Terry v. Pub. Serv. Co. of N.C.

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. 28A23

Filed 22 March 2024

ANTHONY TERRY

v.
PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OF NORTH CAROLINA, INCORPORATED, and
WILLIAM V. LUCAS

Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-30(2) from the decision of a divided panel of

the Court of Appeals, 287 N.C. App. 362 (2022), reversing an order entered on 21

September 2021 by Judge Orlando F. Hudson Jr. in Superior Court, Durham County,

and remanding the case. Heard in the Supreme Court on 8 November 2023.

Poyner Spruill LLP, by Steven B. Epstein; and Hendren Redwine & Malone,
PLLC, by J. Michael Malone, for plaintiff-appellee.

Haywood, Denny & Miller, LLP, by Robert E. Levin, for defendant-appellants.

Katharine Woomer-Deters, Isaac W. Sturgill, Celia Pistolis, Rick Glazier,
Charles R. Holton, Jesse Hamilton McCoy II, Jennifer Simmons, and Kathryn
A. Sabbeth for Blanchard Community Law Clinic, Duke Civil Justice Clinic,
Legal Aid of North Carolina, North Carolina Equal Justice Alliance, The North
Carolina Justice Center, and Professor Kathryn A. Sabbeth, amici curiae.

Harris, Creech, Ward & Blackerby, P.A., by A. Ruthie Sheets; and Jay C.
Salsman for the North Carolina Association of Defense Attorneys, amicus
curiae.

BARRINGER, Justice.

In this matter, we consider whether the Court of Appeals erred in reversing

and remanding the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of defendant on

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plaintiff’s claims of common law negligence, negligence per se, violation of the

Residential Rental Agreements Act, and breach of the implied warranty of

habitability. Upon careful review, we hold that the Court of Appeals erred. Therefore,

we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals on all claims.

I. Factual Background

On 15 September 2005, plaintiff’s wife entered into a written lease agreement

for the rental of a single detached residential property located in Durham, North

Carolina, owned by defendant, William Lucas. At the time of the lease, the home had

a crawl space where the water heater and furnace were located, just below the home’s

bathroom.

In January 2017, plaintiff and his wife were away from home when they

received a telephone call from plaintiff’s brother-in-law. Plaintiff’s brother-in-law

informed plaintiff that the Public Service Company of North Carolina (PSNC) and

the fire department were at plaintiff’s home investigating a neighbor’s report of

smelling natural gas near plaintiff’s home. In March 2017, plaintiff smelled natural

gas while he was standing in the front yard of his home. Also in March 2017, a

neighbor told plaintiff that she smelled natural gas around plaintiff’s home. Yet again

in March 2017, PSNC and the fire department responded to plaintiff’s home in

response to another report of the smell of natural gas outside, in the area surrounding

plaintiff’s home. Plaintiff did not inform defendant of any of the above instances of

smelling natural gas, and defendant was not aware of any of the above occurrences.

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On 13 April 2017, plaintiff entered the bathroom in his home and turned on

the light. Immediately upon switching on the light, there was an explosion. As a

result of the explosion, plaintiff suffered serious burns all over his body, requiring

extensive medical treatment.

Examination of the property after the explosion revealed that the pipe

supplying natural gas to the furnace was severely rusted and corroded. Defendant

had not inspected the furnace or any other part of the property since plaintiff and his

family occupied the property. Defendant did not inspect the furnace prior to plaintiff

occupying the property.

Plaintiff and defendant spoke frequently during the course of plaintiff’s lease.

Throughout the course of the lease, defendant regularly asked plaintiff if there were

any problems with the property. Plaintiff would respond that everything was “fine.”

During the course of plaintiff’s long tenancy of the property, a hole had

developed in the bathroom flooring, above the furnace located in the crawlspace. The

hole measured approximately ten to twelve inches long and an inch and a half wide.

Plaintiff’s expert witness, a metallurgist, opined that water had been leaking from

the bathroom above onto the furnace pipe for approximately seven years, causing

severe corrosion of the piping. Plaintiff was aware of this hole and did not provide

notice to defendant regarding the hole or the water leak that caused the hole. Plaintiff

never expressed to defendant that there were any issues with the furnace, the

flooring, or unrepaired water leaks.

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II. Procedural History

Plaintiff filed a complaint against defendant and PSNC seeking damages for

the personal injuries he sustained from the gas explosion in the home he leased from

defendant. Following discovery, plaintiff amended his complaint twice, ultimately

asserting four claims against defendant Lucas: common law negligence, negligence

per se, violation of the North Carolina Residential Rental Agreements Act (RRAA),

and breach of the implied warranty of habitability. All claims against defendant

PSNC were dismissed, leaving Lucas as the sole defendant.

The trial court granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment, dismissing

all of plaintiff’s claims. Plaintiff timely appealed to the Court of Appeals. The Court

of Appeals issued a majority opinion reversing the trial court’s order and remanding

the case to the trial court, with Judge Carpenter dissenting. Terry v. Pub. Serv. Co.

of N.C., 287 N.C. App. 362 (2022). Defendant filed an appeal with this Court based

upon Judge Carpenter’s dissent, pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-30(2).

