Dittmar v. De Castellane

McLAUGHLTN, j.

This action is brought to obtain a judgment establishing certain alleged claims, against the defendants the Count and Countess de Castellane, and applying in payment thereof a portion of the surplus income arising from a trust estate created by the will and codicils thereto of the late Jay Gould in favor of his daughter Anna Gould, the Countess de Castellane. The plaintiff, according to the allegations of the amended complaint, is the assignor of one Asher Wertheimer, of London, England, who, it is alleged, sold and delivered, prior to the commencement of the action, to the Count and Countess de Castellane, at Paris, France, personal property of large value, in payment of which they accepted drafts (copies of which are set out in the amended complaint), and, payment having been refused, the same were assigned to the plaintiff in this action; that since the maturity of the drafts the defendants Castellane have been, and now are, at Paris, France, where they expect to remain, and for that reason it is and will be impossible to serve either of them with the process of this court, or otherwise to acquire jurisdiction over them in any action which may be brought against them to establish such claims; that the plaintiff has no adequate remedy at law to secure the payment of the alleged indebtedness, and the same cannot be secured unless he can obtain the relief prayed for in the complaint in this action; that the defendants other than the Castellanes are trustees under the will of Jay Gould, and as such hold a large amount of property for the benefit of the defendant the Countess de Castellane, the income of which she is entitled to receive as the same accrues, and which will amount to nearly $900,000 a year; that the issue of the marriage between the Count and Countess de Castellane are two children, and that an annual sum of $100,000, and no more, is a necessary and reasonable sum for the proper support of the Countess de Castellane, and the support, maintenance, and education of her children, according to their condition and station in life. The judgment demanded is that so much of the net income of the trust estate, over and above such sum as the court may determine to be necessary for the support of the countess, and the support, maintenance, and education of her children, be applied towards the payment of the sums due or to become due the plaintiff upon said claims, and that said defendant trustees be enjoined from receiving the rents, issues, and profits of said trust estate, over and above such sum as shall be determined by the court to be necessary for the proper support of the countess and her children, and that the said trustees account to a receiver to be appointed in the action to take charge of such excess. The defendants the Count and Countess de Castellane were not served with the summons or complaint, and they have not appeared in the action. The other defendants were served, and they have interposed an answer, in which they have denied substantially all of the material allegations of the complaint, and have also set up certain affirmative defenses. Upon the complaint, answer, and certain affidavits, an order was made continuing a preliminary injunction enjoining the said trustees “from paying over to the defendant Anna Gould, Countess de Castellane, or to any person acting for her or on her behalf, any part of the rents, issues, profits, income, or avails in the hands of said defendants or under their control, or that of any of them, as trustees under the last will and testament of Jay Gould, deceased, or otherwise, in so far as the same constitute any part of the trust fund or estate created by said will, for the benefit of the defendant Anna Gould, now Countess de Castellane, or from applying any part of the said trust fund, or of the income or avails thereof, to the payment of the debts or obligations of the said defendant Anna Gould, Countess de Castellane, or towards her support or maintenance, or that of her children, until the further order of this court.” From this order the defendant trustees have appealed, and it is urged by them that the order should be reversed, principally upon the ground that, assuming all of the facts stated in the amended complaint to be true, the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the action, or power to grant the relief asked.

There can be no doubt that a creditor now has the right to have the surplus income of a trust estate created for the support of his debtor applied towards the payment of his debts. This right is purely statutory. It did not formerly exist, even where the trust was created by the debtor himself. This, however, was changed by th.e Revised Statutes, and jurisdiction was by it given.to the court to appropriate property held in trust, or the avails of it, when such trust was created by the debtor. Donovan v. Finn, Hopk. Ch. 59; Pettit v. Candler, 3 Wend. 618; Hadden v. Spader, 20 Johns. 554. The provisions of the Revised Statutes (2 Rev. St. pp. 173, 174, §§ 38, 39) were:

“Sec. 38. Whenever an execution against the property of a defendant shall have been issued on a judgment at law and shall have been returned unsatisfied, in whole or in part, the party suing out such execution may file a bill in chancery against such defendant and any other person to compel the discovery of any property or thing in action belonging to the defendant, and of any property, money or thing in action due to him, or held in trust for him; and to prevent the transfer of any such property, money, or thing in action, "or the payment or delivery thereof to the defendant, except where such trust has been created by, or the fund so held in trust has proceeded from some person other than the defendant himself.

