UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
LANCE ANTONIO CHANDLER, JR.,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
No. 97-27
FRED W. GREENE, Warden,
Mecklenburg Correctional Center,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Roanoke.
Samuel G. Wilson, Chief District Judge.
(CA-96-966-R)
Argued: March 5, 1998
Decided: May 20, 1998
Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and WIDENER and
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion,
in which Chief Judge Wilkinson and Judge Widener joined.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Barbara Lynn Hartung, Richmond, Virginia, for Appel-
lant. Katherine P. Baldwin, Assistant Attorney General, OFFICE OF
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Anthony F. Anderson, Melissa W. Freidman, Roanoke,
Virginia, for Appellant. Mark L. Earley, Attorney General of Vir-
ginia, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Richmond, Vir-
ginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:
Petitioner Lance Antonio Chandler, Jr., shot and killed William
Howard Dix during the robbery of a convenience store in Halifax
County, Virginia, on February 7, 1993. Chandler was tried before a
jury in Virginia state court and convicted of capital murder and
related offenses. On the jury's recommendation, the court sentenced
him to death. After exhausting his direct state appeals and unsuccess-
fully petitioning the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari, Chandler
sought post-conviction relief from the Virginia Supreme Court. When
that relief was denied, he filed this petition for a writ of habeas corpus
in the district court. From the district court's denial of his petition,
Chandler has appealed, contending that the district court erred (1) in
denying his claim that the state prosecutor peremptorily struck three
black jurors in violation of Batson v. Kentucky , 476 U.S. 79 (1986),
and (2) in denying his claim for ineffective assistance of counsel dur-
ing the sentencing phase of his trial. For the reasons that follow, we
affirm.
I
During the evening of February 7, 1993, Lance Chandler, Geral-
dine Fernandez, Dwight Wyatt, and George Boyd discussed robbing
a local convenience store called Mother Hubbard's. Chandler told the
three others that the store clerk, William Dix, was"a little bit slow"
and would not give them any trouble. Chandler also said that they
could get a gun from his half-brother, Henry Chappell. Chandler had
previously given a fully-loaded revolver to Chappell to hide for him.
2
The four conspirators, together with Bernice Murphy, Chandler's girl-
friend, drove to Chappell's house in South Boston, Virginia, and
obtained the gun from Chappell. Wyatt inspected the gun and saw that
it was loaded, and Chandler also checked the gun. As the group drove
to Mother Hubbard's convenience store, Wyatt handed Chandler the
gun.
When the group arrived at Mother Hubbard's, Chandler, Wyatt,
and Boyd went into the store. Boyd and Wyatt headed to the back of
the store to steal beer, while Chandler approached Dix and demanded
money. When Dix did not respond, Chandler pointed the gun at Dix,
closed his eyes, and pulled the trigger as he said"boom." The gun did
not fire, and Chandler pulled the trigger a second time, shooting Dix
in the face. The bullet passed through Dix's mouth into his neck,
bruising his spinal cord and paralyzing the muscles that controlled his
breathing. Dix later died. Chandler, Wyatt, and Boyd then ran from
the store carrying a case of beer. When the five individuals were later
questioned by Halifax County authorities, Chandler admitted to
shooting Dix.
A Halifax County grand jury indicted Chandler on one count of
capital murder, one count of robbery, one count of conspiracy to com-
mit robbery, and two counts of using a firearm during the commission
of a felony. At trial, during jury selection, Chandler's attorney
objected to the prosecutor's use of three out of five peremptory chal-
lenges to remove three black jurors from the jury, but the trial judge
found that the prosecutor's explanation for striking the three black
jurors was "race neutral" and overruled Chandler's objection.
Several of Chandler's companions on the date of the murder testi-
fied at trial for the prosecution. Wyatt testified that, after the three
men left the store, Chandler remarked that the money did not belong
to Dix, and both Fernandez and Murphy testified that, when they were
in the car driving away from the crime scene, Chandler said, "the man
was protecting money that wasn't his," and "why didn't that man
open the register?" Fernandez also testified that Chandler said that he
had always wanted to know what it was like to kill a man and that
he was going to put a hole in the shell casing and wear it around his
neck as a souvenir.
3
Chandler, testifying in his own defense, admitted that he shot Dix.