III. Standard of Review

“We review a trial court’s order for summary judgment de novo . . . .” Robins v.

Town of Hillsborough, 361 N.C. 193, 196 (2007).

While summary judgment is rarely appropriate in
cases involving negligence and contributory negligence,
summary judgment is appropriate in such cases when the
moving party carries his initial burden of showing the
nonexistence of an element essential to the other party’s
case and the non-moving party then fails to produce or
forecast at hearing any ability to produce at trial evidence
of such essential element of his claims.

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DiOrio v. Penny, 331 N.C. 726, 729 (1992) (footnote omitted); see also Collingwood v.

Gen. Elec. Real Est. Equities, Inc., 324 N.C. 63, 66 (1989). Summary judgment is

appropriate if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions

on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”

N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2023).

IV. North Carolina Common Law

Prior to the enactment of the RRAA, codified in part by N.C.G.S. §§ 42-38

to -49, North Carolina common law established that, “[o]rdinarily, the landlord is

under no duty to make repairs.” Robinson v. Thomas, 244 N.C. 732, 736 (1956). The

common law also established the standard that a tenant must meet to have an

actionable claim against his landlord for tortious injury. He must show that there

was a dangerous hidden defect on the premises, of which the landlord knew or should

have known, and of which the tenant was unaware or could not, through ordinary

diligence, discover. Id. “If the landlord [was] without knowledge at the time of the

letting of any dangerous defect in the premises, [the landlord was] not responsible for

any injuries which result from such defect.” Id. (quoting Harrill v. Sinclair Refin. Co.,

225 N.C. 421, 425 (1945)).

Prior to enactment of the relevant statutes, “the doctrine of caveat emptor

applie[d] to the lessee.” Id. (quoting Harrill, 225 N.C. at 425). Aside from hidden

dangers in existence at the time of leasing, of which the landlord knew or should have

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known, and of which the tenant did not and should not have known—the landlord

had no responsibility to provide any level of habitability in the leased space. See id.

Stated another way, the common law imposed no duty on the landlord to oversee the

condition of the property after the tenant occupied the space, and no duty to make

necessary repairs that arose. See id.

V. Relevant Statutes

The RRAA, enacted in 1977, codified the implied warranty of habitability.

After codification of the RRAA, all common law “not abrogated, repealed,

or . . . obsolete” remained “in full force.” Conley v. Emerald Isle Realty, Inc., 350 N.C.

293, 296 (1999) (quoting N.C.G.S. § 4-1 (1986)); see Antonin Scalia & Bryan A.

Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 318–19 (2012) (explaining

that a statute should be construed to alter the common law only when that disposition

is clear).

The statutory lattice of the RRAA overlays the common law backdrop. The

common law, as stated in Robinson, is changed only where the RRAA’s departure

from common law is clearly expressed. See Scalia & Garner at 319 (“[A]ny legislative

change of the common law requires ‘exactness of expression’ and . . . a statute should

not ‘be extended beyond the necessary and unavoidable meaning of its terms.’ ”

(quoting Scharfeld v. Richardson, 133 F.2d 340, 341 (D.C. Cir. 1942))).

The RRAA, in relevant part, reads as follows:

(a) The landlord shall:

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(1) Comply with the current applicable building and
housing codes, whether enacted before or after
October 1, 1977, to the extent required by the
operation of such codes; no new requirement is
imposed by this subdivision (a)(1) if a structure
is exempt from a current building code.
....
(2) Make all repairs and do whatever is necessary
to put and keep the premises in a fit and
habitable condition.
....
(4) Maintain in good and safe working order and
promptly repair all electrical, plumbing,
sanitary, heating, ventilating, air conditioning,
and other facilities and appliances supplied or
required to be supplied by the landlord provided
that notification of needed repairs is made to the
landlord in writing by the tenant, except in
emergency situations.
....
(8) Within a reasonable period of time based upon
the severity of the condition, repair or remedy
any imminently dangerous condition on the
premises after acquiring actual knowledge or
receiving notice of the condition.
N.C.G.S. § 42-42 (2023).

The RRAA abrogates the common law in that it requires a landlord to comply

with “current applicable building and housing codes.” N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(1). The

RRAA further abrogates the common law in that it requires a landlord to make

repairs, whereas under the common law “the landlord is under no duty to make

repairs.” Robinson, 244 N.C. at 736. The RRAA, having instituted the landlord’s duty

to repair, also implements a notice requirement and retains the knowledge

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requirement found in the common law. See id. (holding that a landlord is not liable

for injuries a tenant sustains on the leased property “if he did not believe or suspect

that there was any physical condition involving danger” (quoting Harrill, 225 N.C. at

425)).

