1 Reported in 200 P.2d 981. The defendants, Walter and Grace M. Lunn, husband and wife, are the owners of a tract of land in King county, approximately three hundred feet by one thousand feet in size, a few miles south of the city of Seattle, known as No. 25655 Marine View Drive.
This action was instituted by King county, a municipal corporation, and a group of individuals owning real estate located in the vicinity of the tract owned by the defendants, as plaintiffs.
In their complaint, plaintiffs alleged that the property belonging to the defendants and other tracts owned by the individual plaintiffs, are located in a district which has been *Page 117 zoned, by the appropriate King county authorities, as an R-1 district, pursuant to the provisions of Laws of 1935, chapter 44, p. 115, Rem. Rev. Stat. (Sup.), § 9322-1 [P.P.C. § 776-1] etseq. Plaintiffs further alleged that the defendants, for some time prior to the filing of the complaint, had been, and were at that time, operating a restaurant in the dwelling located upon their property above referred to, contrary to the restrictions applicable to the property, which had been zoned R-1, a first-class residential district, the property having been so classified by general resolution No. 6494, as amended by resolution No. 8206, of the board of commissioners of King county.
The plaintiffs, in their complaint, sought relief by way of an injunction requiring the defendants to cease operating a restaurant in the dwelling referred to above.
The superior court denied plaintiffs the relief they sought and entered judgment dismissing the action, with prejudice, from which judgment the plaintiffs have appealed.
Appellants assign error upon the entry of the judgment dismissing the action, contending that the decision is against the weight of the evidence and that the judgment is contrary to law.
The respondents have filed no brief on this appeal.
This court, in the case of Park v. Stolzheise, 24 Wash. 2d 781, 167 P.2d 412, considered a question of a similar nature, presented by property owners in the same zoning district as that in which respondents' property is located. In the case cited, King county resolution No. 6494 was discussed at length and certain provisions thereof considered and interpreted. For the sake of brevity, we refer to and adopt, in this opinion, pertinent matter contained in pp. 784-788, both inclusive, of the opinion in Park v. Stolzheise, supra.
In that case, the use sought to be enjoined was the establishment of a sanitarium for mental cases. The question there presented was, of course, different from that which we are now called upon to determine.
The respondents purchased the property above described during the month of January, 1946, the property having *Page 118 been zoned as R-1 (a first-class residential district) more than four years previously, by resolution No. 8206, adopted by the county commissioners or King county, which amended, by zoning a tract of land including respondents' property, the previous zoning resolution No. 6494, referred to above.
Prior to the purchase of the real estate by respondents, the property had been used exclusively for residential purposes. It is bounded on the west by Puget Sound and on the east by Marine View Drive, a paved highway running south from Seattle along a high ridge overlooking Puget Sound, and which, eventually, will be continued as far south as Tacoma.
At the time respondents purchased the property, it was improved with a dwelling and adjacent cottages, and, it having been rumored that respondents would conduct a restaurant in the house, the King county planning commission, June 12, 1946, advised respondents by letter that any use of their property as a restaurant would be a violation of the zoning restrictions and would be contested by the zoning authorities. On the trial, respondents admitted receipt of this letter. A month after the writing of the letter, the executive officer of the zoning commission and another member of that body called at respondents' home and personally warned respondents that any use of the premises by them, in violation of the zoning regulations, would be opposed. During the following fall, they were again advised to the same effect by letter and by two members of the planning commission, who called upon respondents.
November 12, 1946, respondents requested a "home occupation permit," authorizing them to "serve meals in our home," contending that such an operation would not violate any provision of the zoning ordinance. The permit requested by respondents was refused, but, nevertheless, respondents proceeded with their project.
December 13, 1946, the following item appeared in a local weekly newspaper published at Midway, on the Seattle-Tacoma highway: *Page 119
"FAMED CATERER OPENS RESTAURANT
"November 30 was the opening date for the latest (and destined to be one of the finest) restaurants in this area.
"We refer to ABBIE'S, 25655 Marine View Drive. This spot, a log lodge overlooking the Sound, is under the personal direction of Abbie, renowned caterer to Chicago's Gold Coast families for many years. Our `spies from Chi' inform us that her cooking is superb and predictions have been made for a big future for this, her first enterprise on a commercial scale.
"Mrs. Abbie Lunn is stressing the personal point of view in preparation of her meals served to your individual taste. She wishes to point out that there will be no liquor, dancing, music or games of chance — just well-prepared food, served in an elite, yet homelike atmosphere."
From the evidence, it appears that, for some time thereafter, respondents conducted a restaurant in their home, serving all comers, but that, shortly prior to the trial, they decided to serve only those who had previously ordered meals.
Respondents repeatedly advertised "Private Dinner Parties Served Anytime," in a pamphlet entitled "A Guide to Good Living in Seattle." A typical advertisement, which is found in the number of the magazine dated May 2, 1947, contains a cut of what respondents call their "lodge," together with the legend "ABBIES — Where Food and Atmosphere Blend to Perfection." The number dated December 20, 1946, contains a paragraph referring to "Abbie's, out DesMoines way," and also an advertisement of "ABBIE'S Personalized Dinners."
