IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA23-420
Filed 2 April 2024
Office of Administrative Hearings, No. 17 OSP 08518
JUDITH M. AYERS, Petitioner,
v.
CURRITUCK COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES, Respondent.
Appeal by Respondent from final decision entered 31 January 2023 by
Administrative Law Judge Melissa Owens Lassiter in the Office of Administrative
Hearings. Heard in the Court of Appeals 1 November 2023.
Hornthal, Riley, Ellis, & Maland, L.L.P., by John D. Leidy, for petitioner-
appellee.
Teague, Campbell, Dennis & Gorham, L.L.P., by Luke A. West and Jennifer B.
Milak, and The Twiford Law Firm, P.C., by Courtney Hull, for respondent-
appellant.
MURPHY, Judge.
For the third time, Respondent-Appellant Currituck County Department of
Social Services (“DSS”) appeals from an Office of Administrative Hearings (“OAH”)
final decision reversing the dismissal of Petitioner-Appellee Judith Ayers from her
position as Social Worker Supervisor III for unacceptable personal conduct (“UPC”).
Having twice remanded, we now affirm.
A State agency may only discipline a career state employee for just cause.
N.C.G.S. § 126-34.02 (2023). “Just cause is a flexible concept, embodying notions of
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equity and fairness, that can only be determined upon an examination of the facts
and circumstances of each individual case.” Wetherington v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety
(“Wetherington I”), 368 N.C. 583, 591 (2015) (marks omitted). This requires the
agency to consider various factors and balance the equities to arrive at the
appropriate level of discipline. See Wetherington v. NC Dep’t of Pub. Safety
(“Wetherington II”), 270 N.C. App. 161, 194, disc. rev. denied, 374 N.C. 746 (2020). It
does not permit the agency to manipulate its inquiry to contrive just cause for a
preordained level of discipline. See id. at 185-201 (reversing the ALJ’s determination
of just cause where the agency shoehorned a per se rule into the case’s eponymous
multifactor just cause analysis).
An agency’s determination of just cause is subject to both administrative and
judicial review. See Harris v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 252 N.C. App. 94, 98, aff’d
per curiam, 370 N.C. 386 (2017). At both levels, the tribunal reviews whether the
facts support the existence of just cause de novo. Id. at 100, 102. However, “the
[administrative law judge (‘ALJ’)] is the sole fact-finder, and the only tribunal with
the ability to hear testimony, observe witnesses, and weigh credibility.” Id. at 108.
Where the ALJ concluded the agency lacked just cause based on its findings of
fact and where those findings were supported by substantial evidence, the agency
must show the ALJ’s determination was an error of law. In such cases, if the agency
merely argues how its own version of the facts might have supported a contrary
conclusion without demonstrating that the ALJ committed errors of law, the agency
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does not carry its burden of proving it acted with just cause because “we defer to the
ALJ’s findings of fact [when supported by substantial evidence], even if evidence was
presented to support contrary findings.” Id.
Here, we hold the ALJ’s findings of fact, to the extent necessary for the
ultimate just cause determination, were supported by substantial evidence in the
record. We further hold, upon de novo review, that there was no error in the ALJ’s
determination that DSS lacked just cause to dismiss Ayers for her single instance of
UPC in light of the facts and circumstances of this case. Accordingly, we affirm the
ALJ’s final decision to retroactively reinstate Ayers with back pay and attorneys’ fees,
subject to a two-week suspension without pay and subject to her taking additional
cultural diversity and racial sensitivity training.
BACKGROUND
The facts of Ayers’s UPC and DSS’s initial response are fully set out in the
initial appeal. Ayers v. Currituck Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. (“Ayers I”), 267 N.C. App.
513, 514-19 (2019). The facts of the ALJ’s Final Decision on Remand from Ayers I are
fully set out in the second appeal. Ayers v. Currituck Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. (“Ayers
II”), 279 N.C. App. 514, 515-19 (2021). Partially borrowing from Ayers II, “we include
a recitation of the facts and procedural history relevant to the issues currently before
us”:
A. Prior to Incident
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. . . Ayers had been employed with DSS from 2007 until the
incident in 2017. Ayers was the supervisor for the Child
Protective Services Unit at DSS who reported directly to
the DSS Director. Neither party contests that Ayers was a
career State employee.
Ayers consistently received positive work performance
reviews and had never been disciplined as a DSS employee
before the incident occurred. Until 30 June 2017, her boss
was the DSS Director, Kathy Romm, who had hired Ayers;
Romm had asked Ayers whether she wanted to take her
position upon Romm’s retirement. Ayers declined to
pursue the position, and Romm hired another DSS
employee, Samantha Hurd. Both Ayers and Hurd are
Caucasian women.
Prior to Hurd’s promotion, she supervised DSS’s Foster
Care Unit, and she and Ayers had a history of
disagreements and conflict in their roles. The
disagreements and conflict continued after Hurd’s
promotion.
B. Incident
On 3 November 2017, Hurd asked Ayers about a racial
demarcation–“NR”–that a social worker had included on a
client intake form; Hurd did not recognize the demarcation,
asked Ayers what it stood for multiple times, and Ayers
responded with a racial epithet. Ayers claimed she said
“nigra rican,” while Hurd claimed Ayers said “[n-----] rican”
(“the N word”). According to testimony from Hurd and
Ayers, Ayers initially laughed about the comment, but
became apologetic and embarrassed soon afterward. After
investigation, Hurd and Ayers discovered the client
referred to on the form was Caucasian.
C. Disciplinary Action
The incident occurred on Friday, 3 November 2017, and
Hurd conferred with DSS’s counsel over the following
weekend. After receiving guidance, Hurd applied a twelve-
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factor test, derived from a guide for North Carolina public
employers published by the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill Institute of Government, to Ayers’s
comment and instituted disciplinary proceedings against
her on Monday, 6 November 2017. . . .
....
After meeting with Ayers, Hurd placed her on
investigatory status with pay, and subsequently
terminated her employment with DSS; Ayers appealed,
and Hurd affirmed her decision. Ayers filed a Petition for
a Contested Case Hearing with the Office of
Administrative Hearings.
D. 13 June 2018 ALJ Decision
An ALJ held a contested case hearing on 19 April 2018 and
reversed Hurd’s termination decision in a Final Decision
filed 13 June 2018 (“First ALJ Order”). Findings of Fact 23
and 47 in the First ALJ Order described Ayers’s and Hurd’s
different recollections of the word Ayers used, but the First
ALJ Order also included the word “negra-rican,” which was
a third variation of the word. A fourth variation, “negro-
rican,” appeared in Conclusion of Law 13. The ALJ applied
the three-prong test from Warren, determined the first
prong of “whether the employee engaged in the conduct the
employer alleges[,]” was not met in light of the
disagreements on verbiage, and reversed Hurd’s
termination of Ayers. DSS appealed the First ALJ Order.
E. Ayers I
In an opinion filed 1 October 2019, we vacated and
remanded the First ALJ Order. We noted Finding of Fact
23 from the First ALJ Order, which included a third and
incorrect variation of the word used when describing the
disagreement on epithet verbiage between Ayers and
Hurd, was the “critical finding driving the ALJ’s analysis”
in its reversal of Hurd’s termination decision. We found,
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the ALJ’s [f]inding is not supported by the
evidence in the [r]ecord[, particularly Ayers’s
own testimony]. It is then apparent the ALJ
carried out the remainder of its analysis
under the misapprehension of the exact
phrase used and that the ALJ’s
understanding of the exact phrase used was
central to both the rest of the ALJ’s [f]indings
and its [c]onclusions of [l]aw. Therefore, we
vacate the [First ALJ Order] in its entirety
and remand this matter for the ALJ to
reconsider its factual findings in light of the
evidence of record and to make new
conclusions based upon those factual findings.
In addition to noting “the ALJ’s conclusions and
considerations of the ‘totality of the circumstances’ were
also grounded in its misapprehension of the evidentiary
record[,]” we held either “‘n----- rican’ or the variant ‘nigra
rican’” “constitute[d] a racial epithet[,]” and DSS “met its
initial burden of proving [Ayers] engaged in the conduct
alleged under Warren.” In vacating the First ALJ Order,
we instructed the ALJ to “make new findings of fact
supported by the evidence in the record and continue its
analysis under Warren of whether [Ayers] engaged in
unacceptable conduct constituting just cause for her
dismissal or for the imposition of other discipline.”
F. ALJ Decision on Remand
On remand, the ALJ entered its Final Decision on Remand
(“Second ALJ Order”) on 5 May 2020, made additional
findings of fact and conclusions of law, applied the three-
prong Warren test, and reversed DSS’s termination of
Ayers. The ALJ decided the first two prongs of the Warren
test–Ayers engaging in the conduct alleged and the conduct
constituting unacceptable personal conduct–were met. . . .
[Specifically, the ALJ concluded Ayers’s conduct was that
for which no reasonable person should expect to receive
prior warning, a willful violation of DSS’s written
personnel policy, and conduct unbecoming of an employee.]
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However, the ALJ concluded the third prong of the Warren
test–whether DSS had just cause for the disciplinary action
taken under N.C.G.S. § 126-35(a)–was not met. In
concluding a lesser disciplinary measure was warranted,
the Second ALJ Order focused on: Ayers’s “ten-year
employment history with no prior disciplinary actions" and
high performance reviews; that Hurd “did not think it was
significant whether anyone heard [Ayers’s] comment”; the
lack of evidence that this one-time comment was
harassment of a specific individual or caused actual harm
to DSS, until DSS revealed the incident to others; and that
DSS’s decision “was influenced by . . . past philosophical
differences [between Hurd and Ayers] and their past
history.” However, the Second ALJ Order also found that
“[DSS] did not consider if [Ayers’s] . . . comment caused any
actual harm to the agency’s reputation. [DSS] only
considered potential harm to the agency.” The Second ALJ
Order also acknowledged the lack of resolution regarding
whether anyone other than Hurd heard Ayers’s epithet,
which the ALJ deemed a “necessary consideration.”
Despite the lack of resolution of the resulting harm factor
from Wetherington I, the Second ALJ Order retroactively
reinstated Ayers with a two-week suspension without pay,
ordered back pay, and ordered reimbursement of Ayers’s
attorney fees.