He maintained, however, that the killing was not premeditated and
that he never intended to kill Dix. He claimed that he was under the
influence of drugs and alcohol when he shot Dix and that he did not
believe the gun would fire live bullets. Chandler explained that when
he received the gun, he looked inside its cylinder and saw what he
thought were three empty shell casings and one live bullet. Chandler
stated that he thought he could pull the trigger at least four times
before the gun would fire a live round and that he did not expect the
gun to fire when he pulled the trigger the second time. He admitted,
however, that the gun had been fully-loaded when he gave it to Chap-
pell five days earlier. Chandler testified that he did not have "the
slightest idea" why he pulled the trigger while pointing the gun at Dix
and insisted that he did not intend to shoot or kill Dix. Several wit-
nesses corroborated Chandler's testimony that he had been using
drugs and alcohol the night of the murder.
The jury found Chandler guilty on all counts, and the court com-
menced the penalty phase of the trial before the same jury. During the
penalty phase, the Commonwealth sought the death penalty based on
both Chandler's future dangerousness and the vileness of his crime.
The prosecution introduced evidence of Chandler's prior criminal
record, which included a conviction for disorderly conduct at age
fourteen, a conviction for breaking and entering at age sixteen, and a
conviction for assault and battery at age eighteen. In addition, when
Chandler was nineteen, he was convicted of disorderly conduct, pub-
lic drunkenness, cursing and abusing a police officer, and failing to
appear in court. He also was convicted of robbery and use of a firearm
during the commission of a felony in connection with a holdup of a
UPS delivery driver less than six months before he murdered Dix.
The prosecution also presented evidence that Chandler had dropped
out of school in the 9th grade, had little record of employment, and
had no active involvement in any religion. Fernandez testified again,
repeating her previous testimony that, following the murder, she twice
heard Chandler state that he planned to wear the empty shell around
his neck as a souvenir. She further testified that Chandler had warned
her and the others on the Monday after the murder that if they went
to the police, they would not "live to see Court date."
Chandler chose not to present any evidence or call any witnesses
during the penalty phase. He also chose to waive closing argument.
4
Chandler's attorney explained to the judge that he and Chandler had
"discussed this and its implications and possible effect at rather great
length. I'm actually satisfied that he understands fully. He's an intelli-
gent young man and I'm satisfied that he knows what he's doing."
Chandler agreed with his attorney's statements. The trial court then
closely questioned Chandler as follows:
Q. Mr. Chandler, of course, the fact that you have no evi-
dence to present on the question of mitigation, the fact that
you do not desire to present any evidence in mitigation is
something that is of concern to the Court. You have that
right, you understand?
A. Yes.
Q. You have the right to present any evidence that might
be relevant to that, to any issue in the penalty stage of the
proceedings. That has been explained to you thoroughly by
your attorney, Mr. Ward, is that correct?
A. Yes.
Q. And are you completely satisfied with his representa-
tion of you?
A. Yes.
Q. You understand that you have the right to present evi-
dence at this particular stage of the proceedings in the pen-
alty stage?
A. Yes.
Q. And you've discussed this with your attorney?
A. Yes.
Q. And you have elected not to present any evidence at
this stage?
5
A. Yes.
Q. Now, you also understand, too, that you have the right
to present final argument to the jury. Ordinarily that argu-
ment will be presented by your attorney; in this case Mr.
Ward or Ms. Miller. Are you asking that they not present
any final argument to the jury?
A. Yes.
Q. This is your choice?
A. Yes.
Q. You realize that this is your opportunity to present
argument to the jury that the jury consider an option other
than the death penalty; in other words consider life impris-
onment?
A. Yes.
Q. You understand that?
A. Um-hum.
Q. And Mr. Ward is here as your attorney to assist you
in that regard. Do you understand that?
A. Yes.
Q. And he has expressed a willingness, I assume, at all
times to represent you at every stage of the proceeding, is
that correct?
A. Yes.
Q. And you are now at this point in the proceeding ask-
ing that he not present final argument to the jury on this
extremely important issue, a matter of life and death?
6
A. Yes.
Q. Have you thoroughly discussed this with him?
A. Yes.
Q. And you're absolutely certain that this is what you
want to do?