Respondents continued to advertise in the Midway Mercury, in the section of its classified list entitled "Restaurants." The following appeared in the issue dated October 10, 1947:
"ABBIE'S AT ZENITH. Catering to private parties, Monday through Friday. Open to the public, Saturday and Sunday serving luncheons, dinners and buffet suppers. For reservations call DesMoines 5513 or MAin 5361, Seattle."
In the issue dated November 14, 1947, respondents also advertised:
"ABBIE'S AT ZENITH. Catering to private parties, exclusively. Bridge and shower luncheons, buffet suppers and *Page 120 dinners. Birthday, wedding and anniversary parties. Home made cakes furnished for special parties, no extra charge. Call Des Moines 5513 for your party arrangements."
Mrs. Lunn testified that such was the basis upon which they were doing business at the time of the trial.
Respondent Walter Lunn, called as a witness by appellants, testified that respondents purchased the property for the purpose of conducting a restaurant in the dwelling located thereon. Respondents and Abbie Lunn, Mr. Lunn's sister, also testified that they were able to serve meals to groups of seventy-five people, and had served parties numbering from forty to sixty-five. They testified that their present intention was not to serve the public generally, but to serve only groups who had ordered in advance.
It appears from the evidence, and the trial court stated in its memorandum opinion, that respondents conducted an orderly business. They sold no liquor, their customers were not noisy, and the customers' automobiles caused no congestion of traffic, as there was a parking area on the property.
The restaurant was operated by respondents, assisted by two members of their family (including "Abbie" Lunn, a professional cook), who resided on the premises. Improvements consisted of the dwelling occupied by respondents, a five-room cottage nearby, and a smaller cottage nearer the beach.
Respondents vigorously contended that they were conducting a "home occupation," and that they were not violating any provision of the zoning ordinance.
Section 2, of basic King county resolution No. 6494, contains many definitions, among them the following:
"HOME OCCUPATION. Any vocation, avocation, trade or profession carried on within a dwelling or an accessory building of a main building by the inhabitants, but not including commercial raising of animals and fowls."
Section 6, of the same resolution, entitled "R-1 RESIDENCE DISTRICT REGULATIONS," contains the following: *Page 121
"(A) USES PERMITTED: . . .
"7. Home occupations, (excluding the commercial raising of animals and fowls) offices and studios for any vocation, avocation, trade or profession carried on within a dwelling or in an accessory building by the inhabitant of the main building where only electric power not exceeding one horse power in one unit is used, where no merchandise, equipment, or other articles are displayed or advertised, and where not more than two assistants are employed. Only one (1) sign, not greater than seventy-two (72) square inches in area bearing only the name and occupation shall be allowed where the office of physician, doctor, dentist or other professional health practitioner is located in his or her dwelling or accessory building. The renting of rooms for lodging purposes only for the accommodation of not to exceed four (4) persons in a one-family dwelling, provided no sign for this use is displayed."
The trial court was of the opinion that the evidence did not support a finding that respondents were violating the provisions of the zoning ordinance, and dismissed the action.
[1] During recent years, so-called zoning laws or ordinances have been very generally adopted and have been held to be a lawful exercise of the police power of the state or a political subdivision thereof. Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365,71 L. Ed. 303, 47 S. Ct. 114, 54 A.L.R. 1016; Miller v. Board ofPublic Works, 195 Cal. 477, 234 P. 381, 38 A.L.R. 1479.
As stated above, we upheld this identical zoning ordinance, and held a proposed use of property to be a violation thereof, in the case of Park v. Stolzheise, supra.
In the case of State ex rel. Kaegel v. Holekamp, 151 S.W.2d (Mo.App.) 685, the denial of an application of a property owner for permission to give private instruction in aesthetic dancing in his residence was upheld, as a violation of a zoning ordinance. The opinion contains the following statement:
"The important thing is, however, that under both the terms of the ordinance and the common sense of the matter, an occupation which will be permitted in a home in a district set apart for residential purposes must be one `customarily incident to' the use of the premises as a dwelling *Page 122 place, and not one in which the use of the premises as a dwelling place is largely incidental to the occupation carried on."
In the case of Devaney v. Board of Zoning Appeals,132 Conn. 537, 45 A.2d 828, the supreme court of errors of Connecticut affirmed an order of the trial court reversing a ruling of the board of zoning appeals which allowed the use of a dwelling, situated in a zone in which restaurants were barred, for restaurant purposes, saying that, in granting such permission, the board "acted without authority and in clear abuse of the powers vested in it."
[2] A careful examination of the record convinces us that the trial court erred in dismissing the action. The fact that the respondents are, as they testified, serving only individuals or groups who make reservations in advance, does not alter the basic fact that they are operating a restaurant in the premises, which they also occupy as a home. The conduct of such a business violates the terms of the applicable zoning ordinance. The evidence discloses, beyond question, that respondents' business is not a "home occupation," which may be carried on pursuant to the provisions of the ordinance.
The judgment appealed from is reversed, with instructions to the trial court to enter a judgment in appellants' favor, permanently enjoining respondents from continuing the operation of a restaurant or the serving of meals for compensation in the premises above described.
MALLERY, C.J., STEINERT, and JEFFERS, JJ., concur.