NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1084-23
JILL DEVITO and LEONARD
DEVITO,
Plaintiffs-Respondents,
v.
151 ROUTE 72, LLC,
Defendant-Respondent.
__________________________
IME PLUS and DOREEN
NISIVOCCIA,
Appellants.
__________________________
Argued February 12, 2024 – Decided April 18, 2024
Before Judges DeAlmeida and Berdote Byrne.
On appeal from interlocutory orders of the Superior
Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Ocean County,
Docket No. L-0406-21.
Thomas N. Gamarello argued the cause for appellants
(Schenck, Price, Smith & King, LLP, attorneys;
Thomas N. Gamarello, on the brief).
Daniel M. Santarsiero argued the cause for respondents
Jill Devito and Leonard Devito (Law Offices of
Jonathan F. Marshall, attorneys; Daniel M. Santarsiero,
on the brief).
PER CURIAM
On leave granted, appellants IME Plus (IMEP) and IMEP's CEO Doreen
Nisivoccia appeal from the trial court's October 6, 2023 order denying their
motion to quash plaintiffs Jill and Leonard DeVito's Subpoena Duces Tecum
and the court's October 6, 2023 order granting plaintiffs' motion to enforce
litigants' rights. Because we find the trial court misapplied the law and abused
its discretion in finding the subpoenas were not unduly burdensome, we reverse
the trial court's orders.
I.
We glean the following facts from the record. IMEP is a medical business
that conducts independent medical examinations (IMEs), primarily on behalf of
defendants involved in personal-injury lawsuits. IMEP was retained by
defendant 151 Route 72, LLC in the underlying action to conduct an IME of Jill
DeVito. DeVito's IME was performed by Dr. Behnam Salari, D.O., of IMEP,
who opined DeVito would not require any future medical treatment. At his
deposition, Salari confirmed he had an ownership interest in IMEP, and stated
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this business venture is separate from his practice as a spinal surgeon. Salari
also explained the examinations he conducts on individuals at IMEP are
typically different from those conducted in his clinical practice.
When asked at his deposition approximately how many IMEs he conducts
monthly, Salari estimated he performs between eight and forty, depending on
his schedule. With regard to DeVito's IME, Salari stated he charged $1,400 for
the initial report and another $850 for the addendum. He also admitted the "vast,
vast majority" of the IMEs he performs are on behalf of defendants in lawsuits.
On or about August 18, 2023, plaintiffs issued a Subpoena Duces Tecum
and Ad Testificandum upon appellants with a corresponding notice to take the
oral deposition of Nisivoccia. The subpoena requested "copies of all reports,
billing documentation, and calendar documentation pertaining to examinations
conducted by Dr. Benham [sic] Salari from January 1, 2022 through June 1,
2023." Counsel for appellants and plaintiffs communicated shortly thereafter
and appellants sought to provide a certification that would include the
information sought by the subpoena. Plaintiffs rejected this alternative and
offered to extend the subpoena's response time by two weeks if appellants agreed
to provide fully responsive answers.
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3
Appellants refused to comply with the subpoena, explaining Salari
conducted approximately 596 IMEs within the subpoena's requested timespan
and "production of those reports, which will all need to be extensively redacted,
will be extremely burdensome and will not be possible" by the deadline.
Further, appellants believed the subpoena exceeded the scope of discovery and
there was no strong need for the information requested.
Appellants moved to quash the subpoena and plaintiffs cross-moved to
enforce litigants' rights. Mandy McLaughlin, IMEP's paralegal and Senior
Business Development Specialist, certified she is the person who would be
principally responsible for overseeing the response to the subpoena.
McLaughlin's certification stated each of Salari's IME reports are between five
to twelve pages and, given the need to redact every patient's personal health
information (PHI), it would take her between eighty and 119 hours to redact
information and provide the requested documentation.
