*251 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
Petitioner kept books for his sole proprietorship on an accrual basis. He made no change in such method or period of accounting, and did not request the Commissioner's permission to make any change. He filed his individual income tax returns on a cash basis. Held: The Commissioner, in changing petitioner to the accrual basis for 1945, erred in adding to petitioner's income for 1945 the debit balance of accounts receivable shown on the books of account of the proprietorship at the beginning of the year.
*600 OPINION.
This case involves income tax for the calendar year 1945. Deficiency was determined in the amount of $ 44,215.22. Only a part thereof is involved here. The only question presented is whether the Commissioner erred in adding to petitioner's net income $ 53,390.28 because of the addition to income of petitioner's debit balance of accounts receivable on his books at the beginning of the taxable year. The problem is whether the Commissioner, in connection with requiring petitioner, who had made no change in his method of accounting, to change from the cash to the accrual method in reporting income on his tax returns, properly made the above addition to*253 petitioner's net income for 1945, from accounts receivable at the end of 1944. The petitioner agrees that income should be increased by $ 19,828.79, which is (except for minor adjustments as to which there appears no disagreement) the difference between $ 67,315.25 ("1945 income per books (accrual basis)" according to respondent's computation before addition of accounts receivable as of January 1, 1945) less $ 48,626.55, the amount reported by petitioner for 1945. Thus, in effect, the petitioner does not object to being placed on an accrual basis for 1945, but objects to having included in his income for that year the amount of accounts receivable at the end of the previous year.
All facts are stipulated and we find them to be as stipulated. It is not considered necessary to set forth such facts here except as follows: The petitioner at all times filed his returns, for 1945 and previous years, on the cash basis; but he had kept the books of a sole proprietorship, engaged in the electrical installation business, on the accrual basis. He made no change in the accounting method or accounting *601 period during the years 1942 to 1945, inclusive, and did not request permission*254 of the Commissioner to make any change. The Commissioner added $ 53,390.28 to petitioner's income for the taxable year. The deficiency notice explains the addition to income as follows:
(b) It is determined that the net profit resulting from the operation of your business during the taxable year, is understated in the amount of $ 53,390.28.
The first report of an internal revenue agent in 1947, on petitioner's return for 1945, made minor changes (as to rental income and an error in addition) resulting in an overassessment of $ 725.64, which was paid. No change was made by the agent's report in the income reported from the sole proprietorship. Another internal revenue agent's report in 1949 notified petitioner of the addition of the $ 53,390.28 to income, explaining it:
To adjust income from business from the cash basis as reported to the accrual method. See
The petitioner relies upon
Respondent's position in this proceeding is that the accounts receivable accrued on the books of account in the taxable years 1942 through 1944, but not reported in petitioner's returns for those years, constituted a part of petitioner's gross income for the taxable year 1945. Respondent's position and argument on this same question were submitted to this Court in
Since the filing of the briefs of both parties, the Mnookin case has been affirmed,
The Mnookin case, in the United States Court of Appeals, distinguishes all of the cases, above listed, relied upon by the respondent except the Koby case (now on appeal), on the ground that in the Mnookin case "the taxpayer's books were at all times kept on the proper basis and no changes in his method of accounting ever occurred or were required * * *," and says:
In this case there is no suggestion of fraud on the part of Mnookin. All that the evidence shows is mistake in the interpretation of the income tax law. In the years prior to 1942 Mnookin's books were kept on the accrual basis. As so kept they correctly reflected his income for those years. The Commissioner having failed to assert the Government's claims for deficiencies for the years prior to 1942 may not circumvent the statute of limitations barring the Government's claims simply because otherwise the income of Mnookin for years prior to 1942 will escape taxation.
The parallel between this case and the Mnookin case is remarkable. In both the books of a sole proprietorship were kept on an accrual basis, and in both income was reported in whole or in part on a cash basis. In both cases the Commissioner added to reported income of the taxable year the amount of accounts receivable at the end of the previous year. In the Mnookin case the amount of accounts receivable added to income by the Commissioner was approximately $ 103,000, while here it was about $ 53,000. The income reported in the Mnookin case, on the cash basis, for the previous year was about $ 74,000. Thus, it appears that a considerable portion was not reported in accord with the accrual*259 system under which the proprietorship books were kept. Here the entire income was reported on the cash basis. That is the only difference from the Mnookin case.