A. Yes.
Q. Mr. Chandler, I would encourage you to consider pre-
senting a final argument to the jury. I would encourage you
to present any evidence that you might have which might
bear on the issue of mitigation. This is your opportunity to
do so. And we, of course, are now going to, since you have
rested the case, your attorney has rested the case, we are
now going to discuss the matter of instructions that will be
given to the jury. So, it will be some time between now and
the time you will be given an opportunity to present final
argument to the jury. You can change your mind at any
time. You will be given that opportunity, and if you want
Mr. Ward to present a final argument to the jury, you can
certainly have him do so at the appropriate time. And I
would urge you to do that. I can't express too strongly how
much I urge you to have Mr. Ward give a final argument
and also present any evidence that you might have in your
behalf at this stage of the proceeding. Do you understand
everything that the Court has asked you?
A. Yes.
After the judge discussed the sentencing instructions with the attor-
neys, he resumed his questioning of Chandler:
The Court: . . . I want to underscore again to Mr. Chan-
dler that he has the right to make a final argument to the jury
through his attorney, or he has the right to do so personally.
But the Court will encourage him to have his attorney
7
address the jury on this extremely important issue. As I have
indicated, it is a matter of life and death. And I can't stress
too strongly to Mr. Chandler -- Are you listening to me,
Mr. Chandler?
Chandler: Yes.
The Court: I can't stress too strongly how important it is
for you to allow your attorney to represent you to the fullest.
By not allowing him to do so you are giving up a very
important right that you have. Do you understand that?
Chandler: Yes.
After the court gave the jury its instructions, to which no objection
was made, the jury found that Chandler constituted a continuing
threat to society and recommended a sentence of death.
Following the conclusion of the jury trial and prior to final sentenc-
ing by the court, Chandler decided to offer evidence in mitigation of
his sentence. At the sentencing hearing before the court, both Chan-
dler and his minister testified. Chandler told the court that he did not
intend to kill Dix during the robbery and that he had nightmares and
hallucinations involving Dix, providing proof, he argued, that he
never intended to kill Dix. Chandler told the court that he was taking
medication to help him sleep. Chandler also testified that he had not
seen his father for several years, and that his mother had recently died
of cancer. Chandler's minister testified that he had known Chandler
since Chandler was in grade school and that at one point he had cho-
sen Chandler to train him as a deacon, but that Chandler had not
attended church in about four years.
Other evidence before the court at the sentencing hearing included
a post-sentence report, which contained a victim impact statement and
the testimony of Deputy Sheriff Keith Tribble. Tribble testified that,
following Chandler's conviction and jury sentencing, Chandler told
him that "had he known that he was going to get the chair for [killing
Dix], he would probably have shot him more than once" and that "if
he really wanted to kill somebody, he would do it slowly so they
8
would suffer." Chandler admitted making this last statement. Tribble
also testified that Chandler said that "he was now being portrayed as
the baddest man in Halifax County, so he needed to act as such."
In determining whether the jury's sentence of death should be set
aside, the court found that Dix's murder was willful and premedi-
tated; that Chandler's criminal record "suggests a life of increasingly
violent crimes"; and that Chandler's statement that he planned to wear
the empty shell from the murder around his neck as a souvenir
"showed an utter lack of remorse." The court also found that Chandler
had presented "little or no evidence of a mitigating nature." Finding
nothing, therefore, "which would justify disturbing the penalty which
has been recommended by the jury," the court concluded that the
death sentence was "appropriate and just." Accordingly, on April 8,
1994, the trial court sentenced Chandler to death.
Chandler appealed to the Virginia Supreme Court, which affirmed
his conviction and sentence. Chandler v. Commonwealth, 455 S.E.2d
219 (Va. 1995), and the Supreme Court denied his petition for a writ
of certiorari on October 2, 1995. Chandler then filed a state petition
for a writ of habeas corpus in the Virginia Supreme Court, and that
court ultimately dismissed the petition on August 5, 1996. The Circuit
Court of Halifax County then scheduled Chandler's execution for
November 14, 1996. One week before the execution date, the district
court entered an order staying execution. Chandler filed his federal
petition for a writ of habeas corpus on February 10, 1997, and the dis-
trict court denied it in its entirety on August 4, 1997. This appeal fol-
lowed.