The RRAA, subsection 42-42(a)(8), requires the landlord receive notice or

obtain actual knowledge of “any imminently dangerous condition on the premises”

before being statutorily required to repair or remedy the condition “[w]ithin a

reasonable period of time.” N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(8). Under subsection (a)(8), the

landlord is statutorily required to make the necessary repairs when he acquires

actual knowledge of the need for the repair—regardless of whether the tenant

provides notice. Id. Subsection (a)(4) requires an even higher standard of notice—

written notice. N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4). Except for emergency situations, which do not

afford time for memorialization, subsection (a)(4) requires a tenant to provide written

notice of needed repairs to the landlord before the landlord may be found in violation

of the RRAA. Id.

This Court has previously had the opportunity to review the RRAA and its

relationship with the common law. In DiOrio, 331 N.C. 726, we recognized the layered

landscape of the statutory overlay of the RRAA atop the common law groundwork. In

DiOrio, a residential tenant brought an action against her landlords to recover for

injuries sustained when she fell down the stairs of her leased home. Id. at 727. The

fall was caused by carpet on the stairs extending beyond the solid underpinning of

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the actual stairs beneath. Id. at 726–27. In bringing the claim, the plaintiff relied on

subsection 42-42(a)(2). Id. at 729.1

Construing the RRAA, this Court noted that the duty to repair imposed by

subsection 42-42(a)(2) “only arises once the tenant notifies the landlord of the need

for repairs.” Id. at 730 (citing N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4) (1984)). As here, the DiOrio

plaintiff never notified the defendants, the landlords, of a need for repair of the stairs,

nor was there evidence that the defendants had any knowledge, actual or implied,

that the staircase was dangerous. Id. at 729; see N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(8) (requiring a

landlord to repair or remedy, within a reasonable time period, any imminently

dangerous condition “after acquiring actual knowledge or receiving notice of the

condition,” including unsafe flooring or steps).

This Court affirmed the Court of Appeals’ holding on the basis that the

“plaintiff . . . failed to produce any evidence showing that defendants had actual or

implied knowledge” of the problem with the stairs. DiOrio, 331 N.C. at 730. This

Court also held “that plaintiff had sufficient knowledge of the staircase’s narrowness,

uneven risers and lack of handrail to place the burden on plaintiff to either correct

1 In DiOrio, the Court of Appeals affirmed summary judgment for the defendants on

the basis of the plaintiff’s contributory negligence because the plaintiff “knowingly expos[ed]
herself to a risk of which she had long-term prior notice and which she could have avoided by
notifying the landlord.” DiOrio, 331 N.C. at 728 (citing DiOrio v. Penny, 103 N.C. App. 407
(1991)). On appeal to this Court, we did “not disagree as to the Court of Appeals’ conclusion
regarding plaintiff’s contributory negligence. However, we [did] not need to reach [that]
question, as we proceed[ed] first to the plaintiff’s allegations and projection of evidence
regarding defendants’ negligence.” Id. at 728–29.

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the problem or inform the defendants of the need for repair.” Id.

VI. Analysis

Under the common law, a landlord has no duty to inspect a leased property

and no duty to make repairs to a leased property. Robinson, 244 N.C. at 736. The

RRAA expressly abrogates the common law in that it requires landlords to make

repairs after receiving notice or acquiring actual knowledge, depending on the nature

of the necessary repair or remedy. N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(2), (4), (8). Accordingly, no duty

to inspect exists and no duty to repair arises prior to the tenant providing notice to

the landlord or the landlord acquiring actual knowledge of the needed repair. The

RRAA also requires the landlord to meet certain standards, outlined in the Housing

Code, to provide a habitable property. N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(1), (2).

A. Common Law Negligence

This Court considers whether the Court of Appeals erred by reversing the trial

court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant regarding plaintiff’s

claim of negligence. We hold that the Court of Appeals erred. Accordingly, we reverse

the Court of Appeals on this issue.

The Court of Appeals dissent noted that an inspection of plaintiff’s “bathroom

may have revealed the gas pipe’s condition because in the light most favorable to

[plaintiff], it was visible through a hole in the floor, but [d]efendant had no reason

and no duty to conduct an inspection.” Terry, 287 N.C. App. at 380 (Carpenter, J.,

dissenting). The dissenting opinion points out that the Court of Appeals majority

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“invent[s] a duty to inspect . . . an endeavor better suited for the Legislature.” Id. We

agree.

As exemplified by DiOrio, section 42-42 softens—but does not completely

abrogate—the common law concept of caveat emptor regarding repairs and

imminently dangerous conditions on leased residential premises. All common law

“not abrogated, repealed, or . . . obsolete” remains “in full force.” Conley, 350 N.C. at

296 (quoting N.C.G.S. § 4-1 (1986)). “[T]he statute requires that a landlord must have

knowledge, . . . or be notified, of a hazard’s existence before being held liable in tort.”

DiOrio, 331 N.C. at 729 (emphases added) (citing N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4) (1984)).