Id. (alterations in original) (citations omitted); (citing Warren v. N.C. Dep’t of Crime
Control & Pub. Safety (“Warren I”), 221 N.C. App. 376, disc. rev. denied, 366 N.C. 408
(2012)).
G. Ayers II
DSS appealed the Second ALJ Order, arguing “(A) ‘the ALJ made findings of
fact not supported by substantial evidence’ in its Second ALJ Order; (B) specific
conclusions of law from the Second ALJ Order are erroneous; and (C) DSS ‘had just
cause to dismiss [Ayers].’” Id. at 520 (alterations in original). In an opinion filed 5
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October 2021, we determined we could not meaningfully conduct our appellate review
because, “[f]or us to conduct meaningful appellate review regarding just cause for
disciplinary action, the ALJ must [have made] complete findings of fact regarding the
harm to DSS resulting from Ayers’s UPC, including whether any occurred”; but
the ALJ found that Hurd, as DSS’s representative in the
disciplinary decision regarding Ayers, did not consider the
necessary resulting harm factor, and thus did not consider
all of the required factors.
....
Substantial evidence support[ed] the ALJ’s determination
that Hurd, and DSS, did not consider a required factor
under Wetherington I.
Id. at 520, 524-26. Accordingly, we “remand[ed] to the ALJ with instructions to
remand to DSS to conduct a complete, discretionary review regarding Ayers’s UPC
and corresponding disciplinary action.” Id. at 526.
H. DSS’s Investigation on Remand and Final Agency Decision Addendum
Per our instructions, the ALJ further remanded to DSS “to conduct a complete
disciplinary review[.]” In the course of this investigation, Hurd reviewed the prior
documentation of the case: the First and Second ALJ Orders; our Ayers I and Ayers
II opinions; conference and hearing transcripts; termination, reply, and appeal letters
between Ayers and Hurd; various DSS policies and job descriptions; the North
Carolina State Administrative Code; and the case file whose incomplete reporting
was the genesis this now-half-decade-long series of appeals and remands. Hurd
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additionally reviewed DSS’s daily reception logs of visitors and determined a client
was in the building at the time of Ayers’s UPC but did not further investigate whether
the client was aware of the incident. Hurd also, for the first time, interviewed Tiffany
Sutton, a black employee under Ayers’s supervision whom Hurd previously identified
as speculatively having overheard Ayers’s UPC. Sutton had not overheard Ayers’s
UPC but learned of it at some indeterminable time from gossip surrounding Ayers’s
absence. Hurd did not interview any other employee as part of this investigation.
Upon concluding her investigation, Hurd issued DSS’s Final Agency Decision
Addendum (“Addendum”) setting forth Hurd’s and DSS’s bases for resulting and
potential harm, including:
Harm to the agency’s provision of services
The ability to perform the essential functions of the Social
Work Supervisor III position has been irreparably harmed
as a result of your conduct. Your unacceptable conduct
caused a complete abrogation of your ability to fulfil
operational and personnel responsibilities. These duties
require supervisors to function autonomously with little to
no supervision. Engaging in this conduct altered your
ability to perform independently in the work environment.
Further, your ability to testify objectively before any
tribunal has been called into question. That is a risk I
cannot accept. Your ability to supervise any program or
exercise sound judgement [sic] in any dynamic has been
completely compromised.
You are unable to complete any job task in the agency
without total supervision. This is a burden the agency
cannot bear. Your conduct interrupted the normal duties
of the Director and other supervisory personnel causing
them to assume your workload, a disruption to the
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workflow of the agency with no other back-up position
available. A bias was demonstrated by stereotyping a
family[.] . . . Bias negatively affects every aspect on the
continuum of social services programming, including child
welfare reporting. During the time between the pre-
disciplinary conference and the local appeals hearing you
submitted contradictory information regarding your
conduct. . . . This insubordination[1] caused harm to the
agency, as such undermines the ability to trust your
judgement [sic], or allow you to complete essential job
duties autonomously as is required. Thus, I have no
confidence in your ability to be forthcoming and honest in
all aspects of your work. You cannot be permitted to
perform work in any capacity within the agency with
certitude you will not alter, suppress, or omit material
facts. Moreover, your conduct has damaged my confidence
in your ability to serve with integrity as Director’s
Designee and there was no back up to fulfil that role in your
absence.
Harm to morale
Your conduct offended a Currituck County employee, the
Social Services Director. I consider your conduct to be
highly offensive, vulgar, crude, and discriminatory. It
further harmed the morale of the agency by creating an
uncomfortable and untrusting team atmosphere among
subordinates, colleagues, and your immediate supervisor.
The authority given to you as a supervisor was undermined
1 The ALJ found,
Hurd never charged Petitioner with being insubordinate in any
disciplinary letter or advised Petitioner that she was being terminated
from employment for being insubordinate. The first time [] Hurd
determined that Petitioner was engaged in insubordination in
November 2017, was in Hurd’s [21 March 2022] Final Agency Decision
Addendum. . . . [T]he evidence presented in these proceedings failed to
show that Petitioner was insubordinate during the DSS local appeals
hearing.
DSS challenges this finding but does not argue we should consider Ayers’s alleged insubordination in
our analysis of just cause.
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by your actions and the conduct destroyed the trust of your
employer to rely upon you to make fair, objective decisions
without concern for prejudice.
Harm to agency mission and work of the agency
The conduct violated the following policies: 1.) [DSS’s] Civil
Rights Action [sic] of 1964 Requirements policy, 2.) The
Currituck County Personnel Policy, . . . and 3.) The . . .
[DSS] Family Services manual . . . .
Violating policy constitutes harm to the agency because it
frustrates the purpose of having a policy to follow at all.
Between the investigatory leave period and the local
appeals hearing, you failed to demonstrate introspection
regarding your conduct. This negates any prospect of
rehabilitation without unacceptable risk. The agency
suffered yet more harm by having to post the position,
recruit, and train a replacement. In the interim, the
Director and another supervisor assumed your job duties
which interfered with the daily business operations of the
agency.
Harm to agency budget
. . . . As a result of the lack of cooperation and subsequent
dismissal, the department was required to retain an
attorney, incur legal expenses, hire and train a
replacement for the position, and interrupt other personnel
from their duties to be involved in the litigation process.
Detrimental to state service- social harm
[The Addendum cursorily characterizes Ayers’s UPC as
hate speech and offensive conduct detrimental to state
services. DSS does not argue we should consider this
‘social harm’ in our just cause analysis.]
Potential harm
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. . . . [T]he Director is accountable to the social services
board, and is responsible and accountable for the actions,
conduct and performance of departmental employees. . . .
The [DSS] Board agrees with my decision to terminate your
employment. Retaining your employment in any capacity
within the department after using a racial epithet during
the course of your governmental duties, would cause the
board to doubt my ability to effectively administer our
programming, personnel and distrust my decision making
and judgement. This would adversely affect the
relationship between the Director and the board and would
damage the integrity they expect regarding the
performance of my duties. . . .
As referenced, your conduct severely violated crucial
polices [sic] and rules. An employee who cannot be trusted
to follow rules when in the presence of the Social Services
Director, cannot be trusted to follow rules when working
independently. Your continued employment in any
capacity would make the agency vulnerable to negligent
retention and supervision which would subject the county
to liability.[2] Additionally, your good faith and credibility
could be of great concern, thereby damaging your
testimony in the multiple cases in which you are required
to testify. Continuing to entrust you with the oversight of
child welfare cases, or any other matters within the agency
knowing that you have demonstrated overt racism, bias
and stereotyping in the course of your work, subjects the
county to additional liability.
Your conduct violated the agency’s compliance with the
Civil Rights Act of 1964. The violation could potentially
affect the agency’s receipt of federal funding. Your actions
would affect public trust, client confidence, and destroy the
agency’s credibility in the community if I simply ignored
your remarks and returned you to any employment.
2 We do not opine on Hurd’s legal conclusions, except to the extent discussed in our analysis
as necessary for our ultimate just cause conclusion.
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After conducting a thorough investigation and careful
review of the totality of facts and circumstances, I affirm
my decision to terminate your employment . . . for
unacceptable personal conduct. I conclude you are unable
to complete any of the above duties fairly or independently
without total and continuous supervision. The need and
frequency of total supervision required to continue your
employment in a supervisory position or any other position
within the department is an accommodation the
department is unable to implement. There are no positions
available within the department of social services that do
not include interacting with and providing services to the
public in a fair, non-biased manner. . . .
I. 31 January 2023 ALJ Decision
On 31 January 2023, the ALJ entered its Amended Final Decision on Remand,
containing additional findings of fact and conclusions of law. The ALJ found the
Addendum “unreasonable and [] most likely the result of [Hurd’s] bias in favor of
supporting and justifying her original action in dismissing Petitioner.” She further
found the Addendum’s bases for actual harm “[were] all either descriptions of
potential harm or resulted from [] Hurd’s decision to dismiss Petitioner and were not
caused by or the result of the incident itself” and that “Hurd’s subjective opinion”
“that Petitioner was not fit to be entrusted with her supervisory or other duties” was
“unsubstantiated, speculative, [] unreasonable[,] not supported by a preponderance
of the evidence[,] and [] contrary to other evidence in the record.”
Determining “Petitioner’s unacceptable conduct did not cause Respondent to
experience any actual harm[,]” the ALJ concluded DSS lacked just cause to dismiss
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Ayers and retroactively reinstated Ayers with back pay and attorney fees, subject to
a two-week suspension without pay and additional cultural diversity and racial
sensitivity training.
DSS appeals, again arguing it had just cause to dismiss Ayers and challenging
specific findings of fact and conclusions of law. On this appeal, DSS additionally
requests we reverse the ALJ’s award of attorneys’ fees based on its view of the merits.
ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
“It is well settled that in cases appealed from administrative tribunals,
questions of law receive de novo review, whereas fact-intensive issues such as
sufficiency of the evidence to support an agency’s decision are reviewed under the
whole-record test.” N.C. Dep’t of Env’t & Nat. Res. v. Carroll, 358 N.C. 649, 659
(2004); see N.C.G.S. § 150B-51(c) (2023). “Under the de novo standard of review, the
[reviewing] court considers the matter anew and freely substitutes its own judgment
for the agency’s.” Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 172. In contrast, under the whole
record test,
[the reviewing court] may not substitute its judgment for
the [ALJ’s] as between two conflicting views, even though
it could reasonably have reached a different result had it
reviewed the matter de novo. Rather, a court must
examine all the record evidence—that which detracts from
the [ALJ’s] findings and conclusions as well as that which
tends to support them—to determine whether there is
substantial evidence to justify the [ALJ’s] decision.
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Substantial evidence is relevant evidence a reasonable
mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.
We undertake this review with a high degree of deference
because it is well established that
[i]n an administrative proceeding, it is the prerogative and
duty of [the ALJ], once all the evidence has been presented
and considered, to determine the weight and sufficiency of
the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses, to draw
inferences from the facts, and to appraise conflicting and
circumstantial evidence. The credibility of witnesses and
the probative value of particular testimony are for the
[ALJ] to determine, and [the ALJ] may accept or reject in
whole or part the testimony of any witness.
Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 100 (fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth alterations in original)
(marks and citation omitted); see Carroll, 358 N.C. at 674 (“[T]he ‘whole record’ test
is not a tool of judicial intrusion; instead, it merely gives a reviewing court the
capability to determine whether an administrative decision has a rational basis in
the evidence.”).
Thus, “we recognize the ALJ is the sole fact-finder, and the only tribunal with
the ability to hear testimony, observe witnesses, and weigh credibility. As such, we
defer to the ALJ’s findings of fact, even if evidence was presented to support contrary
findings.” Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 108. We review the ALJ’s findings of fact and
conclusions of law based on their substance rather than their label. See Watlington
v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of Rockingham Cnty, 261 N.C. App. 760, 768 (2018) (quoting In
re Simpson, 211 N.C. App. 483, 487-88 (2011)) (“When this Court determines that
findings of fact and conclusions of law have been mislabeled by the trial court, we
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may reclassify them, where necessary, before applying our standard of review.”).
“Generally, any determination requiring the exercise of judgment or the application
of legal principles is more properly classified a conclusion of law. Any determination
made by logical reasoning from the evidentiary facts, however, is more properly
classified a finding of fact.” Simpson, 211 N.C. App. at 487. (marks and citation
omitted).
The ALJ “need not recite all of the evidentiary facts but must find those
material and ultimate facts from which it can be determined whether the findings
are supported by the evidence and whether they support the conclusions of law
reached.” See Rittelmeyer v. Univ. of N.C. at Chapel Hill, 252 N.C. App. 340, 350-51,
disc. rev. denied, 370 N.C. 67 (2017); see, e.g., Ayers II, 279 N.C. App. at 523-27
(remanding based on the lack of findings and evidence of the necessary resulting
harm factor). An ultimate finding is a finding supported by other evidentiary facts
reached by natural reasoning. In re G.C., 384 N.C. 62 67 (2023). “A . . . finding of an
ultimate fact is conclusive on appeal if the evidentiary facts reasonably support the
[tribunal’s] ultimate finding.” State v. Fuller, 376 N.C. 862, 864 (2021). Likewise,
evidentiary facts are conclusive on appeal if supported by substantial evidence in the
record or unchallenged by the parties. In re Berman, 245 N.C. 612, 616-17 (1957)
(“The administrative findings of fact . . . if supported by competent, material and
substantial evidence in view of the entire record, are conclusive upon a reviewing
court, and not within the scope of its reviewing powers.”); Brewington, 254 N.C. App.
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1, 17 (2017), disc. rev. denied, 371 N.C. 343 (2018) (quoting Koufman v. Koufman, 330
N.C. 93, 97 (1991)) (“Where no exception is taken to a finding of fact . . ., the finding
is presumed to be supported by competent evidence and is binding on appeal.”).
We need not review every challenged finding of fact, only those necessary “to
determine whether the ALJ properly ruled that [DSS] [failed to] establish[] by a
preponderance of the evidence that [it] had just cause to terminate [Ayers’s]
employment[.]” See Blackburn v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 246 N.C. App. 196, 210,
disc. rev. denied, 368 N.C. 919 (2016).
B. ALJ and Appellate Court Just Cause Review
State employees in North Carolina enjoy legislatively-enacted career
protections. Among these is that no career State employee “shall be discharged,
suspended, or demoted for disciplinary reasons, except for just cause.” N.C.G.S. §
126-35 (2023). “This Section establishes a condition precedent that must be fulfilled
by the employer before disciplinary actions are taken.” Brown v. Fayetteville State
Univ., 269 N.C. App. 122, 130 (2020) (emphasis added) (marks omitted). This is true
for every career State employee, and one’s “position as a supervis[or] . . . does not
lower the standard that must be met in order to justify his dismissal.” Whitehurst v.
E. Carolina Univ., 257 N.C. App. 938, 948 (2018).
An employee who believes she was disciplined without just cause may pursue
a grievance. Under the grievance procedure, she is entitled to an informal final
agency decision that specifically sets forth the basis for her dismissal. N.C.G.S. §
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126-34.01 (2023). She may appeal that decision to the OAH “as a contested case
pursuant to the method provided in [N.C.G.S.] § 126-34.02” and N.C.G.S. § 150B-22
et seq. Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 98. On appeal to the OAH, the agency must show
just cause by a preponderance of the evidence, N.C.G.S. § 150B-25.1(c) (2023),3 and
the “ALJ is free to substitute their judgment for that of the agency regarding the legal
conclusion of whether just cause existed for the agency’s action.” Harris, 252 N.C.
App. at 102. The ALJ enters a final decision, specifying findings of fact and
conclusions of law, N.C.G.S. § 150B-34(a) (2023), and may reinstate the employee and
award back pay and attorneys’ fees as appropriate “without regard to the initial
agency’s determination.” Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 102; see N.C.G.S. § 126-34.02(a),
(e) (2023). A party may appeal the ALJ’s final decision directly to this Court, N.C.G.S.
§§ 7A-29(a), 126-34.02(a) (2023),4 and we review the existence of just cause de novo.
Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 190.
Just cause may be based on either unsatisfactory job performance or UPC. 25
N.C.A.C. 1J.0604(b) (2023). DSS alleges Ayers’s conduct met three grounds of UPC,
as enumerated in the North Carolina Administrative Code:
3 Specifically, the statute reads, “[t]he burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence
that a career State employee subject to Chapter 126 of the General Statutes was discharged,
suspended, or demoted for just cause rests with the agency employer.” N.C.G.S. § 150B-25.1(c) (2023).
Despite the clarity of this language, DSS, at times, misapprehends the burden of proof, stating,
“Respondent contends Petitioner failed to meet her burden of proving Respondent acted without ‘just
cause’ in terminating her employment.”
4 Previously appeal was to the Superior Court, as governed by N.C.G.S. § 150B-43. See
N.C.G.S. § 126-37(b2) (2012). Hence, some cases refer to the reviewing court as the “trial court.” E.g.,
Carroll, 358 N.C. at 660 (“[T]he trial court applies the whole record test . . . .”).
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(a) conduct for which no reasonable person should expect
to receive prior warning;
...
(d) the willful violation of known or written work rules;
(e) conduct unbecoming a [S]tate employee that is
detrimental to [S]tate service . . . .
See 25 N.C.A.C. 1J.0614(8)(a), (d)-(e) (2023).
Whether an agency has just cause to discipline an employee based on UPC
requires three inquiries:
[t]he proper analytical approach is to first determine
whether the employee engaged in the conduct the employer
alleges. The second inquiry is whether the employee’s
conduct falls within one of the categories of [UPC] provided
by the Administrative Code. [UPC] does not necessarily
establish just cause for all types of discipline. If the
employee’s act qualifies as a type of unacceptable conduct,
the tribunal proceeds to the third inquiry: whether that
misconduct amounted to just cause for the disciplinary
action taken. Just cause must be determined based upon
an examination of the facts and circumstances of each
individual case.
Warren I, 221 N.C. App. at 383. The ALJ concluded—and Ayers does not contest in
this appeal—that Ayers’s use of a racial epithet was UPC under all three of DSS’s
alleged examples under the North Carolina Administrative Code. Ayers II, 279 N.C.
App. at 519. Accordingly, we consider the third inquiry: whether DSS has proven by
the preponderance of the evidence that Ayers’s UPC amounts to just cause to dismiss
her. We conclude DSS did not meet its burden.
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C. The Just Cause Framework
“Whether conduct constitutes just cause for the disciplinary action taken is a
question of law we review de novo.” Warren I, 221 N.C. App. at 378. “Just cause, like
justice itself, is not susceptible of precise definition. It is a flexible concept,
embodying notions of equity and fairness[.]” Carroll, 358 N.C. at 669 (marks and
citations omitted). “Inevitably, [the just cause] inquiry requires an irreducible act of
judgment that cannot always be satisfied by the mechanical application of rules and
regulations.” Id. Rather, “public agency decision-makers must use discretion in
determining what disciplinary action to impose in situations involving alleged
unacceptable personal conduct[.]” Brewington, 254 N.C. App. at 25 (characterizing
this as the “primary holding” of Wetherington I, 368 N.C. at 593); see also Warren I,
221 N.C. App. at 382 (“[N]ot every instance of unacceptable personal conduct as
defined by the Administrative Code provides just cause for discipline.”).
Accordingly, “[a] formulaic approach” “comparing the misconduct in this case
to the misconduct in . . . cases in which our appellate courts have held just cause for
dismissal existed . . . is unpersuasive, as just cause ‘. . . can only be determined upon
an examination of the facts and circumstances of each individual case.’” Watlington,
261 N.C. App. at 770 (quoting Carroll, 358 N.C. at 669). However, we look to
precedent to guide our application of the facts and circumstances of each individual
case: consideration of “factors such as the severity of the violation, the subject matter
involved, the resulting harm, the [employee’s] work history, [and] discipline imposed
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in other cases involving similar violations . . . is an appropriate and necessary
component of a decision to impose discipline upon a career State employee for
unacceptable personal conduct[,]” Wetherington I, 368 N.C. at 592, to “the extent
there was any evidence to support them. [The disciplining agency] [can]not rely on
one factor while ignoring the others.” Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 190. Where
the agency ignores a required factor—or purports to consider it but actually applies
a per se rule—we will not give the agency an additional “bite[] at the apple” to
consider the factor, so long as the record permits our meaningful de novo review of
the factor.5 Compare Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 191-201 (disallowing further
discretionary factfinding despite the agency’s failure to consider “severity of the
violation,” “resulting harm,” and “discipline imposed in other cases involving similar
violations” factors), with Ayers II, 279 N.C. App. at 523-27 (remanding based on our
inability to meaningfully review the “resulting harm” factor).