II
Chandler contends first that the district court erred in denying his
claim that his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Four-
teenth Amendment were violated when the state prosecutor used three
out of five peremptory challenges to remove three black jurors from
the jury. Chandler argues that the prosecutor's reasons for the strikes,
when examined in light of the entire record, were mere pretexts for
unlawful racial discrimination.1
_________________________________________________________________
1 The Commonwealth contends that Chandler has defaulted and/or
waived his claim that the prosecutor's reason for striking juror Robert
9
In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89 (1986), the Supreme Court
held that "the Equal Protection Clause forbids the prosecutor to chal-
lenge potential jurors solely on account of their race." Where the
prosecutor's pattern of strikes against black jurors reasonably gives
rise to an inference of discrimination, the prosecutor must articulate
a race-neutral explanation for the challenges. See id. at 97; Howard
v. Moore, 131 F.3d 399, 407 (4th Cir. 1997) (en banc). The prosecu-
tor's explanation "need not be `persuasive, or even plausible,' as long
as it is neutral." Matthews v. Evatt, 105 F.3d 907, 917 (4th Cir. 1997)
(quoting Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768 (1995) (per curiam)).
"Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor's expla-
nation, the reason offered will be deemed race neutral." Purkett, 514
U.S. at 768 (quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 360
(1991) (plurality opinion)). The trial court then must determine
whether the challenges were exercised for a racially discriminatory
reason. Howard, 131 F.3d at 407. This is a factual determination,
Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 364, which in a habeas proceeding is pre-
sumed to be correct. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1) (1996).2 Conse-
quently, in order to prevail on his Batson claim, Chandler must show
by clear and convincing evidence that the trial court erred in finding
that the prosecutor's explanation for the three strikes was "race neu-
tral." Id.
During the Batson hearing, the state prosecutor, who denied strik-
ing any juror because of race, explained that he struck jurors William
Yarborough and Annie Ewell primarily due to their opposition to the
death penalty. During voir dire, both jurors consistently indicated that
they were opposed to capital punishment and would be extremely
reluctant to vote for the death penalty. For example, when asked by
the court whether he had "any opinion which would prevent you from
convicting anyone of an offense which might be punishable with
_________________________________________________________________
Williams was pretextual. Since we conclude that Chandler's claim fails
on the merits, we find it unnecessary to address the state's argument on
this issue.
2 Since Chandler filed his federal habeas petition after the Anti-
Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 went into effect, the
amended provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 2254 apply to these proceedings. See
Lindh v. Murphy, 117 S. Ct. 2059, 2068 (1997).
10
death," Yarborough replied, "I don't believe in capital punishment."
Later, the prosecutor asked Yarborough, "do you have moral objec-
tions to the death penalty?" Yarborough answered,"Well, I'm for life,
you know. I don't like to kill nobody. . . . I wouldn't like to be the
one that was the cause of someone to die." The prosecutor then asked
him whether "you can still vote for the death penalty," to which Yar-
borough replied, "Well, what I'm trying to get you to see is I don't
believe in killing, but if there's a war and I had to fight, I guess I
would."
Ewell's comments were very similar to Yarborough's. For exam-
ple, when the prosecutor asked the jury panel whether "any of you
have any feelings of conscious [sic] or religion or general moral scru-
ples that would prevent you from -- realistically prevent you from
considering the death penalty as a punishment," Ewell smiled and
replied, "I don't think I could." The prosecutor then asked her individ-
ually, "Do you not believe in the death penalty," to which Ewell
replied, "I do not." The next question the prosecutor asked Ewell was,
"Do you think you would have difficulty in considering the death pen-
alty as an option in any case?" Ewell answered,"In any case? No, I
don't, but I just don't believe in the death penalty. I just don't believe
in it."
The trial court found that the prosecutor's reasons for striking Yar-
borough and Ewell were not racially discriminatory. Based on our
review of the record, we cannot find, by clear and convincing evi-
dence, that the court erred.