This Court has explained that a tenant, as an occupier of land, stands in the

same position as the landowner with respect to standards of care and duties owed to

others. Nelson v. Freeland, 349 N.C. 615, 617 n.1 (1998). This is because the tenant,

as the occupier, is “in a much better position to know about the condition” of the

property. Robinson, 244 N.C. at 737. Accordingly, the tenant bears the burden to

“inform the [landlord] of the need for repair.” DiOrio, 331 N.C. at 730. The RRAA

applies this common law concept to tenants generally. By codifying the notice

requirement, the RRAA further highlights the interplay between common and

statutory law. See N.C.G.S. § 42-42; DiOrio, 331 N.C. 726; Robinson, 244 N.C. 732.

No duty to repair arises until the notice or knowledge requirements of subsections

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(a)(4) and (a)(8) are met.2 N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4), (8).

Statutes are to be read harmoniously in a way that renders them internally

compatible, not contradictory. E.g., Town of Pinebluff v. Moore Cnty., 374 N.C. 254,

257 (2020); Bd. of Adjustment of the Town of Swansboro v. Town of Swansboro, 334

N.C. 421, 427 (1993); Town of Blowing Rock v. Gregorie, 243 N.C. 364, 371 (1956).

Subsection (a)(2) of the RRAA refers to “all repairs.” N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(2) (emphasis

added). When read harmoniously, “all repairs” encompasses the specific repairs of

subsections (a)(4) and (a)(8). Under subsection (a)(4), besides emergencies, the

landlord’s duty to repair arises upon receipt of written notice from the tenant. Under

subsection (a)(8) the landlord’s duty arises upon the landlord receiving notice from

the tenant or acquiring actual knowledge.

Here, plaintiff, as the tenant and occupier of the leased property, had “long-

term prior notice,” before the 13 April 2017 gas explosion, that there was an issue of

some sort with the gas line and with the flooring above the furnace. See DiOrio, 331

N.C. at 728. The record contains evidence that there was a hole in the bathroom floor,

adjacent to the commode, measuring approximately ten to twelve inches long and an

inch and a half wide, directly above the furnace. This hole developed over time, while

plaintiff resided in the property. Plaintiff was aware of the hole. Expert testimony

indicated that water leaked through this hole onto the furnace piping for

2 If a landlord has a duty to maintain, in good and safe working order, certain
components as designated in subsection (a)(4), nowhere in this opinion does this Court say
that such a duty only arises upon written notice.

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approximately seven years, leading to the corrosion and deterioration of the furnace

piping.

In January 2017, the neighbor living directly adjacent to plaintiff smelled gas

coming from plaintiff’s home. The neighbor was so concerned that she called the gas

company. Because plaintiff was away from home, the neighbor also called plaintiff’s

brother-in-law in January 2017 to tell him that she was concerned about the smell of

gas. Plaintiff’s brother-in-law told plaintiff’s wife, who told plaintiff, about the

neighbor’s concerns and that the fire department and gas company were at plaintiff’s

home. Plaintiff testified that he was aware that the gas company and fire department

had come to the home in January 2017 after receiving reports of the smell of gas

coming from the home. Plaintiff was at home in March 2017 when the fire department

and gas company came to the house again after an additional report from a neighbor

who smelled gas coming from the home. On yet another occasion, in March 2017,

plaintiff “got a pretty good whiff” of natural gas while standing in the front yard of

his home. Plaintiff was warned by a neighbor on “a couple of occasions” in March 2017

that the neighbor was smelling gas coming from the house.

Plaintiff did not present any evidence that he or anyone else had ever informed

defendant of the hole in the bathroom floor or requested a repair. Plaintiff never told

defendant about any of the occasions, between January and the April explosion, that

the fire department or the gas company had come to the house to investigate reports

of a gas leak. The record presents no evidence that defendant knew there was a

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problem with the flooring or that there was a suspected gas leak.

Without a showing of notice or defendant’s knowledge, plaintiff cannot

maintain an action for negligence because defendant’s duty under N.C.G.S. § 42-42

had not yet arisen. The “pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and

admissions on file . . . show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that [defendant] is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule

56(c). Plaintiff failed to “produce or forecast at hearing any ability to produce at trial

evidence” that he notified defendant or that defendant knew of the gas leak. See

DiOrio, 331 N.C. at 729.

A successful negligence claim requires a plaintiff to prove that the plaintiff was

owed a duty by defendant and that defendant breached that duty. See Cummings v.

Carroll, 379 N.C. 347, 362 (2021). In this circumstance, defendant had no common

law duty and the RRAA did not create a duty. Thus, as the movant, defendant fulfilled

his “initial burden of showing the nonexistence of an element essential to” plaintiff’s

claim.3 DiOrio, 331 N.C. at 729. Accordingly, we hold that the Court of Appeals erred

in reversing summary judgment in favor of defendant on plaintiff’s negligence claim.

B. Negligence Per Se

This Court considers whether the Court of Appeals erred by reversing the trial

3 Here, defendant raised the affirmative defense of contributory negligence in his
pleadings. We decline to address defendant’s arguments to this Court on contributory
negligence. “[W]e do not need to reach this question, as we proceed first to the plaintiff’s
allegations and projection of evidence regarding defendants’ negligence.” DiOrio, 331 N.C. at
729.