In Wetherington II, we separately analyzed each of the five Wetherington
factors. Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 191-200. There, the petitioner,
then a trooper with the North Carolina State Highway
Patrol, misplaced his hat during a traffic stop; he then lied
about how he lost his hat, which was later recovered,
mostly intact. [The highway patrol] terminated [his]
employment as a trooper based upon its “per se” rule that
any untruthfulness by a state trooper is unacceptable
personal conduct and just cause for dismissal.
5 In contrast, where an incomplete investigation frustrates our meaningful de novo review of
a required factor, we remand for further investigation, as we did in DSS’s prior appeal. Ayers II, 279
N.C. App. at 523-27.
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Id. at 162. On the trooper’s initial appeal, our Supreme Court held the patrol’s “use
of a rule requiring dismissal for all violations of the [p]atrol’s truthfulness policy was
an error of law”6 and remanded for the patrol to make a proper just cause analysis.
Wetherington I, 368 N.C. at 593. On remand, the patrol affirmed its termination of
the trooper. On appeal from that determination, we held the patrol’s second
consideration “was substantively no different” than its prior application of a per se
rule and “conclude[d] as a matter of law, on de novo review, that [the trooper’s]
unacceptable personal conduct was not just cause for dismissal.” Wetherington II,
270 N.C. App. at 163, 199.
Here, DSS likewise failed to undertake a proper just cause analysis initially.
Ayers II, 279 N.C. App. at 523-25. On remand, DSS again considered the UNC School
of Government twelve-factor test, see id. at 516-17, 524, but did so “along with the
five Wetherington factors.” Although Wetherington I’s recognition of the “flexible
definition of just cause” and description of “factors such as” the five it explicitly
addressed contemplates that additional factors may sometimes be relevant to just
cause, Wetherington I, 368 N.C. at 591-92 (emphasis added) (marks omitted), DSS
makes no argument that the twelve factors of the UNC School of Government were
either appropriate or necessary to its analysis of just cause here. We believe the
6 Thus, the law is no longer—as DSS seeks to rely—that “[o]ne act of UPC presents ‘just cause’
for any discipline, up to and including dismissal.” Hilliard v. N.C. Dep’t of Corr., 173 N.C. App. 594,
597 (2005).
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Wetherington factors are sufficient for us to analyze de novo whether Ayers’s conduct
constituted just cause for her termination, so we do not consider the twelve-factor
test.
D. Analyzing the Just Cause Factors
Having discussed the just cause framework, we turn to whether DSS had just
cause to dismiss Ayers. Before analyzing the appropriate and necessary factors,
however, we address generally DSS’s challenges to findings of fact. DSS purports7 to
challenge 39 of 139 findings of fact and 28 of 52 conclusions of law—several of which,
in actuality, are findings of fact, see Watlington, 261 N.C. App. at 768—as
unsupported by substantial evidence. These challenges, as well as DSS’s discussion
of resulting harm, frequently highlight how Hurd’s version of the facts in DSS’s Final
Agency Decision Addendum differ from the ALJ’s findings. This approach is
unpersuasive because the ALJ “was not obligated to find facts based on” a party’s
“own view of the record,” Brewington, 254 N.C. App. at 23, and because “we defer to
the ALJ’s findings of fact, even if evidence was presented to support contrary findings.”
Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 108 (emphasis added).
We turn to our just cause analysis and consider each of the “appropriate and
necessary” factors in turn. Wetherington I, 368 N.C. at 592. In doing so, we address
7 DSS does not specifically argue nine of these findings.
See Brewington, 254 N.C. App. at 17
(“[B]ecause finding of fact 11 is the only finding that [the petitioner] challenges with a specific
argument, issues concerning the remaining challenged findings have been abandoned.”).
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specific challenged findings of fact as necessary. See Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App.
at 178 n. 8.
1. Severity of the Violation
We first address the severity of Ayers’s UPC. Since our Administrative Code
defines UPC flexibly such that “there is no bright line test to determine whether an
employee’s conduct establishes [UPC,]” Carroll, 358 N.C. at 675; see 25 N.C.A.C.
1J.0614(8) (2023), we cannot pragmatically assess Ayers’s UPC against some baseline
violation. See Watlington, 261 N.C. App. at 770 (marks omitted) (“[C]omparing the
misconduct in this case to the misconduct in . . . cases in which our appellate courts
have held just cause for dismissal existed . . . is unpersuasive, as just cause . . . can
only be determined upon an examination of the facts and circumstances of each
individual case.”). Rather, for this factor, we examine the potential harmfulness and
frequency of Ayers’s UPC. See id. at 770-71 (considering potential harm and the
frequency of the petitioner’s misconduct, albeit without explicitly discussing the
Wetherington factors); accord Davis v. N.C. Dep’t Health & Hum. Servs., 269 N.C.
App. 109 (2019) (unpublished) (“[T]he potential for harm does speak to the severity
of the violation.”).
In Wetherington II, our severity analysis discussed the context and effects of
the trooper’s UPC in a manner that, at first, appears duplicative of the “subject
matter involved” and “resulting harm” factors, but actually suggests a potential harm
inquiry. We said that the trooper’s “untruthful statement regarding losing his hat
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was not a severe violation of the truthfulness policy” because “[i]t did not occur in
court and it did not affect any investigation, prosecution, or the function of the
Highway Patrol”; rather, it “was about a matter . . . all parties concede was not very
important.” Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 191. Thus, our discussion connected
the lie’s out-of-court context to its lack of effects on patrol’s investigatory and
prosecutorial functions. In this light, any apparent redundancy between this factor
and “resulting harm” merely reflected that the particular circumstances created
minimal, if any, potential harm.
In Wetherington II’s severity analysis, we further considered the isolated
nature of the trooper’s UPC. Specifically, the trooper’s conduct was not “an elaborate
lie full of fabricated details” but rather contained only a singular fabricated detail:
“the lie or ‘untruth’ lay only in the hat’s location when [the trooper] misplaced it.”
Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 191-92. Conversely, in Watlington v. Department
of Social Services of Rockingham County, we considered that the frequency of the
dismissed employee’s UPC displayed a “repeated inclination” to engage in it.
Watlington, 261 N.C. App. at 770-71 (considering the employee’s five instances of
exchanging gifts with social services clients).
Here, the ALJ concluded “[t]he preponderance of evidence proved there was
only a minimal degree of potential risk that Petitioner’s racial comment could or
would have affected [] Respondent’s integrity, employee morale, or provision of
services.” DSS points to several unavailing bases for potential harm. Primarily, it
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argues it has shown “widespread potential harm” in that its continued employment
of Ayers would reflect poorly on Hurd’s “credibility and trust” in the eyes of the county
board of social services. See N.C.G.S. §§ 108A-1 to -11 (2023). DSS grounds this
argument in the Addendum, but the ALJ made no findings of fact that reflect how
Ayers’s UPC could have affected Hurd’s individual reputation in the eyes of the board.
See Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 100. Regardless—as consistent with the ALJ’s final
decision—we do not see how an adverse reflection on Hurd’s individual reputation, if
any, based solely on Hurd’s own assertions, created any potential to undermine the
mission of DSS or is otherwise relevant to whether DSS had just cause to dismiss
Ayers.
DSS further posits that “Petitioner’s UPC exposed DSS to vulnerability for
negligent retention and supervision liability” and “violated DSS’s compliance with
the Civil Rights Act of 1964[,]” see 42 U.S.C. § 2000d, et seq., which “could jeopardize
the receipt of federal funding.” The ALJ found,
123. While [] Hurd and Respondent claim that Petitioner
violated various policies that Respondent is required to
follow, [] Hurd and Respondent failed to demonstrate how
Petitioner violated any of these policies when she
spontaneously uttered a racial slur in a vacant office to her
supervisor. . . .
DSS argues this finding is contrary to several portions of the record: the policies
themselves, Hurd’s testimony, the Addendum, and Sutton’s testimony. But none of
this evidence demonstrates how DSS’s usage of non-dismissal forms of discipline to
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address Ayers’s UPC would have subjected the agency to tort liability or violated
federal law.
Despite this lack of identifiable liability, Ayers’s conduct carried a risk of
significant potential harm, albeit a relatively low risk of that harm coming to pass.
Ayers’s use of a racial slur in an office, with the door open, created the possibility that
her subordinate employees or a client in the building might have overheard the
language. And the impact of such a slur having been heard was potentially great;
Sutton testified that merely learning of Ayers’s “inappropriate, disrespectful, and
belittling” words after-the-fact adversely affected her professional relationship with
Ayers, undermined Ayers’s supervisory authority, and was inconsistent with DSS’s
core values. This conduct, if exposed to a subordinate or client, “would have affected
[] Respondent’s integrity, employee morale, [and the] provision of services,” not only
by virtue of the morale impact on any listeners who have been personally affected by
the slur, but also by severely undermining confidence that DSS’s employees were
discharging their duties in a manner that upheld the dignitary equality of all persons,
regardless of race.
However, our “severity of the violation” inquiry does not end there. While
gravity of the harm, had it come to pass, speaks to the severity of the conduct, “that
Petitioner’s conduct . . . was an aberrant and unintended event” mitigates this
severity. The ALJ found,
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139. The preponderance of the evidence established that
Petitioner’s conduct on [3 November 2017] was an aberrant
and unintended event. There was no evidence that
Petitioner acted maliciously, with any racially-motivated
reason or with any racially motivated intent to offend,
harass, or belittle any given ethnicity, race, or anyone with
whom she worked. Instead, the evidence proved that
Petitioner’s statement was a careless mistake and a
“momentary lapse in judgment” by a highly effective and
professional employee.