Chandler argues, however, that black jurors are more likely than
white jurors to oppose the death penalty and, therefore, that "prosecu-
tors who use anti-death penalty views as a `race-neutral' reason [for
striking black jurors] undermine the purposes behind the Batson rul-
ing." While we can find no evidence in the record concerning the rela-
tive propensities of black and white jurors to oppose capital
punishment, we reiterate that under Supreme Court precedent the
prosecutor's explanation for striking black jurors"will be deemed
race neutral" unless "a discriminatory intent is inherent" in the expla-
nation. Purkett, 514 U.S. at 768 (emphasis added). Since our decision
in Brown v. Dixon, 891 F.2d 490, 496-98 (4th Cir. 1989), makes clear
that peremptorily striking jurors on the basis of their opposition to
11
capital punishment does not violate Batson, we conclude that Chan-
dler has failed to show by clear and convincing evidence that the trial
court's determination that the prosecutor struck Yarborough and
Ewell for "race neutral" reasons was erroneous.
On Chandler's challenge to the prosecutor's reason for striking
juror Robert Williams, the record shows that the prosecutor struck
Williams because he had been "remarkably noncommunicative" dur-
ing voir dire. Chandler argues, however, that "[t]he record demon-
strates that Williams' responsiveness or communicativeness did not
differ from that of other jurors." We must acknowledge that assess-
ments of this type are highly subjective. But nevertheless, unless dis-
criminatory intent is shown, "a prosecutor ordinarily is entitled to
exercise permitted peremptory challenges for any reason at all, as
long as that reason is related to his view concerning the outcome of
the case." Batson, 476 U.S. at 89 (internal quotation marks and cita-
tion omitted). Moreover, as we explained in Matthews, supra, "Batson
is not violated whenever two veniremen of different races provide the
same responses and one is excused and the other is not. This is so
because counsel must be entitled to make credibility determinations
in exercising peremptory challenges." 105 F.3d at 918 (citation omit-
ted); see also Howard, 131 F.3d at 408.
We emphasize that the question is not whether the prosecutor's rea-
son was a good one or even whether it was based on accurate infor-
mation. Rather, the crucial inquiry is whether the prosecutor struck
the juror for racially discriminatory reasons. See United States v.
Chandler, 36 F.3d 358, 366-67 (4th Cir. 1994) (affirming peremptory
challenge of black juror where nothing in record established that pros-
ecutor did not believe factually mistaken explanation he gave for
striking juror). Thus, even assuming that the prosecutor's reasons for
striking Williams were factually mistaken, Chandler simply has
offered no evidence that the prosecutor's peremptory challenge of
Williams was racially motivated. Consequently, Chandler has failed
to overcome the presumption of correctness that attaches to the trial
court's findings under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).
III
Chandler's second argument on appeal is that the district court
erred in denying his claim that his attorney's assistance during the
12
sentencing phase of his trial was ineffective under Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Specifically, Chandler contends
that his trial counsel was ineffective for (1) failing to investigate and
present mitigating evidence during the sentencing phase of his trial,
(2) failing to request an instruction explaining the concept of mitigat-
ing evidence to the jury, and (3) failing to object to the trial court's
refusal to inform the jury that, if given a life sentence, Chandler
would not be eligible for parole for twenty-five years.
Under Strickland's familiar test for reviewing claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel, Chandler must demonstrate both that his trial
counsel's representation was deficient and that he was prejudiced
thereby. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Howard, 131 F.3d at 421.
An attorney's representation is deficient if it falls below an objec-
tively reasonable standard of professional competence. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. In making this determination, "a court
must indulge a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within
the wide range of reasonable professional assistance." Id. at 689. Even
where an attorney's representation is deficient, however, no constitu-
tional violation occurs unless the attorney's representation also is
prejudicial. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691-92. In order to demon-
strate prejudice, "[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability
is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome."
Id. at 694. In the context of Chandler's challenge to his death sen-
tence, "the question is whether there is a reasonable probability that,
absent the errors, the sentencer . . . would have concluded that the bal-
ance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant
death." Id. at 695. With these guiding principles in hand, we turn to
Chandler's specific assignments of error.
Chandler first argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for "not
conduct[ing] any mitigation investigation in preparation for the sen-
tencing phase of this capital trial." As a result, Chandler contends, his
initial decision to forego a defense at the sentencing hearing "was not
a knowing waiver." The district court rejected this argument, finding
that "Chandler's decision not to challenge the death penalty was a
knowing and voluntary decision."
