Bald v. State

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Jeffrey D. Stonebraker Steve Carter
Clark County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Jeffersonville, Indiana
Robin Hodapp-Gillman
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

SUPREME COURT OF INDIANA

Shawn L. Bald, )
)
Appellant (Defendant Below), )
)
v. ) No. 10S00-0101-CR-019
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee (Plaintiff Below). )

APPEAL FROM THE CLARK SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Jerome F. Jacobi, Judge
Cause No. 10D01-0001-CF-007

April 22, 2002

SHEPARD, Chief Justice.

A jury found Shawn L. Bald guilty of arson and three counts of felony
murder. He appeals, arguing that (1) his convictions and sentences violate
the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Indiana Constitution; (2) the prosecutor
engaged in misconduct; (3) the trial court erred in admitting evidence of
uncharged misconduct; and (4) insufficient evidence supported his
convictions.

Facts and Procedural History

On August 28, 1999, Bald and James Moore had a confrontation outside
Moore’s apartment complex. After the altercation, Moore’s wife, Karen,
heard Bald say, “[Y]ou do have to sleep sometime and you will burn.” (R.
at 845.) Another couple heard Bald make similar threats.

On September 11, 1999, fire swept through Moore’s apartment complex.
The fire killed Alan Rumple, Jennifer Steinberger, and the couple’s infant
child. Sharon Brewer injured herself while rescuing another child from the
fire. Investigators determined the cause of the fire was arson, and the
police arrested Bald.

The State charged Bald in thirteen counts, and the jury found him
guilty on the three felony murder counts[1] and the four arson counts.[2]
The court merged three arson findings into the felony murder convictions,
leaving one arson count for the injury Brewer sustained.[3] It sentenced
Bald to presumptive consecutive terms totaling one hundred ninety-five
years.

Double Jeopardy

Bald first argues that his convictions and sentences for three felony
murders and one count of arson violate Article I, section 14 of the Indiana
Constitution. See Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32 (Ind. 1999).

In Richardson, we held that double jeopardy analysis requires two
separate inquiries: the “statutory elements test” and the “actual evidence
test.” 717 N.E.2d at 49. Bald concedes that he has no claim under the
statutory elements test, but asserts that his convictions violate the
actual evidence test.

We recently clarified the actual evidence test: “[U]nder the
Richardson actual evidence test, the Indiana Double Jeopardy Clause is not
violated when the evidentiary facts establishing the essential elements of
one offense also establish only one or even several, but not all, of the
essential elements of a second offense.” Spivey v. State, 761 N.E.2d 831,
833 (Ind. 2002) (emphasis added).

Bald’s argument fails under this analysis. The evidentiary facts used
to establish felony murder established some, but not all, of the elements
of the arson offense. To find Bald guilty of class A felony arson, the
jury was required to find Brewer was injured as a result of arson. In
finding Bald guilty of each felony murder, the jury was required to find
evidence of a separate victim’s death. Thus, each conviction required
proof of at least one unique evidentiary fact. Accordingly, Bald’s
convictions do not violate the Richardson/Spivey actual evidence test.[4]

Prosecutorial Misconduct Claim Not Preserved

Bald next contends that the prosecutor committed misconduct by
mentioning a witness’s arrest during closing argument. Bald did
not make contemporaneous objections to these statements.
Therefore, he has not preserved this issue for appeal. See Smith
v. State, 516 N.E.2d 1055 (Ind. 1987), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 934
(1988) (failure to make a prompt objection at trial results in
waiver of the issue on appeal).

Court Erred on Uncharged Misconduct

Bald also contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of
a prior fight with an unidentified man. He argues that the evidence
constituted uncharged misconduct prohibited by Indiana Evidence Rule
404(b).

The record reveals that on August 28, 1999, Bald fought with a man in
an apartment complex near Colonial Park. At one point during the fight,
Bald said, “[I]t’s finished when I say it’s done.” (R. at 1715.) The man
then pulled a gun on Bald, who fled, only to return later with his own gun.
Bald left the scene again when he realized that his friend’s daughter was
in the apartment with the man. The court admitted this evidence over
Bald’s objection.

Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b) provides, “Evidence of other crimes,
wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in
order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be
admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident .
. . .” This rule serves to prohibit a jury from making the “forbidden
inference” that because of a defendant’s criminal propensity, he committed
the charged act. Monegan v. State, 721 N.E.2d 243, 248 (Ind. 1999).

Though the State argues that Bald’s prior altercation was offered to
prove motive, it is clear from the record that the evidence was intended to
show Bald’s propensity for following through with a threat. In arguing the
motion at trial, the State said, “That’s why we’re here; that’s why [Bald]
says it’s not over and that’s why he says you gotta sleep sometime, you’re
going to burn and that’s just in keeping of what he had said . . . just a
few hours prior to that [] other guy. It only ends when he says it ends .
. . .” (R. at 1695.) Further, the State said, “[The previous fight] goes
directly to show why he, how he acts . . . . [T]his needs to go in front
of the Jury and let them know this type of person and his motive for doing
this . . . .” (R. at 1703-04.)