The Koby case is, as it states, "readily distinguishable" from the Greene Motor Co. and Mnookin cases, and therefore from this one. The petitioner in that matter had kept his books for a long time on a cash basis and at first reported on a cash basis for 1943, the taxable year, and 1942, involved because of the forgiveness feature of the Current Tax Payment Act of 1943. He then filed amended returns *603 on an accrual basis for those years (also for 1944 and 1945). The Commissioner approved the amended returns on the ground that the accrual method was proper, but made adjustments of about $ 525 by adding to income the net between accounts receivable and accounts payable at the beginning of the year, and by adding about $ 39,000, the opening inventory, saying that it represented a double deduction as it had been included in cost of merchandise purchased in former years. The petitioner agreed that for 1942, and many years prior thereto, he should have reported on an accrual basis. Thus, it is seen*260 that that case involved not merely inclusion in income of one year of an amount erroneously not included in an earlier year, though the books were properly kept for the earlier year, but a complete change of accounting away from a basis not only admittedly wrong, but a change from which was, in effect if not in words, asked for by the filing of amended returns on the accrued, proper basis. Since the other cases cited by respondent have already been distinguished by us and the United States Court of Appeals in the Mnookin case, and, except the Carver case, by us in
* * * With both the petitioner and the commissioner in agreement that in 1926 the accrual method was a proper one and like conditions to be taken for granted to have prevailed in the business for the last half of 1925 at least, the determination of the commissioner that the accrual basis was necessary for 1925 in order clearly to reflect the petitioner's income during that period will not be disturbed.
In the Carver case books were kept on the accrual basis, and the returns, to the extent of using opening and closing paper inventories in computation of cost of goods sold, had for several years, including the taxable year, been made on an accrual basis, otherwise on the cash basis. Thus, it appears that the returns were on a hybrid basis, and, in part, consistent with the books, and consistent*262 with the change made by the Commissioner in putting the return for the taxable year *604 on the accrual basis. The hybrid returns did not clearly reflect income either in the taxable year or the prior year. We held that the petitioner had not shown error.
Here the petitioner is not averse to the change to the accrual basis, with resultant addition to income of the difference between respondent's figures for 1945 income per books on the accrual basis, before addition of accounts receivable from the previous year or years, but contends only that such accounts receivable from previous years do not belong to 1945 and may not be thrown into income of the taxable year. We think that this case is governed by the principle set forth in the Mnookin case, as above recited. The accounts receivable here involved, as of the end of the year 1944 were not income in 1945, the taxable year, either upon the cash basis or the accrual basis, and on an annual tax basis should not be included in income of that year.
It is pointed out that considerable discretion is lodged in the Commissioner by
In
* * * In short, the petitioner's position is that the Commissioner and the Board of Tax Appeals are authorized and required to make exceptions to the general rule of accounting by annual periods wherever, upon analysis of any transaction, it is found that it would be unjust or unfair not to isolate the transaction and treat it on the basis of the long term result. We think the position is not maintainable.
* * * *
* * * we think it was not intended to upset the well understood and consistently applied doctrine that cash receipts or matured accounts due on the one hand, and cash payments or accrued definite obligations on the other, should not be taken out of the annual accounting system and, for the benefit of the Government or the taxpayer, treated on a basis which is neither a cash basis nor an accrual basis, because so to do would, in a given instance, work a supposedly more equitable result to the Government or to the taxpayer.
*605 We hold that the Commissioner erred in adding petitioner's debit balance of accounts receivable at the beginning of the year 1945 to petitioner's income for that year.
Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
Opper, J*265 ., dissenting: By some mysterious process the action which in our self-assessing tax system is paramount, namely, that of reporting income, appears to have become subordinated to the purely ancillary and mechanical operation of keeping records. The crucial fact here is that petitioner has regularly and consistently computed and reported his income by a wholly improper method; and the issue is whether the Commissioner can require a change to a proper method only by permitting a distortion of income in the taxpayer's favor 1 during the year of change so that items of income will forever escape taxation. It appears to be undisputed that the Commissioner could require proper adjustments if either the request for a change originated with the taxpayer or if it were his accounting, rather than his reporting, which was incorrect. But it is apparently possible to announce the principle as in the present case that the Commissioner's demand that the taxpayer observe the law as to reporting income cannot be accompanied by the necessary adjustments to reflect the true income of the current year and assure that the change-over will not result in the complete escape from taxation of some part*266 of that income which has actually been received. 2
*267 If there is justification for so confining the operative sections of the Revenue Code, it is difficult to discover.
*268 The closest precedent on the facts is
What we said in
We do not know, nor are we concerned with, why the respondent did not make a change in petitioner's method of reporting income in some previous year. It may have been due to error or oversight or lack of information. * * *
Since I view this as the correct treatment of the precise question we are now facing and think it should be adhered to, I respectfully dissent.
Footnotes
1. Incidentally, respondent's action apparently treats both income and deduction items consistently. The facts show that the revenue agent's report took into consideration "accounts payable and accrued expense as of the beginning of the year which are not reflected in the return for the prior year." These items are stipulated to have amounted to $ 21,362.29. This disposition is confirmed as proper in respondent's brief.↩
2. The following statement in the present opinion cannot but be fallacious:
* * * The accounts receivable here involved, as of the end of the year 1944 were not income in 1945, the taxable year, either upon the cash basis↩ or the accrual basis, and on an annual tax basis should not be included in income of that year. [Emphasis added.]
Some part of the items included in the opening balance of accounts receivable and probably all, was collected in cash during the year we have before us. Certainly petitioner has not proven otherwise. Such items would clearly be includible as income of the current year on a cash basis; and the fact that this is the year of change-over makes it appropriate to include them because it is in this year that the two systems must be combined in order clearly to reflect income.3. "* * * an individual or corporation may make return of income on either the cash or accrued basis, if the basis selected clearly reflects the income↩." [Emphasis added.] H. Rept. No. 922, 64th Cong., 1st Sess., 1939-1 (Part 2) C. B. 24.
4. The cases cited by the majority fall into several categories: (1) cases where taxpayers have filed their returns and also kept books on an improper basis, Hardy, Koby (see also Barbas and Alameda), all of which sustain the Commissioner, not merely in requiring a change of method, but in including in taxable income, during the year of change, items which would otherwise have escaped taxation; (2) cases where taxpayers have filed their returns and also kept books on a hybrid basis, partly cash and partly accrual. Schuman and Mnookin. Schuman stands for the principle that the Commissioner may similarly make adjustments in the year of change to reflect income correctly; Mnookin seems to oppose such a principle, but is distinguishable on its facts; (3) cases where a taxpayer has regularly computed and reported his income upon an entirely improper basis, but kept books and records by a proper method of accounting. The instant proceeding is such a case and so too in all essentials is Carver, where this Court held that the Commissioner could insist upon a change in the method of reporting and make necessary adjustments in the year of change; (4) the remaining cases cited, including
Greene Motor Co., 5 T. C. 314↩ , did not involve a change of method at all, but merely the question of proper accrual for taxpayers who were and remained on the accrual basis.5. "The accounts receivable as of December 31, 1924, were correctly included also. They were not taxable on the cash basis, and if strict accrual principles are to prevail beginning with January 1, 1925, they never would be taxable since they represent previous transactions which could not be accrued in 1925 or thereafter nor would payments made upon them after the beginning of 1925 figure in the computation of income, since the cash basis no longer was to be used. Yet to the extent that they were thereafter paid they were in fact the income of the petitioner. There is no provision in the law which permits their escape from taxation if received. * * *" [Emphasis added.] (
William Hardy, Inc. v. Commissioner, supra↩, 251 ).