13
In order to comply with the competency requirements set forth in
Strickland, an attorney representing a capital defendant must make a
reasonable investigation for possible mitigating evidence. See
Matthews, 105 F.3d at 919. As the Supreme Court qualified that prin-
ciple, however, "[t]he reasonableness of counsel's actions may be
determined or substantially influenced by the defendant's own state-
ments or actions." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691. Here, it is undisputed
that both before trial and during trial Chandler directed his attorney
not to present evidence or argument to the jury in mitigation of his
sentence. Furthermore, nothing in the record indicates that Chandler's
decision in this regard was the product of "a mental disease, disorder,
or defect" which substantially affected his capacity "to appreciate his
position and make a rational choice" with respect to the sentencing
hearing. See Rees v. Peyton, 384 U.S. 312, 312 (1966) (per curiam).
While it is true that Chandler had a history of alcohol and drug abuse
and was diagnosed with "depressive disorder" following an alleged
suicide attempt prior to trial, he also was found competent to stand
trial and impressed his attorney as "an intelligent young man" who
"knows what he is doing." Moreover, during the careful, lengthy
questioning by the court, Chandler acknowledged that he understood
that he had the right to present evidence and argument to the sentenc-
ing jury, that he had discussed his decision not to do so with his attor-
ney, and that he was satisfied with his attorney's representation.
Under these circumstances, we agree with the district court that Chan-
dler's trial counsel was not constitutionally ineffective for following
his client's informed decision not to present evidence or argument to
the sentencing jury.
Chandler also argues that, following his decision not to present
mitigation evidence to the jury and his change of mind after the jury
trial to present mitigation evidence and argument to the court before
final sentencing, his counsel was ineffective in failing to "present mit-
igation evidence that was readily available after a reasonable investi-
gation." The district court did not address this argument because it
was raised for the first time in this appeal.3 In any event, the claim
_________________________________________________________________
3 The Commonwealth contends that Chandler has defaulted and/or
waived this claim. Since we conclude on the merits that Chandler's coun-
sel's performance at this proceeding was neither deficient nor prejudicial
under Strickland, we find it unnecessary to address the state's procedural
argument.
14
has no merit. At the sentencing hearing before the court, Chandler's
attorney presented the testimony of both Chandler and his minister,
as well as his own argument, in mitigation of Chandler's sentence.
Other potentially mitigating information was contained in the post-
sentence report submitted to the court by Chandler's probation and
parole officer. From these various sources, an accurate representation
of Chandler's life story was made.
The court heard how Chandler was the seventh of eight children
raised by his single mother on welfare. Chandler's mother died
shortly before trial, and he had a troubled relationship with his father
who lived out of state and whom Chandler had not seen for several
years. Chandler had a poor academic record in school and dropped
out in the ninth grade. He also had a long history of alcohol and drug
abuse and had been using both on the night of the murder. At least
three members of Chandler's family had criminal records. As a child,
Chandler had been chosen by his minister to train as a deacon, but
Chandler had not attended church for a number of years. Following
his arrest, Chandler experienced hallucinations and nightmares con-
cerning the murder and was prescribed medication to help him sleep.
In his argument to the court, Chandler's attorney repeated much of
this information, but he emphasized most that Chandler was not suffi-
ciently dangerous to society to warrant receiving the death penalty.
He argued that Chandler's criminal record was minor in comparison
to those of numerous other defendants who had received the death
penalty, and he emphasized Chandler's claim that the weapon Chan-
dler had used during his holdup of the UPS delivery driver was a BB
gun. Finally, Chandler's attorney explained to the court that Chandler
felt remorse for the murder and pleaded for the court's mercy.
This performance was not ineffective. The most salient facts con-
cerning Chandler's background, the circumstances of the murder, and
Chandler's state of mind were fully presented to the court, and Chan-
dler's attorney's argument concerning Chandler's lack of future dan-
gerousness demonstrated extensive knowledge and preparation.
Moreover, Chandler has identified very little additional information
which his attorney could have presented to the court. Accordingly, we
conclude that Chandler has failed to rebut the presumption under
15
Strickland that his trial counsel's performance fell "within the wide
range of reasonable professional assistance." See 466 U.S. at 689.