The State used the fight to show Bald followed through with his
threats – that it was his character. This is prohibited.

Though this character evidence should have been excluded, the error
does not warrant reversal. “Trial court error is harmless if the probable
impact of the error on the jury, in light of all of the evidence, is
sufficiently minor such that it does not affect the substantial rights of
the parties.” Hauk v. State, 729 N.E.2d 994, 1002 (Ind. 2000) (citations
omitted). As we discuss below, even without the fight, the evidence was
sufficiently strong that this error did not affect Bald’s substantial
rights.

The Evidence Was Sufficient

Lastly, Bald insists that the State failed to present sufficient
evidence to support finding that he was the arsonist.

In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we neither re-weigh the
evidence nor judge the credibility of the witnesses. We look only to
the probative evidence supporting the verdict and the reasonable
inferences therefrom to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact
could conclude the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. If
there is substantial evidence of probative value to support the
conviction it will not be set aside.

Fields v. State, 679 N.E.2d 898, 900 (Ind. 1997) (citations omitted).

The record supports Bald’s convictions. It shows that on August 28,
1999, Bald fought with James Moore, then told Karen they had to sleep and
would burn. A few days later, Bald told a friend about the fight and said
“it wasn’t over,” and that “it wouldn’t take nothing to throw a cocktail in
the building or to burn the building down.” (R. at 1147.)

In his brief to this Court, Bald “concede[s] the State proved the fire
was intentionally set and not accidental.” (Appellant’s Br. at 44.) At
least three witnesses saw Bald near the apartment building around the time
it caught fire. (R. at 1661-65, 1149-51, 1178, 1183, 1888-91.) Bald also
made incriminating comments to several people. Some of his statements,
though not all, seemed to express satisfaction in the tragedy at the
apartment building. (R. at 1151, 1183, 1664, 1890.)

For example, Bald showed up soon after the fire at the apartment of
Jamie Brunner, an acquaintance who lived four or five blocks from Moore’s
complex. Bald told her about the blaze, saying “they was having a
marshmallow roast.” (R. at 1890-91.) When Brunner giggled at this, Bald
said that it was not funny. He asked if he could stay at her place for a
little while, and she agreed. She described him at trial as saying “the
white people were burning in the fire,” and she guessed “they were the
marshmallows.” (Id.) She admitted that she told the police that Bald
said, “I didn’t mean for nobody to get hurt,” but declared that Bald
“didn’t say that.”[5] (R. at 1900, 1909.)

“Arson is almost always subject to proof solely by circumstantial
evidence.” McGowan v. State, 671 N.E.2d 1210, 1214 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996)
(citation omitted). Here, the circumstantial facts taken together were
sufficient to support Bald’s conviction as the arsonist. See id.
(defendant’s motive, presence at the scene, and conduct before and after
the fire, combined with proof that the fire was intentional, sufficiently
supported arson conviction).

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Dickson, Sullivan, Boehm, and Rucker, JJ., concur.
-----------------------
[1] Ind. Code Ann. § 35-42-1-1(1) (West 1998).
[2] Id. § 35-43-1-1(a)(1).
[3] Count III charged the felony murder of Alan Rumple; Count VI charged
the felony murder of Jennifer Steinberger; Count IX charged the felony
murder of Henry Allen Rumple, Jr.; and Count XII charged class A felony
arson resulting in the serious bodily injury to Sharon Brewer.
[4] Bald also argues his conduct falls under a “hybrid” of the categories
outlined in Justice Sullivan’s concurrence in Richardson. (Appellant’s Br.
at 42-43.) See 717 N.E.2d at 55-57 (Sullivan, J., concurring). However,
Bald’s convictions arise from a situation “where separate victims are
involved,” which has been a scenario that does not constitute double
jeopardy. Id. at 56 (Sullivan, J., concurring).
[5] Though Bald did not challenge the testimony, in the interest of clarity
we note that its admission was consistent with two of our recent decisions.

A party may not place a witness on the stand for the sole purpose of
presenting otherwise inadmissible evidence cloaked as impeachment. Griffin
v. State, 754 N.E.2d 899, 904 (Ind. 2001) (citation omitted). Here,
however, Brunner provided other relevant testimony regarding events
surrounding the fire. See Appleton v. State, 740 N.E.2d 122, 125 (Ind.
2001) (reasonable for State to call witness who observed an attack for
reasons other than impeachment). Moreover, unlike the witness in Griffin
who was impeached by the testimony of another witness, Brunner herself
admitted making the prior statement. See Griffin, 754 N.E.2d at 903-04.