation. The court also concluded
that the doctrines of collateral estoppel and collateral attack barred the
malpractice claim. Accordingly, the district court granted Tobin's
motion for summary judgement.
II.
Summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affi-
davits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter
of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). When considering motions for sum-
mary judgment, "[t]he evidence of the non-movant is to be believed,
and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986); see Matsushita Electric
Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-88 (1986).
However, the "mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of
the plaintiff's position" is insufficient to defeat a summary judgment
motion. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252.
The district court, finding "no evidence to support [Edwards'
breach of fiduciary duty for over-billing] claim," granted summary
judgment in favor of Tobin. Having reviewed the record, we agree
with the decision of the district court. Edwards only offered the testi-
mony of one "expert witness" who provided only vague, noncommit-
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3 Edwards' original complaint contained three additional allegations
that are not relevant to this appeal. The district court dismissed two of
these claims, fraud and racketeering, and Edwards voluntarily dismissed
the third, malpractice in connection to the dissolution action.
5
tal, and uninformed speculation about the reasonableness of the fees.
Although this expert purported to "sort of give .. . an outside bound-
ary of what [he thought] would be [a] fair and reasonable [fee]," he
admitted that he did not know what efforts Tobin undertook during
his representation of Edwards and that he based his opinion on his
concededly "limited knowledge." This abstract conjecture is not suffi-
cient to establish a triable issue of fact. Finding no other evidence, we
conclude that the district court properly granted summary judgment
on this claim.
III.
Under Maryland law, a litigant may not attack in a collateral pro-
ceeding the judgment of a court having both personal and subject
matter jurisdiction. Klein v. Whitehead, 389 A.2d 374, 385-86 (Md.
Ct. Spec. App. 1978); see 13 Maryland Law Encyclopedia Judgments
§ 131 (1961). This prohibition against "collateral attacks" bars "an
attempt to impeach the judgment by matters dehors the record, before
a court other than the one in which it was rendered, in an action other
than that in which it was rendered; an attempt to avoid, defeat, or
evade it, or deny its force and effect, in some incidental proceeding
not provided by law for the express purpose of attacking it." Klein,
289 A.2d at 385 (quoting 49 C.J.S. Judgments§ 408). Unlike estoppel
by judgment, which "comes into play when a person seeks . . . to
question the effect of [a] judgment, . . .[t]he prohibition against col-
lateral attack . . . prevents a person from challenging the validity of
the existing judgment." Id. at 385-86.
Edwards' malpractice action directly contravenes this prohibition
against collateral attacks. An essential component of Edwards' claim
is his contention that the Maryland Court of Appeals wrongly decided
his appeal because it did not understand that the verdict was a general,
not special verdict. The appeals court, however, having a complete
record before it, concluded that the verdict was a special verdict.
Edwards now attempts to end run that decision, contending that the
Maryland Court of Appeals would have reached a different legal con-
clusion if his lawyer had acted differently. Yet, although he alleges
that his attorney was negligent, a necessary corollary to Edwards'
allegation is that the decision of the Maryland appellate court was
wrong.
6
This is no garden variety legal malpractice action. Edwards does
not contend that Tobin deprived the appeals court of necessary infor-
mation to draw its own proper conclusions. Instead, he merely argues
that his lawyer's negligence caused the appeals court to misapply the
law. This type of impeachment of the correctness or validity of a
court's legal judgments or conclusions is exactly the type of collateral
attack that Maryland law forbids. See id. at 385-87 (finding that the
prohibition against collateral attacks barred action alleging that the
defendant's previous, successful suit was wrongfully, tortiously and
fraudulently brought). Informed decisions of the courts "must be
regarded as final, a concept which itself emanates from, and is
required by, the societal need for certainty in the law." Id. at 381. This
principle holds true whether the attack is couched as an action against
a prior litigant, see id. at 385-87, an action against a prior litigant's
counsel, see Shepard v. Nabb, 581 A.2d 839, 842 (Md. Ct. Spec. App.
1990), or an action against one's own prior attorney. Accordingly, we
find that Edwards' malpractice action is barred. 4
IV.
For the reasons stated above, the decision of the district court is
affirmed.
AFFIRMED
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4 Because the doctrine of collateral attack bars Edwards' malpractice
claim, we need not decide whether the doctrine of collateral estoppel also
bars it.
7