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court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant regarding plaintiff’s

claim that defendant was negligent per se. We hold that the Court of Appeals erred.

Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals on this issue.

Subsection 42-42(a)(1) provides that the landlord shall “[c]omply with the

current applicable building and housing codes.” N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(1). Similarly, in

Lamm v. Bissette Realty, Inc., 327 N.C. 412 (1990), this Court analyzed the duty to

comply with applicable building codes. The plaintiff in Lamm brought claims against

the defendants, including a negligence per se claim, seeking damages after she

slipped and fell as she descended a set of stairs outside an office building owned by

two of the defendants. Id. at 413. The alleged violation was a lack of a handrail and

disparity in step height. The disparity in step height led to a deeper drop between the

last step and the ground as compared to the previous steps. Id. at 414. The plaintiff

argued that the defendants were negligent per se because the building violated two

sections of the applicable building code. Id. at 415.

Reversing the Court of Appeals, this Court held that the plaintiff had “not

shown that defendants [were] negligent per se for a violation of the [building c]ode

because plaintiff made no showing that . . . the [defendants] . . . knew or should have

known of the violation of the [building c]ode.” Id. This Court further held that “the

owner of a building may not be found negligent per se for a violation of the Code

unless: (1) the owner knew or should have known of the Code violation; (2) the owner

failed to take reasonable steps to remedy the violation; and (3) the violation

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proximately caused injury or damage.” Id.

Applying the sound reasoning set forth in Lamm, we hold that a landlord “may

not be found negligent per se for a violation of the [applicable housing code] unless:

(1) the owner knew or should have known of the [housing code] violation; (2) the

owner failed to take reasonable steps to remedy the violation; and (3) the violation

proximately caused injury or damage.”4 Id.

Here, plaintiff argues that he presented evidence sufficient for a jury to

conclude that defendant knew or should have known that the leased property was in

violation of the housing code. However, plaintiff presented no evidence that defendant

knew there was natural gas leaking from the furnace. Plaintiff presented no evidence

that defendant knew there was a problem with the flooring. Plaintiff presented no

evidence that he notified defendant of any of these issues so that defendant should

have known there was a violation of the housing code.

The record reveals that defendant had no knowledge of and received no notice

that there was an issue with the furnace or the flooring, affording him no opportunity

to take reasonable steps to remedy a violation. The purpose of the housing code is to

“cause the repair and rehabilitation . . . of such housing,” Durham, N.C., Ord. No.

4 We acknowledge the Court’s holding in Lamm—that the trial court had erred by

granting summary judgment in favor of the defendants because the plaintiff had presented
sufficient evidence to make out a prima facie case of defendants’ common law negligence. The
Lamm Court went on to analyze the relationship of the plaintiff and the defendant in the
context of invitee and owner. The invitee, licensee, trespasser trichotomy does not apply in
the instant case.

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14271, § 2, 6-4-2012, Sec. 10-231 (2012), not to serve as a strict liability statute

against landlords.

For the reasons stated above, we hold that the Court of Appeals erred in

reversing summary judgment in favor of defendant on plaintiff’s claim that defendant

was negligent per se.

C. Violation of the RRAA

This Court considers whether the Court of Appeals erred by reversing the trial

court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant regarding plaintiff’s

claim that defendant violated the RRAA. We hold that the Court of Appeals erred.

Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals on this issue.

As discussed above in section VI(A) and (B) of this opinion, section 42-42 is to

be read as a whole, with each subsection in harmony with the others. Specifically,

subsection (a)(2) is to be read in harmony with subsection (a)(1), referencing the

housing codes, and with subsections (a)(4) and (a)(8), referencing repairs. “Whatever

is necessary” is language broad enough to encompass the requirements of each of

these subsections when read harmoniously. See N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(2). It is not a

codified requirement for a landlord to stop at nothing to comply—such as regular

inspections to find violations. “Whatever is necessary” leaves room for the multitude

of requirements detailed within the RRAA and the building and housing codes,

incorporated into a landlord’s responsibility by subsection (a)(1).

For example, subsections (a)(5) and (a)(7) require a landlord to provide smoke

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detectors and carbon monoxide alarms; subsection (a)(6) requires a landlord to notify

the tenant (if the landlord has actual knowledge) of water contamination levels

exceeding an established limit. Providing smoke detectors, providing carbon

monoxide alarms, and notifying tenants of water contamination are not repairs—but

rather stipulations of what is necessary to comply with the statute.

The Durham housing code requires a landlord to comply with various

standards such as providing clean equipment and ensuring adequate ventilation for

fuel-burning appliances. See Ord. No. 14271, § 2, 6-4-2012, Sec. 10-234(a)(2)(c)–(d)

(2012). “[W]hatever is necessary to put and keep the premises in a fit and habitable

condition” may require something other than repair. See N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(2)

(emphasis added). “Whatever is necessary” may be an alteration or something else.