At oral argument, plaintiffs asserted appellants' claim of 596 IME did not
make sense mathematically. They also claimed because Salari provided a wide
range in the number of IMEs he performed in a month -- between eight and forty
-- his testimony was also "somewhat suspect" given the fact 596 IMEs would
come out to approximately thirty-five IMEs per month. Plaintiffs acknowledged
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Salari had admitted to conducting the vast majority of the IMEs on behalf of
defendants for litigation purposes, however, they stated they were unaware if he
ever conducted an IME on behalf of a plaintiff, or "whether or not any of the
reports are such that even if he was hired by a defendant, he still performed an
honest evaluation."
The trial court interjected and stated:
[T]hese [arguments] are coming up more and more . . .
. And the argument, of course, is that these [medical
experts] are hired guns. Okay? And that if they are
tasked with . . . doing a defense medical exam and they
routinely start finding . . . permanent injuries . . . they're
not going to get any more work. . . . [T]here's
competing interest[s] here. One is you don't want
plaintiff's attorneys rummaging through IME reports of
people who were, I call them -- they're defense reports.
I was plaintiff's counsel. I always -- it sticks in my craw
when they say . . . independent exams.
We[] . . . all know those doctors who show up routinely
that they seem to have a bias. . . . [T]hey point out . . .
on an MRI a disc that's blown out . . . and say[] no that's
-- that's not . . . a ruptured disc.
The court acknowledged discovery from an expert is not without
limitation and cannot be designed to force an expert into conceding bias, citing
Gensollen v. Pareja, 416 N.J. Super. 585 (App. Div. 2010). It also
acknowledged discovery typically should be curtailed once an expert provides
sufficient information to permit the requesting party to argue before the
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5
factfinder that the expert is a "professional witness" or "hired gun" who offers
opinions to vindicate a particular position. However, the trial court then
inexplicably limited Gensollen to "personal tax returns and stuff like that." The
court stated that in prior instances, it had allowed discovery into a medical
expert's prior IME reports "especially if they're doing this as a living . . . ."
According to the court, an expert cannot avoid discovery into the matter by
simply relying upon the large volume of IMEs performed and failing to organize
them.
In support of its motion to quash, appellants argued they should be
permitted to submit a certification with the data plaintiffs requested. The trial
court interposed:
[T]hat goes to the point. See, I always like this. . . .
[T]he hardest thing for anybody to say . . . when you're
on the stand and says -- basically what you're saying is
you're calling the witness a liar, isn't that true? And
they just can't say it. What the plaintiff should say
doesn't believe you're a doctor and so what purpose
would it serve for anybody to specifically say we are
not going to filter through our bias what happened. . . .
[L]et's see the reports themselves. . . . I don't believe
they're -- I'm not going to trust their analysis . . . .
When appellants again offered to provide a certification with all the desired
information and noted the certification would be provided under penalty of
perjury, the court rebuffed appellants. In two orders dated October 6, 2023, the
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6
trial court denied appellants' motion to quash and granted plaintiffs' motion to
enforce litigants' rights. It also denied appellants' subsequent motion to stay the
order.
We granted appellants' motion for leave to appeal the two October 6, 2023
orders and subsequently entered a stay of those orders pending appeal.
II.
We generally defer to the trial court's rulings on discovery, unless the
court abuses its discretion, or misunderstands or misapplies the law. Est. of
Lasiw ex rel. Lasiw v. Pereira, 475 N.J. Super. 378, 392 (App. Div. 2023)
(quoting Cap. Health Sys., Inc. v. Horizon Healthcare Servs., Inc., 230 N.J. 73,
79-80 (2017)). Although our discovery rules favor broad pretrial discovery in
light of their liberal construction, ibid. (quoting Cap Health Sys., 230 N.J. at
80), discovery is not limitless, id. at 464. Additionally, demands for discovery
from a non-party should be "closely scrutinize[d]." Lipsky v. N.J. Assoc. of
Health Plans, Inc., 474 N.J. Super. 447, 467 (App. Div. 2023).
On appeal, appellants contend the trial court failed to properly apply
Gensollen, and production of the 596 IME reports is unduly burdensome,
needlessly duplicative, and risks compromising the PHI of hundreds of
individuals unaffiliated with the underlying case. We agree.