This finding is best characterized as an ultimate fact, and it is reasoned from ample
evidentiary facts; in particular, those reflecting that Ayers has not otherwise made
inappropriate remarks and expressed immediate and consistent embarrassment,
regret, and remorse:
35. Petitioner immediately regretted her statement, told []
Hurd that she could not believe she had said that, and
apologized to [] Hurd.
....
37. Shortly after Petitioner made the above-described
statement, Petitioner and [] Hurd left the vacant office to
locate the file for the “F” family. On the way, Petitioner
apologized to [] Hurd again and said something like, Please
don’t tell anyone about what I said, especially the first part.
It’s Friday.” Petitioner made this request because she was
embarrassed and surprised by what she had said.
....
45. [After the 6 November 2017 pre-disciplinary
conference], Petitioner apologized and told [] Hurd:
It was [an] inappropriate comment . . . It was
a guess. It was words [that] just came out of
her mouth. I shocked myself. I apologize. I
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don’t use these words in my personal life, my
work life. I don’t allow this in staffing. We
were solving a ‘word problem.’ I apologize for
me and to you. These comments were not to
the family - I think not it means ‘non-
reported.’ It was in a vacant office. It is
inappropriate.
....
60. At the 2018 Hearing, Petitioner admitted she
“absolutely said something that’s improper.” “I’m still
embarrassed by that.” “I apologize for making that
comment. I know the comment was unacceptable. It would
be unacceptable in any setting, personal or professional.”
61. She “had never made an off-color remark like that
before in her [[] Hurd’s] presence or anyone else’s presence,
at work or even my personal life.”
....
114. . . . . The evidence at both the initial hearing and at
the reconvened hearing showed without question that
Petitioner was remorseful about making a racial comment
during the [i]ncident, . . . . Respondent failed to present
any credible evidence to rebut those facts.
....
124. . . . A preponderance of the evidence showed that
Petitioner demonstrated introspection regarding her
conduct in the [i]ncident, both immediately following the
[i]ncident, throughout the local administrative processes,
during the 2018 Hearing, and during the 2022 Hearing.
....
128. Despite the passage of over four and one-half years
between the [i]ncident and the 2022 Hearing, Respondent
presented no evidence of any form of unprofessional
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conduct by Petitioner in any setting other than during the
[3 November 2017] [i]ncident.
129. Petitioner consistently expressed regret and
embarrassment about the incident in her conversations
with and written submissions to [] Hurd following the
[i]ncident.
130. While testifying before the Undersigned on two
separate occasions, several years apart, Petitioner has
consistently demonstrated that she regrets and is
embarrassed by her conduct from the [i]ncident.
In other words, although the harm itself may have been great under different
circumstances, we cannot ignore the ALJ’s findings that the circumstances
themselves, including the time of day and volume of potential listeners in the
building, created a low risk of such a harm actually coming to pass and were
uncharacteristic of Ayers’s past and future behavior relative to the incident.
DSS seeks to resist finding of fact 139 by challenging each of the above findings
save for number 35. Specifically, DSS argues that Ayers has not been consistently
remorseful. It acknowledges that several “findings imply Petitioner has in all ways
been remorseful and taken responsibility for her egregious utterance” but adds that,
“[n]otwithstanding the ALJ’s discretion to [determine] matters of credibility, the
record does not bear this out.” However, several of the findings quoted above directly
quote the evidence that “bears out” Ayers’s remorse and acceptance of responsibility.
DSS also argues we cannot “ignore . . . DSS’s repeated findings and conclusions
made throughout DSS’s investigation that Ayers showed no remorse and did not take
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responsibility.” But it was the ALJ’s prerogative to assess the credibility and weight
of DSS’s investigatory findings. See Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 100. Moreover, the ALJ
found Ayers’s statements during DSS’s investigation were “reasonably attributable
to Petitioner’s concern that [] Hurd had already made her decision about the
[i]ncident” and that, “if she provided any more testimony about the [i]ncident, [] Hurd
would just ‘pick it apart and . . . make a deal out of that too.’” We hold the ALJ’s
ultimate fact 139 is properly reasoned from evidentiary facts, which in turn are
supported by substantial evidence in the record.
Accordingly, the ALJ’s finding and conclusion that Ayers’s UPC was “an
aberrant and unintended event” rather than a pattern of misconduct mitigates the
severity of Ayers’s UPC. Nevertheless, we reiterate that Ayers’s UPC carried a risk
of significant potential harm.
2. Subject Matter Involved
Turning to the subject matter involved, DSS does not identify the subject
matter, arguing only “[t]here is no dispute . . . that the subject matter is most serious.”
Ayers, meanwhile, identifies the subject matter as “improper language[.]” However,
the subject matter is best identified as the meaning of “NR” in the race field on DSS’s
intake form.
In Wetherington II, we considered the subject matter to be, trivially, “the loss
of the hat”; that is, the object of the trooper’s lie and not dishonesty generally.
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Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 192. Likewise, here, we consider the object of
Ayers’s racial slur. The ALJ found this was the meaning of “NR”:
115. . . . Petitioner was only answering Hurd’s question
regarding what did the letters “NR” mean. Given those
facts, there was no proof that Petitioner was referring to
the specific family listed on the form when she blurted out
her racial comment.
Again, pointing to the Addendum, DSS contends that Ayers intended her slur to
describe the family listed on the DSS form. However, the ALJ credited Ayers’s
contrary testimony that she was not referencing the family but “trying to decipher
the race code.” Undeterred by this evidence, DSS makes a conclusory argument that,
“Ayers’[s] own testimony on these issues does not and cannot amount to ‘substantial
evidence.’” But it is well established that “the probative value of particular testimony
[is] for the [ALJ] to determine, and [the ALJ] may accept [or reject] . . . the testimony
of any witness.” Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 100 (second and third alterations in
original).
Accepting finding of fact 115, this subject matter is not any person or family,
mitigating its seriousness. However, we are also cognizant that, in light of the form’s
coding being used as a racial demarcation, the subject matter and decision to use the
epithet carries an irretractable gravity, even when not referring to a particular
person or family. Thus, the mitigation on this factor is, ultimately, only partial.
3. Resulting Harm
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We proceed to “resulting harm.” In Ayers II, we considered the factor as “harm
to DSS” and held DSS had only considered “the potential for harm to the reputation
of, and workers at, DSS[.]” Ayers II, 279 N.C. App. at 525. Thus, we “remand[ed] to
the ALJ with instructions to remand to DSS” to investigate resulting harm to DSS.
Id. at 527. Unsurprisingly, on this appeal, the parties devote the bulk of their
arguments to this factor and related factual issues.
DSS identifies several bases for resulting harm. Specifically, DSS points to the
disruption caused by Ayers’s mandated absence, legal fees incurred by DSS in
defending Ayers’s dismissal, harmful rumors of Ayers’s UPC upon her absence,
Ayers’s frustration of policies, Hurd’s diminished trust in Ayers, and Hurd’s personal
offense upon hearing Ayers’s UPC. Although DSS contends that “[Hurd], within her
discretion, determined that there was irreparable harm to DSS. . . . . [Her]
determination that harm resulted was a sufficient exercise of that discretion[,]” an
agency’s discretion does not permit it to classify any and all harm as “resulting
harm.”8 See Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 194 (rejecting the highway patrol
supervisor’s discussion of potential harm as a basis for resulting harm). Thus, we do
not defer to Hurd’s determinations of harm but, rather, consider the ALJ’s findings
related to each of DSS’s proposed bases of resulting harm.
8 In Ayers II, we rejected DSS’s similar argument that its discretion permitted it to ignore the
“resulting harm” factor entirely. Ayers II, 279 N.C. App. at 524-25.
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The ALJ ultimately found each basis for resulting harm either resulted from
the discipline itself or was not factually supported:
113. In the Final Agency Decision Addendum, [] Hurd
characterized several matters as actual harm purportedly
resulting from the [i]ncident. However, these matters are
all either descriptions of potential harm or resulted from []
Hurd’s decision to dismiss Petitioner and were not caused
by or the result of the [i]ncident itself.
....
133. After conducting an investigation specifically to
determine whether the agency suffered any actual harm
resulting from the [i]ncident, [] Hurd was unable to show
that the agency suffered any actual harm. However, []
Hurd tried to portray the potential for harm as actual harm
even though much of the potential harm was speculative,
based only on her subjective belief, or is contrary to or
otherwise refuted by the passage of nearly five (5) years
since [] Hurd dismissed Petitioner.
We agree with the ALJ’s legal conclusion that “potential harm [and matters]
result[ing] from [] Hurd’s decision to dismiss Petitioner” are not resulting harm. See
Wetherington I, 368 N.C. at 592; Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 194-95. Further,
we consider the ALJ’s findings and conclusions to the effect that DSS has not
otherwise shown resulting harm are best classified as ultimate findings of fact. Thus,
for each of DSS’s bases, we inquire whether DSS may fairly characterize it as
resulting harm; and, if so, we further consider whether the ALJ’s ultimate finding
that the basis lacks factual support was appropriately reasoned from evidentiary
findings supported by substantial evidence.
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a. Ayers’s Absence and DSS’s Legal Expenses
We have previously distinguished between resulting harm and mere potential
harm. E.g., Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 194-95. This case requires us to further
distinguish between the harm proximately resulting from the UPC and that resulting
ipso facto from an agency’s imposition of discipline. When an agency disciplines an
employee for UPC, we inquire “whether that misconduct amounted to just cause for
the disciplinary action taken.” Warren I, 221 N.C. App. at 383 (emphasis added). Any
harm resulting from the discipline had not yet resulted when the agency was required
to determine whether just cause existed for the discipline.9 See Brown, 269 N.C. App.
at 128-32 (adopting the U.S. Supreme Court’s reasoning that “after-acquired evidence
. . . could not serve as a valid justification for upholding the employee’s termination
because the employer did not know [this evidence] until after she was discharged”
and applying it to contested cases brought by career State employees).10
DSS’s proposed bases for resulting harm illustrate this point. DSS argues
Ayers’s UPC “interrupted [Hurd’s] normal duties and require[ed] others to pick up
her workflow” and notes “[t]he [Final Agency Decision] Addendum also addressed
the actual harm to DSS’s budget[.]” However, it does not challenge that “any
9 DSS argues that some harm—specifically employee resignations—might have resulted had
it not terminated petitioner. We decline to speculate what harm would and would not have resulted
had DSS opted for a non-dismissal form of discipline.