“Sec. 39. The court shall have the power to compel such discovery and to prevent such transfer, payment or delivery and to decree satisfaction of the sum remaining due on such judgment out of any personal property, money or things in action belonging to the defendant, or held in trust for him, with the exception above stated, which shall be discovered by the proceedings in chancery, whether the same were originally liable to be taken in execution at law or not.”

Both of these provisions of the statute were embodied in and superseded by sections 1871-1879 of the Code of Civil Procedure, under which it will be observed that the right to maintain a creditors’ action does not depend in any respect upon the question of fraud, but solely upon the plaintiff’s complying with the statute, which alone confers power upon the court to act. It is absolutely necessary, therefore, before an action can be maintained under these sections, that a judgment shall be recovered by the plaintiff, and an execution issued thereon, and returned wholly or partly unsatisfied, unless there be appropriate allegations inserted in the complaint, to the effect that a trust has been created or property transferred in fraud of creditors, in which case the court has inherent jurisdiction, which in no way depends upon the power conferred upon it by, and which it exercises independent of, the statute. Bank v. Wetmore, 124 N. Y. 241, 26 N. E. 548; Patchen v. Rofkar, 12 App. Div. 475, 42 N. Y. Supp. 35; Id., 52 App. Div. 369, 65 N. Y. Supp. 122. The séctions of the Code referred to do not give the right to a creditor to maintain an action to reach the avails of a trust estate created by any one other than the defendant. This right, however, is given by the Revised Statutes (1 Rev. St. p. 729, § 57). This section of the Revised Statutes provides that:

“Sec. 57. Where a trust is created to receive the rents and profits of land and no valid direction for accumulation is given, the surplus of such rents and profits, beyond the sum. which may be necessary for the education and support of the person for whose benefit the trust is created, shall be liable in equity to the claims o£ the creditors of such person, in the same manner as other personal property which cannot he reached hy an execution at law."

This provision, in terms, relates only to real estate, but it has been held to apply equally to personal property. Williams v. Thorn, 70 N. Y. 270; Tolles v. Wood, 99 N. Y. 616, 1 N. E. 251; Wetmore v. Wetmore, 149 N. Y. 520, 44 N. E. 169, 33 L. R. A. 708. The words “in the same manner as other personal property which cannot be reached by an execution” obviously refer to the provisions of the Revised Statutes above quoted, and which were embodied in and now form the sections of the Code (sections 1871-1879) hereinbefore referred to. In what manner, then, can other personal property be applied to the payment of a debt which cannot be reached by an execution at law? The answer to this question is found in those sections, and it is only where a judgment has been recovered against a debtor, and an execution thereon has been issued and returned wholly or partly unsatisfied. The recovery of a judgment and the issue and return of an execution are absolutely necessary, before a creditor has any standing in court. Until that has been done the court has no jurisdiction to grant any relief whatever. The plaintiff here has not brought himself within the provisions of the statute. Indeed, it is conceded by his counsel, in the brief submitted upon the argument before us, that the action is not brought under the statute; but it is insisted, inasmuch as the defendants Castellane are outside of the jurisdiction of the court, and for that reason it is impossible to obtain a judgment against them upon the alleged claims, that the court has inherent jurisdiction to grant the relief asked, and in this connection our attention is called to a line of authorities in which compliance with the statute has been excused: Shellington v. Howland, 53 N. Y. 371; Hirshfeld v. Bopp, 145 N. Y. 84, 39 N. E. 817; Bank v. Wetmore, 124 N. Y. 241, 26 N. E. 548; Lefevre v. Phillips, 81 Hun, 233, 30 N. Y. Supp. 709; Patchen v. Rofkar, 12 App. Div. 475, 42 N. Y. Supp. 35; Id., 52 App. Div. 369, 65 N. Y. Supp. 122. These cases are not in point. The decision in each of them was placed upon the ground either that in actions to hold the defendants liable, under the statute, as stockholders or directors of a corporation, for the debts of a corporation, where the performance of certain conditions becomes impossible by reason of the operation and effect of a statute, or becomes illegal, performance is excused, and the rights of the parties will be preserved (Shellington v. Howland, supra; Hirshfeld v. Bopp, supra); or where there has been a fraudulent disposition or transfer of property, in which case the court has inherent jurisdiction (Bank v. Wetmore, supra; Patchen v. Rofkar, supra; Lefevre v. Phillips, supra). The case before us obviously does not fall within either class. The trust was -not created, in fraud of creditors. It was created long before the plaintiff’s claim came into existence, and, so far as appears, before the Countess de Castellane had any creditors whatever. The court therefore has no inherent jurisdiction, and not a suggestion is made showing why the plaintiff should nqt comply with the statute, except that service of process cannot be made upon the defendants Castellane, inasmuch as they are outside of the jurisdiction of the court; and, as to this, it, of course, in no way affects the jurisdiction of the court over the subject-matter of the action.' Before the plaintiff can have any standing in court, he must comply with the provisions of the statute, or appropriate allegations must be inserted in the complaint to the effect that, by reason of a fraud practiced upon him, the court has inherent jurisdiction. Ward v. Boyce, 152 N. Y. 191, 46 N. E. 180, 36 L. R. A. 549; Bank v. Parent, 134 N. Y. 527, 31 N. E. 976, 18 L. R. A. 240. Before the income from the trust estate can be taken from the Countess de Castellano, she must be brought into court by the service of process upon her in this state, or by her voluntary appearance; and it must be adjudged and determined that she is liable upon the plaintiff’s alleged claims, and that only so much of the income of said trust is necessary for her support, and the support, maintenance, and education of her children. She must have her day in court. This right is guarantied to "her by the constitution of the state, and the court has no power to deprive her of it. It can no more be done in an action in equity than it could in an action at law. In either case, before she can be subjected to a personal liability jurisdiction must have been obtained of her person. What was said by Judge O’Brien in Ward v. Boyce, supra, is as applicable in this case as it was in that. He said:

“A party cannot be deprived of property without due process of law, and that term, in its application to judicial proceedings, means a course of legal proceedings according to' those rules and principles which have been established by our jurisprudence for the protection and enforcement of private rights. If the proceedings involve the determination of the personal liability of the defendant, he must be brought within the jurisdiction by service of process within the' state or voluntary appearance. If it be a proceeding in rem, the res must have been seized or attached, or at least must be within the jurisdiction. * * * The action was in the nature of a creditors’ suit, —by a creditor at large against the debtor and such third parties as had in their hands rights, credits, or equities applicable to the payment of the claim. The debt against the principal defendant, and the fact that the other parties held some property in trust for - him, were, by the scheme of this suit, to be established in the same action. The initiatory step was1 to prove the debt and establish it by the judgment of the court, and, unless jurisdiction was obtained for that purpose of the necessary parties, the subsequent steps for its collection cannot stan'd.”

Bank v. Parent, supra, is also in point. There the action was in the nature of a creditors’ bill upon a judgment recovered against a nonresident defendant, who had been served by publication. A warrant of attachment had been issued, and a levy under it was alleged to have been made. It appeared, however, on the trial, that the levy was not in fact made, or, if made, that it was thereafter abandoned. This fact having been made to appear, the court held that the action could not be maintained; that the service of the summons by publication did not give the court jurisdiction of the person of the debtor, and the failure to levy under the attachment deprived the court of jurisdiction to enforce any judgment there obtained against the debtor’s property. Here the plaintiff, as already indicated, seeks to have the indebtedness, of the Countess de Castellano to him or his assignor first judicially determined, with■out the court having any jurisdiction of said debtor, and, after such claim has been established, that it then be judicially determined what portion of the surplus is necessary for the support of herself and her children. Applying the principle announced in the foregoing authorities, it can readily be seen that this cannot be done, inasmuch as the court has no jurisdiction of the .person of the debtor, .and the proceeding is not in rem, in which case judgment could be rendered against the property attached.

It follows from what has been said that the order appealed from must be reversed, with $10 costs and disbursements, and the motion to continue the injunction denied, with $10 costs.

RUMSEY, J., concurs.