See id.

As analyzed in section VI(A) of this opinion, plaintiff has presented no evidence

that he notified defendant of any issues with the flooring, the heating system, or the

natural gas utilities, or that defendant had any actual knowledge of any such issues.

As analyzed in section VI(B) of this opinion, and as required under Lamm, plaintiff

has presented no evidence that defendant had the requisite knowledge or should have

known that he was in violation of the Durham housing code. See Lamm, 327 N.C. at

415. Therefore, summary judgment in favor of defendant was not error. Accordingly,

we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals on this issue.

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D. Breach of Implied Warranty of Habitability

This Court considers whether the Court of Appeals erred by reversing the trial

court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant regarding plaintiff’s

claim that defendant breached the implied warranty of habitability. We hold that the

Court of Appeals erred. Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals on this issue.

In reversing the trial court’s order, the Court of Appeals relies on Surratt v.

Newton, 99 N.C. App. 396 (1990). Misreading Surratt, the Court of Appeals made the

implausible leap that because only subsection (a)(4) requires written notice,

subsection (a)(2) “places an affirmative obligation on landlords to ‘do whatever is

necessary to put and keep the premises in a fit and habitable condition.’ ” Terry, 287

N.C. App. at 375 (majority opinion) (quoting N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(2)). While we agree

that written notice is required only in the circumstances of repair contemplated in

subsection (a)(4), our agreement stops there.

As an initial matter, in no way does Surratt hold that there is an “affirmative

obligation on landlords to ‘do whatever is necessary to put and keep the premises in

a fit and habitable condition’ ” without knowledge or notice. Compare id., with

Surratt, 99 N.C. App. at 405–06. The salient issue before the Surratt court was

whether the plaintiff presented sufficient evidence of notice to the landlord such that

a jury must determine whether the landlord had a reasonable opportunity to repair.

Finding that the tenant provided sufficient notice, albeit oral notice, the Surratt court

held that the plaintiff’s claim was rightfully presented to the jury. Surratt, 99 N.C.

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 TERRY V. PUB. SERV. CO. OF N.C.

Opinion of the Court

App. at 406.

While not binding precedent upon this Court, Surratt is instructive. A close

reading of Surratt reveals that the statute requires that a landlord must receive

notice of necessary repairs and have reasonable opportunity to repair before the

landlord is liable for applicable housing code violations. As analyzed in subsections

VI(A), (B), and (C) of this opinion, the record reveals that plaintiff presented no

evidence that he provided defendant with notice of a problem with the flooring or the

furnace, so as to render defendant in violation of N.C.G.S. § 42-42 or the housing code.

We agree with the Court of Appeals dissenting opinion that when repair is

necessary to keep a premises in a fit and habitable condition, this “does not obviate

the requirement that a tenant must give notice to the landlord of the repair that is

needed.” Terry, 287 N.C. App. at 384 (Carpenter, J., dissenting). Here, plaintiff has

presented no evidence that he provided the landlord with any notice of any needed

repairs. Thus, summary judgment in favor of defendant was not error. Accordingly,

we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals on this issue.

VII. Conclusion

We reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals on all of plaintiff’s claims. The

trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant is reinstated.

The matter is dismissed.

REVERSED.

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 Justice RIGGS dissenting.

The majority endorses the trial court’s grant of summary judgment,

establishing that a landlord has no duty, absent a written request, to provide regular

maintenance of potentially dangerous housing components to keep rental premises

in good and safe working order. However, I read the Residential Rental Agreements

Act (RRAA), codified as N.C.G.S. §§ 42-38 to 49, as legislatively creating a duty for

landlords to “[m]aintain in good and safe working order . . . all electrical, plumbing,

sanitary, heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and other facilities and appliances.”

N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4) (2023). This duty is in addition to the duty to “promptly repair”

the same systems and does not require written notice by the tenant. See id. Because

the record demonstrates genuine issues about whether this landlord was negligent in

the duty to maintain in “good and safe” working order the gas-fired furnace and

associated gas piping, I would affirm the Court of Appeals’ holding as to a duty

created by the RRAA.1 I would entrust to a jury the questions of whether this

landlord negligently breached the duty and whether that breach, if found, was the

proximate cause of Mr. Terry’s life-altering burns. For that reason, I respectfully

dissent.

1 Because I would hold this matter should proceed to trial based on the statutory

imposition of a duty by the RRAA, I do not reach the issues addressed in the majority on
common law negligence, negligence per se, or breach of the implied warranty of habitability.

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Riggs, J., dissenting

“Summary judgment provides a drastic remedy and should be cautiously used

so that no one will be deprived of a trial on a genuine, disputed issue of fact.” Koontz

v. City of Winston-Salem, 280 N.C. 513, 518 (1972). In negligence cases, summary

judgment “should rarely be granted.” Moore v. Crumpton, 306 N.C. 618, 624 (1982).