10 Brown further held “this type of evidence could be used to limit the employee’s relief[,]” at
least where the evidence creates an independent and lawful basis for the termination. Brown, 269
N.C. App. at 128. DSS does not ask us to limit Ayers’s relief should we conclude it lacked just cause.
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Opinion of the Court
interruption of [] Hurd’s duties, other staff’s duties, or workflow at DSS was not due
to the [i]ncident itself . . . [but rather] resulted from [] Hurd’s decision to place
Petitioner on leave and Petitioner’s resulting absence from the agency after [] Hurd
dismissed Petitioner.”
These bases seek to use of the fact of Ayers’s dismissal to justify the dismissal,
but “[f]airness and equity do not allow just cause for dismissal to be predicated upon”
the dismissal itself. Cf. Whitehurst, 257 N.C. App. at 947 (“Fairness and equity do
not allow just cause for dismissal to be predicated upon [the petitioner’s] failure to
respond appropriately to facts of which he had no knowledge.”). Rather, this
circularity “is functionally indistinguishable from [a rule of] ‘per se’ dismissal[.]”
Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 191. A contrary holding would place disciplined
State employees in a Catch-22, as an exercise of their right to appeal, see N.C.G.S. §§
126-34.01 to -.02 (2023), would subject the agency to legal expenses and potentially
tip the scales in favor of just cause, even where none had existed prior.11
b. Rumors of Ayers’s UPC
DSS also points to harm to Sutton upon learning of rumors of Ayers’s UPC as
a basis for resulting harm. Learning of Ayers’s words “disappointed and shocked”
11 Such a result could raise due process implications as well.
Brewington, 254 N.C. App. at 27-
28 (“It is well established that career State employees enjoy a property interest in continued
employment. This property interest is created by state law, N.C.[G.S.] § 126-35(a), and is guaranteed
by the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution.”).
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Opinion of the Court
Sutton, and she understandably considered them “inappropriate, disrespectful, and
belittling.” However, Sutton did not witness Ayers’s UPC and only learned of it
because of Ayers’s absence from work after her dismissal. The dismissal itself
required DSS have just cause. N.C.G.S. § 126-35 (2023). DSS could not have relied
upon after-the-fact office gossip as potential harm—realized only after the
dismissal—as “resulting harm” to show just cause for the dismissal. Brown, 269 N.C.
App. at 128-32.12
c. Frustration of Policies
12 DSS fairly notes, “[r]egardless of when or how she learned of the conduct, Sutton was
harmed.” Consistent with the “flexible concept” of just cause, Carroll, 358 N.C. at 669, we do not ignore
this but have more appropriately considered it as potential harm—not-yet realized when DSS imposed
discipline.
DSS also notes, “[i]t is likely that in many situations, properly investigating the use of racial
slurs to a supervisor, will necessarily result in harm to colleagues who learn of the slurs. As such,
Ayers’[s] use of the slurs, even though it was a single incident and even though she had little prior
discipline, [or, more accurately, no prior discipline,] constitutes good cause for dismissal.” DSS,
elsewhere, argues, “[it] cannot possibly be the law of North Carolina” that “[Hurd] was required to ask
other social workers whether they also heard the racial slurs” because such an investigation “would
necessarily be causing additional harm to the agency by spreading the vile racist slurs throughout the
agency[.]”
Whether DSS considers such a holding possible or not, we held DSS was required to conduct a
complete investigation, sufficient for the ALJ to make findings of fact regarding resulting harm,
including discerning “whether anyone else heard such statement[.]” Ayers II, 279 N.C. App. at 526
(emphasis omitted). To consider harm caused by or “spread” by an investigation as “resulting harm”
would tie the level of resulting harm to the thoroughness of an agency’s investigation therein. This
would create tension between just cause’s “notions of equity and fairness” and an agency’s discretion
over how to conduct its investigation. See Brewington, 254 N.C. App. at 14, 25.
We are mindful that, if mere knowledge of an employee’s UPC would create harm, and if the
very act of investigating UPC spreads knowledge of the UPC, it could be unavoidable for an agency to
investigate just cause without spreading harm. If and when such cases arise, we trust agencies will
exercise their discretion over their investigations in a manner to minimize that harm. We note, for
example, that Hurd’s transcribed interview of Sutton in this case utilized open-ended questioning that
did not require Hurd to repeat Ayers’s words, not even in redacted fashion.
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Opinion of the Court
Another of DSS’s bases for resulting harm is an even more naked application
of a per se rule. DSS argues “[t]he Addendum addressed harm to the DSS’s mission
and work by frustrating the purpose of numerous policies[.]” Although Ayers’s policy
violation was certainly relevant to whether Ayers’s conduct constituted UPC, Ayers
does not contest that prong of Warren. Rather, at this prong, we consider whether
this particular “frustrati[on] of the purpose” of a policy “amounted to just cause for
the disciplinary action taken.” Warren I, 221 N.C. App. at 383. Restating the fact of
the UPC does not advance this inquiry. Further, although Hurd testified that “a
supervisor who disregards policy is harmful because supervisors are intended to be
leaders” at DSS and it is “important that they demonstrate compliance with those
policies personally[,]” Ayers’s position as supervisor or leader “does not lower the
standard that must be met in order to justify [her] dismissal.” See Whitehurst, 257
N.C. App. at 948.
d. Hurd’s Diminished Trust in Ayers
DSS’s remaining bases for resulting harm lack factual support. DSS argues it
showed harm to Hurd in that “Petitioner’s UPC justifiably obliterated [Hurd’s] trust
in Petitioner’s judgment, . . . [and] there was simply no way Petitioner could function
autonomously without total supervision or eliminate the risk of another abhorrent
racial outburst.” Although this reads more like potential harm, it is relevant to just
cause regardless (to the extent it is supported in fact) and we address it here.
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Opinion of the Court
In Wetherington II, we held a supervisor’s unreasonable belief that an
employee would repeat his UPC if permitted to remain in his position is not a proper
basis for resulting harm. There, the trooper’s supervisor claimed in his dismissal
letter to the trooper that
I have no confidence that you can be trusted to be truthful
to your supervisors or even to testify truthfully in court or
at administrative hearings. . . . [Y]our ability to perform
the essential job functions of a Trooper is reparably limited
due to the Highway Patrol’s duty to disclose details of the
internal investigation to prosecutors[.] . . . If you were to
return to duty with the Highway Patrol I could not, in good
conscience, assign you to any position . . . within the
Highway Patrol . . ., any assignment would compromise the
integrity of the Highway Patrol and the ability of the State
to put on credible evidence to prosecute its cases.
Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 165. But while “[i]t [was] easy to understand the
resulting harm to the agency from a trooper’s intentional lie about substantive facts
in sworn testimony or in the course of his official duties[,]” the trooper had made no
lie of that sort, and the highway patrol “ha[d] never been able to articulate how this
particular lie was so harmful.” Id. at 195 (emphasis added). Rather, the highway
patrol’s analysis was “substantively no different” than a per se rule because any “sort
of untruthfulness, in any context” would have permitted dismissal under the highway
patrol’s reasoning. Id. at 195, 199.
Under Wetherington II, Hurd and DSS could not reasonably presume Ayers’s
one instance of UPC meant she would have a future “racial outburst” in the manner
that the highway patrol assumed the trooper’s single lie meant he would have
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Opinion of the Court
perjured himself given the opportunity; they needed some reasonable ground for the
belief. As DSS notes, Hurd was simultaneously the sole witness, “principal
investigator,” and administer of discipline, making this basis for harm wholly
dependent on the reasonableness of her individual belief. However, the ALJ found
this belief to be unreasonable:
114. [] Hurd subjectively believed that Petitioner was not
fit to be entrusted with her supervisory or other duties for
Currituck DSS and claimed this belief constituted “harm”
resulting from the [i]ncident. However, Hurd’s subjective
belief was unsubstantiated, speculative, and unreasonable.
[] Hurd’s subjective opinion on these matters was not
supported by a preponderance of the evidence and was
contrary to other evidence in the record. The evidence at
both the initial hearing and at the reconvened hearing
showed without question that Petitioner was remorseful
about making a racial comment during the [i]ncident, that
Petitioner’s comment was uncharacteristic of her, and that
there was no reasonable expectation or likelihood that
Petitioner would repeat such comment. Respondent failed
to present any credible evidence to rebut those facts.
On the other hand, the ALJ expressly found, based on supporting evidence on the
record, “Hurd’s decision to dismiss Petitioner from employment was influenced by []
Hurd’s past philosophical differences with Petitioner and their past history.”
These findings were amply reasoned from unchallenged findings of fact that
reflect the “friction[,]” and “difficult but professional relationship[,]” and “significant
philosophical differences” between Hurd and Ayers. Indeed, DSS admits that Hurd
relied, in part, on these “prior difficulties” to determine “there was irreparable harm
to DSS[.]” Further, Romm—the former DSS director over both employees—“did not
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Opinion of the Court
think [Ayers’s] conduct on [3 November 2017] was typical or characteristic of [her]
behavior” and had no “doubts or concerns about [her] fitness to be a supervisor at []
DSS[,]” despite her UPC.
DSS further challenges finding of fact 114 based on its opinions that Ayers was
not remorseful and had a “racist upbringing[.]” But the ALJ’s findings reflect neither
of these, and any evidence in support of its opinions does not preclude the ALJ’s
findings to the contrary. See Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 108.
e. Hurd’s Personal Offense
DSS’s last basis of resulting harm is that “[h]earing the statement harmed
[Hurd’s] morale, who considered it highly offensive, vulgar, crude, and
discriminatory.” The ALJ found “Respondent presented no evidence . . . that
Petitioner’s comment during the [3 November 2017] [i]ncident affected . . . the morale
of any DSS employees . . . . [T]he [i]ncident did not affect . . . the morale of any
employee[.]” Citing a portion of Hurd’s 2018 testimony, DSS argues “[i]t is not true
there was no evidence of it negatively impacting the morale of any DSS employee . . .
Hurd is an employee[] . . . [and] testified to the unsettling effect this had on her.”