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Appellants assert, based on McLaughlin's certification, it would take
anywhere from approximately eighty to 119 hours to redact all the PHI contained
in the IMEs sought by plaintiffs. This does not include the time it would take
to convert the files into a bates-stamped electronic format. By comparison,
appellants argue "there is no discernible 'strong need' for the production of the
596 IME reports that would outweigh the extreme burden on [appellants] in
producing them."
Appellants maintain plaintiffs have the desired bias evidence necessary to
make the argument to the factfinder. Salari testified the vast majority of his IME
reports were conducted on behalf of defendants. According to appellants,
plaintiffs' only argument to the contrary is that they dispute the number of
estimated reports he conducted. This was both improperly before the trial court
during oral argument as it was absent from their brief, and inapposite to the issue
at hand. Appellants are concerned if the reports are provided, even with
redactions, "the risk of 'reverse engineering' to fill in the blanks by unscrupulous
actors remains." Appellants themselves would also risk unnecessary disclosure
of confidential business information and their referral sources. Finally,
appellants contended the subpoena was issued several months after the
discovery end date (DED), relying upon the February 17, 2023 order in which
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8
the trial court extended the DED until April 14, 2023. Plaintiffs did not serve
appellants with the subpoena until August 18, 2023. Because plaintiffs provided
no justification for the delay, it is untimely and therefore should have been
quashed.
In opposition, plaintiffs maintain the specific IME reports are necessary
to establish bias. "The mere fact . . . Salari confirmed during his deposition that
[appellants'] paying customers are overwhelmingly defendants does not
necessarily lead to any conclusion regarding the fairness or independence of that
business's eventual work product." Plaintiffs also argue we should not reward
appellants for structuring their business in a way where one employee is
responsible for processing subpoenas issued to an entity that has eleven different
locations.
The attendance of a witness may be compelled by subpoena and may
command that person to produce "designated books, papers, documents or other
objects which constitute or contain evidence relating to all matters within the
scope of examination permitted by Rule 4:10-2." R. 4:14-7(a). These subpoenas
are subject to the respective protective provisions of Rule 1:9-2 and Rule 4:10-
3. R. 4:14-7(a). A party may either move to quash or modify a subpoena "if
compliance would be unreasonable or oppressive," R. 1:9-2, or move for a
A-1084-24
9
protective order for good cause shown to protect the subpoenaed party "from
annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense," R. 4:10-
3. We review both in the same manner. Horon Holding Corp. v. McKenzie, 341
N.J. Super. 117, 118 (App. Div. 2001); Kerr v. Able Sanitary & Env't Servs.,
Inc., 295 N.J. Super. 147, 155 n.4 (App. Div. 1996); see Trenton Renewable
Power, LLC v. Denali Water Sols., LLC, 470 N.J. Super. 218, 222, 226, 229-30
(App. Div. 2022) (evaluating motions to quash and for a protective order under
the same standard).
Generally, discovery is limited to any facts relevant to the subjects raised
in the pleading, and information "reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery
of admissible evidence . . . ." R. 4:10-2(a). Rule 4:10-2(g) further empowers
the court to limit discovery if it determines
(1) the discovery sought is unreasonably cumulative
or duplicative, or is obtainable from some source
that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less
expensive; (2) the party seeking discovery has had
ample opportunity by discovery in the action to
obtain the information sought; or (3) the burden or
expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its
likely benefit, taking into account the needs of the
case, the amount in controversy, the parties'
resources, the importance of the issues at stake in
the litigation, and the importance of the proposed
discovery in resolving the issues.
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These concerns are particularly relevant when discovery is sought from a non -
party. Lipsky, 474 N.J. Super. at 467; Trenton Renewable, 470 N.J. Super. at
231. In Lipsky, we favorably quoted Berrie v. Berrie, 188 N.J. Super. 274, 284
(Ch. Div. 1983), which considered "the interest of the [non-party] in the outcome
of the litigation, the necessity or importance of the information sought in relation
to the main case, . . . [and] the significance of the rights or interests which the
nonparty seeks to protect by limiting disclosure . . . ." 474 N.J. Super. at 467.