It is only appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and

admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact.” N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2023). We consider these

materials in the light most favorable to the non-movant, drawing all inferences in

their favor. Morrell v. Hardin Creek, Inc., 371 N.C. 672, 680 (2018).

The General Assembly passed the RRAA to codify the rights, obligations, and

remedies under rental agreements for dwelling units in North Carolina. N.C.G.S. §

42-38 (2023). Section 42-42 identifies the obligations of the landlord, and subsection

(a) delineates eight interrelated elements that constitute the landlord’s duty to

provide tenants with fit premises. N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(1) to (8). The first three

subsections apply generally to building and housing code compliance and the need to

keep the premises fit and habitable. N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(1)–(2). The remaining

subsections provide specific requirements: subsection (3) focuses on common areas;

subsections (5), (5a), and (7) focus on smoke alarms and carbon monoxide sensors;

and subsection (6) addresses water quality. N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(3), (5)–(7).

Subsection (a)(4) targets the specific issue of operating mechanical systems

that degrade over time and require maintenance, and the General Assembly designed

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Riggs, J., dissenting

a specific solution to address this problem. The solution requires two elements: first,

the landlord shall maintain in good and safe working order, and second, the landlord

shall promptly repair. N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4). This reading of the statute gives effect

to every word that the General Assembly used. Nance v. S. Ry., 149 N.C. 366, 372

(1908) (recognizing that this Court must interpret a statute as it is written, without

adding or omitting words).

The word “maintain” is not defined in the RRAA, but we afford words that are

undefined in statutes their plain and definite meaning. Spruill v. Lake Phelps

Volunteer Fire Dep’t., Inc., 351 N.C. 318, 322 (2000). Indeed, the ordinary definition

of the verb “maintain” is to keep something in operating condition. Maintain, The

American Heritage College Dictionary (3d ed. 1993) (“To keep in an existing state;

preserve or retain; . . . [t]o keep in a condition of good repair or efficiency.”). Under

the plain language of this subsection, the landlord has a duty to preserve or retain

the condition of electrical, plumbing, sanitary, heating, ventilating, air conditioning,

and other facilities and appliances. N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4). In short, the statute

creates a duty for the landlord to maintain the components identified in subsection

(a)(4).

The plain language of subsection (a)(4) does not require the tenant to notify

the landlord in writing for maintenance—and that makes sense. Maintenance is a

task that homeowners engage in regularly to avoid having to make repairs. The last

portion of subsection (a)(4) reads “provided that notification of needed repairs is made

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Riggs, J., dissenting

to the landlord in writing by the tenant, except in emergency situations.” N.C.G.S.

§ 42-42(a)(4) (emphasis added). Common sense tells us that in a landlord–tenant

situation, the tenant would generally be the one most likely to be aware of a repair

and would need to communicate that to the landlord, but maintenance is an entirely

different obligation. In specifically requiring written notice for repairs, the

legislature intentionally excluded maintenance from the requirement, and we cannot

impute that requirement to the duty to maintain. See Campbell v. First Baptist

Church of Durham, 298 N.C. 476, 482 (1979) (citing Walla Walla City v. Walla Walla

Water Co., 172 U.S. 1, 22 (1898)) (acknowledging that under the doctrine of expressio

unius est exclusio alterius, the mention of specific exceptions implies the exclusion of

others). We assume that if the General Assembly intended to require written notice

by the tenant for regular maintenance, it would have expressly required written

notice for maintenance in addition to repairs.

The majority holds that the landlord had no duty to provide preventative

maintenance for the gas-fired furnace and its associated piping which may have

revealed concerns before the explosion and fire that led to Mr. Terry’s injuries because

Mr. Terry did not provide notice that a repair was required. However, this

interpretation of subsection 42-42(a) of the RRAA, does not give effect to every word

of the statute. The majority glosses over the first clause of subsection (a)(4), which

by its plain language creates a duty for landlords to maintain in good and safe

working order “all electrical, plumbing, sanitary, heating, ventilating, air

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Riggs, J., dissenting

conditioning and other facilities and appliances.” N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4). The

foundational principle of statutory construction is that “[w]here the language of a

statute is clear and unambiguous, there is no room for judicial construction and the

courts must construe the statute using its plain meaning.” Burgess v. Your House of

Raleigh, Inc., 326 N.C. 205, 209 (1990).

To the extent this Court finds it ambiguous whether the written notice

requirement also relates back to maintenance, not just repairs, the application of

canons of construction only reinforce the reading of the plain language in this dissent.

“[T]his Court does not read segments of a statute in isolation. Rather, we construe

statutes in pari materia, giving effect, if possible, to every provision.” Rhyne v. K-

Mart Corp., 358 N.C. 160, 188 (2004). N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4) imposes a duty to

maintain, in addition to the duty to repair, the equipment and systems identified in

subsection (a)(4). The statutory language—“provided that notification of needed

repairs is made to the landlord in writing by the tenant, except in emergency

situations”—only imputes a requirement of written notice for repairs, not for

maintenance. N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4); see Lunsford v. Mills, 367 N.C. 618, 623 (2014)

(“[I]t is our duty to give effect to the words actually used in a statute and not to delete

words used or to insert words not used.”).