However, “the probative value of particular testimony [is] for the [ALJ] to determine,”
id. at 100 (second alteration in original), and we have, in Ayers II, already considered
the effect of this testimony and held Hurd’s consideration that she “thought [Ayers’s
UPC] was extremely offensive and inflammatory” was not consideration of resulting
harm. Ayers II, 279 N.C. App. at 525. We may not revisit our conclusion that Hurd’s
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Opinion of the Court
personal offense was not resulting harm to DSS. Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at
172-73 (“According to the doctrine of the law of the case, once an appellate court has
ruled on a question, that decision becomes the law of the case and governs the
question both in subsequent proceedings in a trial court and on subsequent appeal.”).
Having considered each of DSS’s proposed basis for resulting harm, we hold
the ALJ’s ultimate findings that DSS has not shown resulting harm are properly
reasoned from evidentiary facts supported by substantial evidence in the record. The
facts, as the ALJ found based on substantial evidence, do not show that Ayers’s UPC
had caused any resulting harm to DSS, its reputation, its employees, or its ability to
provide services to the public at the time DSS dismissed Ayers. This factor weighs
against the existence of just cause to dismiss Ayers.
4. Ayers’s Work History
Having discussed at length the “resulting harm” factor, we turn to Ayers’s work
history. Analyzing this factor in Whitehurst v. East Carolina University, we
considered both the dismissed employee’s performance reviews and her disciplinary
history. Whitehurst, 257 N.C. App. at 938.
DSS does not challenge the ALJ’s findings related to Ayers’s work history:
10. From 2011 through 2017, [] Romm conducted the
annual evaluations of Petitioner.[] Romm consistently
rated Petitioner as “substantially exceeded” expectations
in all areas and rated Petitioner’s performance as
“Excellent” in all areas. An “Excellent” rating was the
highest possible evaluation rating an employee can receive
in a performance evaluation.
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Opinion of the Court
11. [] Romm never had any concerns about Petitioner’s
professionalism, adherence to policy, attitude, or her work
performance.
12. Until her dismissal, Petitioner had not received any
prior disciplinary action during her employment with
Respondent.
....
132. In the [8 November 2017] termination letter and the
[21 November 2017] Final Agency Decision, [] Hurd
referenced a [21 July 2017] conversation with Petitioner to
show she had placed Petitioner on prior notice that
Petitioner’s conduct towards [] Hurd was inappropriate
and unprofessional. However, the preponderance of the
evidence showed that [] Hurd actually relied upon the [21
July 2017] conversation to show support for, and further
justify, her decision to dismiss Petitioner even though she
never documented her [21 July 2017] conversation with
Petitioner as a disciplinary action. . . . Hurd never issued
any disciplinary action to Petitioner for prior job
performance or conduct deficiencies. [] Hurd never
documented the [21 July 2017] matter in writing or as a
disciplinary action. There was no evidence [] Hurd
documented “many discussions” with Petitioner about any
prior unacceptable conduct.
DSS does not argue we should consider the 21 July 2017 conversation and concedes
Ayers’s work history is “mitigation[.]” As Ayers received consistently excellent
performance reviews and had no prior disciplinary actions, “[t]his factor could only
favor some disciplinary action short of termination.” Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App.
at 196.
5. Discipline Imposed in Other Cases Involving Similar Violations
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Opinion of the Court
We now turn to the final Wetherington factor. DSS argues “[t]he ALJ’s reliance
on the lack of prior DSS discipline for similar conduct is misleading as no employee
had ever used a racial epithet at work before.” To the extent the ALJ considered that
DSS permitted employees to use non-racial profanity in the workplace, we agree with
DSS that this was error. However, this does not end our inquiry into this factor.
Consistent with just cause’s “notions of equity and fairness[,]” Carroll, 358
N.C. at 669, we have characterized this factor as whether “this dismissal was based
upon disparate treatment[.]” Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 198-99. “Similar
violations” are not limited to factually similar UPC; rather, the similar violations only
need “some relevant denominator . . . for comparison.” Id. at 199. “Although there is
no particular time period set for this factor, [there is] no legal basis for relying only
upon disciplinary actions during a particular [director’s] tenure.” Id.
In Warren’s second trip to this Court, we considered a State employee’s
dismissal for a violation of his agency-employer’s policy against unbecoming personal
conduct by driving his patrol vehicle while off duty and with an open bottle of liquor
in the trunk. Warren v. N.C. Dep’t of Crime Control & Pub. Safety (“Warren II”), 267
N.C. App. 503, 506-10 (2019). Under the first two prongs, we held the employee
violated the policy and that the violation was UPC. Id. at 506-08. But, at the third
prong, we held there was no just cause for the employee’s termination, in part because
the disciplinary actions [the] respondent has taken for
unbecoming conduct typically resulted in either: a
temporary suspension without pay, a reduction in pay, or a
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Opinion of the Court
demotion of title. In fact, where the conduct was equally or
more egregious than that of petitioner (i.e., threats to kill
another person, sexual harassment, assault), the employee
was generally subjected to disciplinary measures other
than termination.
Id. at 509.
Here, DSS does not challenge the ALJ’s findings that
21. During Romm’s nineteen years as Director of Currituck
DSS, Romm dismissed three individuals for engaging in
unacceptable personal conduct. Each of these employees
had engaged in either a pattern or a series of unacceptable
personal conduct repeatedly over a period of time. One
employee lied to Romm for months regarding an
unauthorized destruction of case records. A second
employee refused to perform a core duty of her position. []
Romm fired that employee when the employee failed to
perform a second core duty involving the safety of children
and after the supervisor advised the employee of the
serious consequences that could result from her continued
refusal to perform her duties. A third employee falsely
reported, written and verbally, the status of cases over
several months.
22. [] Ro[m]m never terminated anyone for unacceptable
personal conduct based solely on a one-time incident. She
never terminated anyone for unacceptable personal
conduct based on something the employee said in a private
conversation.
....
[Conclusion of law] 46. In this case, it was undisputed that
neither [] Hurd nor [] Romm had encountered a similar
conduct violation at Currituck DSS in the past. Neither []
Hurd nor [] Romm had dismissed any employee based on a
single incident of misconduct in the past. In fact, prior
disciplinary practices at Respondent demonstrated that
dismissal was not ordinarily imposed for a single act of
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Opinion of the Court
misconduct, and generally an employee would only be
dismissed following a warning and repetition of some act of
misconduct.
While we do not compare for all purposes the relative egregiousness of Ayers’s use of
a racial slur to previously dismissed DSS employees’ dishonesty and dereliction of job
duties, we conclude these prior instances of UPC establish the “relevant
denominator[.]” Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 199. DSS has not historically
imposed dismissal as the discipline for an employee’s first instance of UPC. Since
Ayers’s dismissal for a single instance of UPC is contrary to DSS historical practice,
this factor weighs against the existence of just cause to dismiss Ayers.
E. Balancing the Equities
Having analyzed each of the Wetherington factors, we reach the “irreducible
act of judgment[,]” Carroll, 358 N.C. at 669, of whether DSS had just cause to dismiss
Ayers.
DSS implores us to accord deference to its determination of just cause.
Specifically, it argues Hurd “was best positioned to determine the impact of
Petitioner’s misconduct” based on her education and training, as well as in that “[s]he
is of long tenure in that DSS and was selected by her predecessor for her integrity
and judgment[.]” It further argues, “[a]s the supervisor, witness to the slurs, and
principal investigator, [Hurd] had to rely on her judgement [sic] and discretion in
determining whether harm was caused. The ALJ failed to give her sufficient
deference in the challenged Conclusions of Law.” However, “[the ALJ] . . . owe[d] no
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Opinion of the Court
deference to [Hurd’s] conclusion of law that [] just cause existed” and was “free to
substitute [her] judgment for that of [Hurd] regarding the legal conclusion of whether
just cause existed for [DSS’s] action.” Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 102.
We likewise review the ALJ’s legal conclusion de novo. See, e.g., Wetherington
II, 270 N.C. App. at 190. There is no “formulaic approach” for this determination.
See Watlington, 261 N.C. at 770. Although not every Wetherington factor must favor
the existence of just cause for it to exist,13 e.g., id. at 770-72 (determining just cause
existed despite a lack of resulting harm), we may not ignore the absence of factors.
See Wetherington II, 270 N.C. App. at 190 (“[The disciplining agency] could not rely
on one factor while ignoring the others.”)
We hold DSS failed to meet and carry its burden of proving it had just cause to
dismiss Ayers for her UPC. In doing so, we do not “compar[e] the misconduct in this
case to the misconduct in . . . cases in which our appellate courts have held just cause
for dismissal existed” or did not exist, Watlington, 261 N.C. at 770, but hold only
“upon an examination of the facts and circumstances of [this] individual case[,]” as
found by the ALJ and supported by substantial evidence. Carroll, 358 N.C. at 669.
Ayers’s use of a racial slur in the workplace, even when not directed at a particular
person and seemingly without the intent to convey racial animosity, was a severely
unprofessional and insensitive choice. But the ALJ did not, and we cannot, ignore
13 Thus, DSS is correct when it argues “actual harm is not necessary to support a decision to
terminate under the law.”
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Opinion of the Court
the considerable circumstances in mitigation: Ayers immediately and consistently
recognized and regretted the wrongfulness of her conduct, DSS has not shown any
harm had resulted by the time it terminated Ayers, Ayers had an otherwise
unblemished employment history, and DSS has not historically dismissed employes
for a single instance of UPC. In other words, despite the severity and seriousness,
DSS has not established why appropriately addressing Ayers’s UPC required it to
deviate from its historical disciplinary practices where Ayers’s UPC was an aberrant
incident for which she readily accepted responsibility and felt remorse, especially
where no actual harm resulted.
To conclude our just cause analysis, we address one more argument from DSS.
It argues that
to suggest that an agency tasked with protecting minority
children is not harmed when a State employee says the N-
word to her supervisor when trying to determine the race
[of] a family receiving critical services[] is disingenuous to
the equal rights movement and jurisprudence. Discipline
amounting to nothing more than a slap on the wrist is a
slap in the face to that policy and to all people receiving
services therefrom. This [C]ourt should not cosign such
inexplicable leniency and should instead draw a judicial
line in the sand about what is and what is not appropriate
within our governmental agencies.