Discovery into an expert's positional bias is further limited. A party is
entitled to explore the issue of bias, but discovery should cease "once the expert
provides information that would permit the requesting party to argue to a
factfinder that the expert is a 'professional witness' or 'hired gun' who mostly
offers opinions that largely seek to vindicate a particular position." Gensollen,
416 N.J. Super. at 590.
It is undisputed the IMEs requested do not relate to Jill Devito or her
medical condition. They do not relate to the subjects raised in the pleadings.
Plaintiffs concede they seek the IMEs for the sole purpose of establishing the
expert's bias. The subpoena requested "copies of all reports, billing
documentation, and calendar documentation pertaining to examinations
conducted by [Salari] from January 1, 2022 through June 1, 2023" a period of
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eighteen months. The trial court did not engage in any analysis of the burden
imposed upon the non-party in responding, or weigh that burden against the
plaintiffs' expressed need for the IMEs.
Instead, the trial court incorrectly limited the scope of Gensollen to tax
returns and other financial documentation, without providing legal support for
such a strict reading. The question before us in Gensollen was "the extent to
which a party may inquire into an expert's finances and litigation history in
gathering information to prove at trial the expert's positional bias." Id. at 587
(emphasis added). In Gensollen, we found the trial court abused its discretion
when it compelled an expert to produce documentation "that would more
precisely reveal the percentage of his work that is defendant-related, the
frequency with which he has found plaintiffs to have sustained permanent
injuries, and the amount of income derived from performing [IMEs]." Ibid.
Gensollen is directly on point with the documents sought here, and is not
limited to financial information. Salari confirmed at his deposition the "vast,
vast majority" of his IMEs are conducted on behalf of defendants in litigation.
In Gensollen, we found there was no need for further discovery after the
defendant's expert acknowledged over ninety-five percent of his litigation work
was for defendants. Id. at 587. Discovery is permitted on the issue of expert
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bias until the requesting party can make an argument of bias to the factfinder.
Id. at 590. An expert's truthful estimate into the ratio or percentage of plaintiff-
to-defendant opinions is sufficient. Id. at 591-92.
Plaintiffs asserted the information was sought because they doubted the
total number of IMEs Salari conducted on behalf of defendants as opposed to
plaintiffs. Plaintiffs had the opportunity to ask further questions during Salari's
deposition if they were unsatisfied with his initial answers. The only argument
plaintiffs advance on appeal is that they cannot conclude with any certainty
whether Salari's IME was conducted fairly and independently. "Absent a more
concrete presentation, an attorney's nonspecific, anecdotal contentions cannot
provide an adequate basis for intervention into an expert's private information"
beyond what is ordinarily permitted. Id. at 593 n.3.
The trial court wholly failed to conduct the required analysis of the
burden, expense, and legal risk plaintiffs sought to impose upon non-party
appellants, which far exceeds any incremental benefit plaintiffs would receive
given Salari's admissions at his deposition. It failed to consider the risk and
expense to appellants of training personnel to conduct accurate redactions to
ensure appellants safely met their confidentiality obligations to their other
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patients pursuant to The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of
1996, Pub. L. 104-191, 110 Stat. 1936 (HIPPA).
Plaintiffs' subpoena is unduly burdensome. The expense appellants would
incur to perform the required extensive redactions and review to ensure HIPPA
is not violated far outweighs the value of any admissible, probative evidence
emanating from the materials sought. "The discovery rights provided by our
court rules are not instruments with which to annoy, harass or burden a litigant
or a litigant's experts." Gensollen, 416 N.J. Super at 246.
More importantly, plaintiffs' professed reason for needing the IMEs is
beyond the scope of permissible discovery. Gensollen is directly on point with
the facts of this case and the trial court's decision to limit Gensollen to only
financial discovery lacks any legal basis.
Reversed. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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Jill Devito v. 151 Route 72, LLC
Combined Opinion