The majority relies on DiOrio v. Penny, 331 N.C. 726 (1992), for the proposition

that a “landlord must have knowledge, . . . or be notified, of a hazard’s existence before

being held liable in tort.” See id. at 729. But DiOrio addressed the question of a

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Riggs, J., dissenting

landlord’s duty to repair carpeting on a staircase, a housing component not listed

amongst the enumerated components found in N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4). Id. DiOrio

does not consider the landlord’s duty to maintain “electrical, plumbing, sanitary,

heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and other facilities and appliances supplied or

required to be supplied by the landlord.” See DiOrio, 331 N.C. 726; N.C.G.S. § 42-

42(a)(4). DiOrio’s holding that a tenant must request repair of a hazardous condition

created by carpeting on a staircase is inapposite because this case is centrally about

the landlord’s duty to maintain the specific equipment and systems identified in

N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4), not simply repair a defect.

This duty to maintain in N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4) does not extend to concealed

components. Building codes, with which landlords shall comply per subsection (a)(1),

mandate access for equipment such as a furnace that requires maintenance. See, e.g.,

N.C. State Bldg. Code: Fuel Gas Code § 611.8 (2018) (requiring access to gas-fired

furnaces for removing the burner; replacing motors, controls, filters and other

working parts; and for inspection, adjustment, and lubrication of parts requiring

maintenance). The furnace and associated piping were located in a four-feet-tall

crawlspace underneath the home and accessible from the exterior of the home. And

the crawlspace provided access to both the gas-fired furnace and associated gas piping

for maintenance. That is to say, there appears to be no dispute in this case that the

furnace here was in an accessible crawlspace that the landlord had a legal right to

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Riggs, J., dissenting

access for maintenance purposes, so this case does not implicate questions about

concealed, inaccessible elements.

This statutory duty to maintain, and indeed, the legislature’s decision to

abrogate the common law to allow it to ensure safe rental housing, does not create

the “sky is falling” situation that the dissenting judge at the Court of Appeals

catastrophized. Terry v. Pub. Serv. Co. of N.C., 287 N.C. App. 362, 381 (2022)

(Carpenter, J., dissenting). This case only presents the question of the duty to

maintain, in “good and safe working order,” N.C.G.S. § 42-42(a)(4), a gas-fired furnace

and associated gas piping, which the landlord, in his own sworn deposition testimony,

recognized as equipment requiring maintenance and which the lease allowed him

access to maintain. This case simply does not require us to resolve how often

maintenance must be performed or answer other questions not presented on the facts

here. I would constrain our analysis to the facts presented in this case and avoid

speculation on the wide array of hypotheticals presented by the dissenting judge at

the Court of Appeals.

Mr. Terry has proffered sufficient evidence at this stage of the litigation to

present to a jury the question of whether the landlord was negligent in the duty to

maintain in good and safe working order the gas-fired furnace and associated gas

piping. In the interrogatories, the landlord admitted to being responsible for

management, maintenance, and inspection of the property. In the lease, the landlord

specifically reserved the right to enter and inspect the premises at any and all

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 TERRY V. PUB. SERV. CO. OF N.C.

Riggs, J., dissenting

reasonable times to “maintain said premises in a clean, orderly, and law abiding

manner.” The deposition testimony indicates that the gas-fired furnace and

associated gas piping were located in a crawlspace that was four feet in height,

accessible from the exterior of the home, and that the crawlspace was kept unlocked.

The landlord admitted in his interrogatories that he did not inspect or maintain the

gas-fired furnace and connecting gas piping. Mr. Terry provided expert testimony to

establish that the deterioration of the gas pipe took place over years, likely more than

seven. The landlord acknowledged in his deposition testimony that heating units

typically require maintenance and that the units degrade over time. Further, the

landlord conceded that in another one of his six rental properties, he had a problem

with a gas-fired furnace, which he resolved by shutting off the gas and replacing the

furnace with an electric furnace. Taken in the light most favorable to Mr. Terry,

these facts may have provided notice, even though not required, that the type of

furnace in this case, at the age it was, required attention that it did not receive in

order to keep the system in good working order. Collectively, this evidence

constitutes, I believe, evidence sufficient to establish material issues of fact that must

be resolved by a fact finder.

The North Carolina General Assembly chose to abrogate the common law

caveat emptor rule and create a duty for landlords to “[m]aintain in good and safe

working order and promptly repair all electrical, plumbing, sanitary, heating,

ventilating, air conditioning, and other facilities and appliances.” N.C.G.S. § 42-

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 TERRY V. PUB. SERV. CO. OF N.C.

Riggs, J., dissenting

42(a)(4). Further, Mr. Terry’s proffered evidence, considered in the light most

favorable to him, is sufficient to establish disputed material issues of fact. For these

reasons, I respectfully dissent.

Justice EARLS joins in this dissenting opinion.

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