Reasonable people can disagree about whether “the equal rights movement and
jurisprudence” is best served by DSS’s desired zero-tolerance policy14 or one that
14 DSS acknowledges that “Hurd, by her actions, was setting ‘a very strong zero tolerance
standard[.]’”
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Opinion of the Court
offers those who engage in UPC an opportunity to learn from their mistakes and earn
a second chance. But any “judicial line in the sand” has already been drawn on the
far side of DSS’s preferred option: “the better practice, in keeping with the mandates
of both Chapter 126 and our precedents, [is] to allow for a range of disciplinary actions
in response to an individual act of [UPC], rather than the categorical approach” that
DSS sought to employ. Wetherington I, 368 N.C. at 593 (emphasis added). Since DSS
has not shown just cause to dismiss Ayers for this individual act of UPC, its
disciplinary action must fall elsewhere on this range.
F. ALJ’s Alternative Discipline
We briefly mention the ALJ’s alternative discipline.
Under [N.C.G.S. § 126-34.02(a)(3)], the ALJ has express
statutory authority to “[d]irect other suitable action” upon
a finding that just cause does not exist for the particular
action taken by the agency. Under the ALJ’s de novo
review, the authority to “[d]irect other suitable action”
includes the authority to impose a less severe sanction as
“relief.”
Because the ALJ hears the evidence, determines the
weight and credibility of the evidence, makes findings of
fact, and “balanc[es] the equities,” the ALJ has the
authority under de novo review to impose an alternative
discipline. Upon the ALJ’s determination that the agency
met the first two prongs of the Warren standard, but just
cause does not exist for the particular disciplinary
alternative imposed by the agency, the ALJ may impose an
alternative sanction within the range of allowed
dispositions.
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Opinion of the Court
Harris, 252 N.C. App. at 109 (second, third, and fourth alterations in original); see
N.C.G.S. § 126-34.02(a)(3) (2023).
Here, the ALJ ordered DSS to “retroactively reinstate Petitioner to the same
or similar position she held prior to her dismissal with full back pay, suspend
Petitioner for two weeks without pay, and order Petitioner to attend additional
cultural diversity and racial sensitivity . . . training.” Ayers does not contest that
DSS had just cause to impose this form of discipline, and DSS does not argue it had
just cause for discipline less than dismissal but greater than this alternative. Thus,
the adequacy of this discipline is not before us, and we express no opinion on it.
G. Attorney Fees
We do not reach DSS’s attorney fees argument. Pursuant to its authority, the
ALJ ordered DSS to reimburse Ayers the cost of reasonable attorney fees. See
N.C.G.S. § 126-34.02(e) (2023) (“The Office of Administrative Hearings may award
attorneys’ fees to an employee where reinstatement or back pay is ordered[.]”); see
generally Rouse v. Forsyth Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 373 N.C. 400 (2020); see also
Hunt v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 266 N.C. App. 24, 32, disc. rev. denied, 373 N.C. 60
(2019) (“A[n] [ALJ’s] decision to grant attorneys’ fees is discretionary.”). DSS argues
only that we should reverse the ALJ’s award of attorney fees based on the merits.
Since we uphold the ALJ’s decision that Ayers prevails on the merits, we do not reach
this argument. Id.
CONCLUSION
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Opinion of the Court
Reviewing de novo, based on the individual facts and circumstances of this case
as reflected in the ALJ’s findings of fact supported by substantial evidence, we
conclude DSS failed to meet and carry its burden of proving it acted with just cause
to dismiss Ayers. We affirm the ALJ’s final decision.
AFFIRMED.
Judge TYSON concurs in result only.
Judge COLLINS dissents by separate opinion.
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No. COA23-420 – Ayers v. Currituck Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs.
COLLINS, Judge, dissenting.
Petitioner was the supervisor for the Child Protective Services Unit at the
Currituck County Department of Social Services (“DSS”). When responding to an
inquiry from her supervisor, the DSS Director, as to what the racial demarcation
“NR” meant on an intake form that had been completed by a social worker, Petitioner
responded either “nigra rican” or “nigger rican.” Petitioner initially laughed about
the comment but became apologetic and embarrassed soon afterward. The sole issue
before this Court is whether Petitioner’s unacceptable personal conduct amounted to
just cause for her dismissal. Because I believe Petitioner’s unacceptable personal
conduct was just cause for dismissal, I dissent from the majority opinion.
This Court has articulated a three-part analytical approach to determine
whether just cause exists to support a disciplinary action against a career State
employee for alleged unacceptable personal conduct:
The proper analytical approach is to first determine
whether the employee engaged in the conduct the employer
alleges. The second inquiry is whether the employee’s
conduct falls within one of the categories of unacceptable
personal conduct provided by the Administrative Code.
Unacceptable personal conduct does not necessarily
establish just cause for all types of discipline. If the
employee’s act qualifies as a type of unacceptable conduct,
the tribunal proceeds to the third inquiry: whether that
misconduct amounted to just cause for the disciplinary
action taken.
Warren v. N.C. Dep’t of Crime Control & Pub. Safety, 221 N.C. App. 376, 383, 726
S.E.2d 920, 925 (2012).
AYERS V. CURRITUCK CNTY. DEP’T OF SOC. SERVS.
Collins, J., dissenting
Here, there is no question that Petitioner engaged in the misconduct DSS
alleged and that Petitioner’s misconduct falls within one of the categories of
unacceptable personal conduct. The only issue is whether that unacceptable personal
conduct amounted to just cause for her dismissal.
“Just cause must be determined based upon an examination of the facts and
circumstances of each individual case.” Wetherington v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 270
N.C. App. 161, 193, 840 S.E.2d 812, 834 (2020) (quoting N.C. Dep’t of Env’t & Nat.
Res. v. Carroll, 358 N.C. 649, 669, 599 S.E.2d 888, 900 (2004)). In examining the facts
and circumstances of each individual case, an “appropriate and necessary component”
of a decision to impose discipline on a career State employee is the consideration of
certain factors, including: “the severity of the violation, the subject matter involved,
the resulting harm, the [career State employee’s] work history, or discipline imposed
in other cases involving similar violations.” Wetherington v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety,
368 N.C. 583, 592, 780 S.E.2d 543, 548 (2015).
Taking the first two factors together, the violation is severe precisely because
of the subject matter involved. “Far more than a ‘mere offensive utterance,’ the word
‘nigger’ is pure anathema to African-Americans. ‘Perhaps no single act can more
quickly alter the conditions of employment and create an abusive working
environment than the use of an unambiguously racial epithet such as ‘nigger’ . . . .”
Spriggs v. Diamond Auto Glass, 242 F.3d 179, 185 (4th Cir. 2001) (quoting Rodgers
v. Western-Southern Life Ins. Co., 12 F.3d 668, 675 (7th Cir. 1993)); see Granger v.
2
AYERS V. CURRITUCK CNTY. DEP’T OF SOC. SERVS.
Collins, J., dissenting
Univ. of N.C. at Chapel Hill, 197 N.C. App. 699, 706, 678 S.E.2d 715, 719 (2009)
(quoting Spriggs).
Furthermore, the harm, both resulting15 and potential, was significant.
Petitioner’s conduct eroded the Director’s trust in Petitioner’s motives and judgment.
Petitioner’s conduct also negatively affected her African-American co-worker’s ability
to trust Petitioner’s judgment and accept guidance from Petitioner. Moreover, DSS
has policies prohibiting individuals from using demeaning or inappropriate terms or
epithets and telling off-color jokes concerning race. DSS has a duty to enforce these
policies, and to further its stated goal of supporting parents by respecting each
family’s cultural, racial, ethnic, and religious heritage in their interactions with the
family and the mutual establishment of goals. Finally, Petitioner’s unacceptable
personal conduct exposed DSS to vulnerability for negligent retention and
supervision liability and violated DSS’s compliance with the Civil Rights Act of 1964,
see 42 U.S.C. § 2000d, et seq., which could jeopardize its receipt of federal funding.
There was no evidence in this case of discipline imposed in other cases
involving similar violations in this or similar DSS offices. Thus, the fourth factor
15 “No showing of actual harm is required to satisfy definition (5) of [unacceptable personal
conduct], only a potential detrimental impact (whether conduct like the employee’s could potentially
adversely affect the mission or legitimate interests of the State employer).” Hilliard v. N.C. Dep’t of
Corr., 173 N.C. App. 594, 597, 620 S.E.2d 14, 17 (2005) (citing Eury v. Emp’t Sec. Comm’n, 115 N.C.
App. 590, 610-11, 446 S.E.2d 383, 395-96, disc. review denied, 338 N.C. 309, 451 S.E.2d 635 (1994).
The ALJ’s conclusion in this case that Petitioner’s unacceptable personal misconduct did not cause
Respondent actual harm as a basis for concluding there was no just cause to dismiss Petitioner is
thus erroneous.
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AYERS V. CURRITUCK CNTY. DEP’T OF SOC. SERVS.
Collins, J., dissenting
need not be considered. See Wetherington, 270 N.C. App. at 189-90, 840 S.E.2d at 831
(courts must consider “any factors for which evidence is presented”). Nonetheless,
this case is similar to Granger, wherein an employee was dismissed for uttering a
racial slur to a subordinate. 197 N.C. App. at 706-07, 678 S.E.2d at 719-20 (“By
uttering this epithet in the workplace, where Petitioner was overheard by one of her
subordinates, Petitioner undermined her authority and exposed Respondent to
embarrassment and potential legal liability.”)
Although this appears to have been an isolated incident by Petitioner, a single
act of unacceptable personal conduct can present just cause for any discipline, up to
and including dismissal. See Hilliard, 173 N.C. App. at 597, 620 S.E.2d at 17 (“One
act of [unacceptable personal conduct] presents ‘just cause’ for any discipline, up to
and including dismissal.” (citations omitted)). When the facts and circumstances are
considered together, I believe Petitioner’s unacceptable personal conduct was just
cause for Petitioner’s dismissal. I would thus reverse the ALJ’s decision to award
reinstatement and attorney’s fees and affirm DSS’s decision to terminate Petitioner.
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