Chandler next argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for "fail-
[ing] to proffer an instruction that adequately explained mitigation
and that informed the jurors that they were not required to impose the
death penalty even if an aggravating circumstance were found." The
Commonwealth contends that Chandler's argument is foreclosed by
the Supreme Court's recent decision in Buchanan v. Angelone, 118
S. Ct. 757, 762 (1998), in which the Court upheld the constitutionality
of a Virginia capital sentencing instruction substantially identical to
the one that the court gave in this case. See 118 S. Ct. at 759 n.1.
First, we agree that in light of the Court's ruling in Buchanan,
Chandler's trial counsel was not constitutionally ineffective for failing
to proffer a substitute instruction. Moreover, there was no basis for
Chandler's attorney to challenge the trial court's sentencing instruc-
tion in this case, since the instruction adequately explained the appli-
cable law to the jury. Furthermore, the trial court's instruction "did
not foreclose the jury's consideration of any mitigating evidence." See
Buchanan, 118 S. Ct. at 762. Indeed, the verdict form invited the jury
to consider "evidence in mitigation of the offense." Consequently,
neither can it be said that Chandler's attorney's failure to provide an
alternate instruction was prejudicial under Strickland. As the Supreme
Court explained in Buchanan:
By directing the jury to base its decision on "all the evi-
dence," the instruction afforded jurors an opportunity to
consider mitigating evidence. The instruction informed the
jurors that if they found the aggravating factor proved
beyond a reasonable doubt then they "may fix" the penalty
at death, but directed that if they believed that all the evi-
dence justified a lesser sentence then they "shall" impose a
life sentence. The jury was thus allowed to impose a life
sentence even if it found the aggravating factor proved.
Id. See also Jones v. Murray, 947 F.2d 1106, 1119-20 (4th Cir. 1991)
(holding that Virginia capital sentencing instruction and jury verdict
form adequately instructed jury to consider all relevant mitigating evi-
dence before imposing death sentence).
16
Finally, Chandler claims that his trial counsel should have objected
to the trial court's refusal to inform the jury that, if given a life sen-
tence, Chandler would not be eligible for parole for twenty-five years.
Shortly after the jury began deliberating, the jury informed the judge
that it had a question. The foreman indicated that the jury wanted to
know if Chandler "is ever allowed parole" if he received a life sen-
tence. The judge responded by giving the following instruction: "You
have found the defendant guilty. And you should impose such punish-
ment as you feel is just under the evidence and within the instructions
of the Court. You are not to concern yourselves with what may hap-
pen afterwards." Chandler's attorney did not object to the judge's
refusal to inform the jury that Chandler would be eligible for parole
after serving twenty-five years of a life sentence. Reviewing these
facts, the district court found that Chandler's attorney's failure to
object did not prejudice Chandler since "Chandler had no right under
either the Constitution or Virginia law to inform the jury that he
would not be eligible for parole for twenty-five years if sentenced to
life." We agree. This is not analogous to the facts in Simmons v. South
Carolina, 512 U.S. 154, 162 (1994), where the Supreme Court held
that a state deprives a defendant in a capital case of due process if it
"conceal[s] from the sentencing jury the true meaning of its noncapi-
tal sentencing alternative, namely, that life imprisonment mean[s] life
without parole." Since under Virginia law a life sentence does not
mean life without parole, Simmons offers no support for Chandler's
claim. In the absence of a constitutional or statutory right to inform
the jury as to the date of his parole eligibility which his trial counsel
overlooked, we cannot find that Chandler has demonstrated his attor-
ney's ineffectiveness under Strickland. 4
_________________________________________________________________
4 Chandler also argued in his federal habeas petition that his constitu-
tional rights were violated by the trial court's failure to instruct the sen-
tencing jury with respect to mitigating circumstances and by its refusal
to inform the jury concerning Chandler's ineligibility for parole for
twenty-five years if sentenced to life. The district court found that these
two claims had been procedurally defaulted. On appeal, Chandler con-
tends that his trial counsel's ineffectiveness provided cause for these pro-
cedural defaults. Since we conclude that Chandler's trial counsel was not
constitutionally ineffective, we affirm the district court's dismissal of
these two claims.
17
IV
For the foregoing reasons, the district court's decision denying
Chandler's federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus is
AFFIRMED.
18