*217 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
1. Petitioner was liable as transferee for the income tax deficiencies and the interest thereon of certain liquidated and dissolved corporations. In 1938, a year subsequent to those in which the liquidations occurred, the petitioner agreed to and paid such deficiencies in tax and interest. Held, that none of the interest which accrued on the deficiencies from their due date to the date the property of the transferors was received by petitioner is deductible by petitioner as interest under section 23 (b) of the Revenue Act of 1938. Held, further, that the interest which accrued thereafter is so deductible.
2. In 1933 petitioner received the assets of two corporations in taxable distributions and assumed liability to pay any tax deficiencies thereafter determined against the transferors. It also sold, in 1935, its stock in a third corporation, agreeing as a condition of the sale to pay any tax liability thereafter determined against such corporation for years*218 prior to the year of sale. At the time of these transactions no tax liability on the part of any of the three corporations was known to exist, and in determining petitioner's gain or loss with respect to each of the three transactions no amount was reflected as representing the liabilities assumed. In later years, deficiencies were determined against the three corporations and transferee liabilities asserted against petitioner, which were determined in amount and paid by it in 1938. Held, that the amount of the deficiencies with interest thereon so paid by petitioner was deductible by petitioner as a loss in 1938.
3. Petitioner is held to have properly accrued in 1938 and reported in income for that year, the gain derived from an award by the Supreme Court of the state of New York of damages for condemnation of certain of its property by the city of New York, together with interest thereon accruing during that year.
*63 OPINION.
The petitioner is a Delaware corporation, and has its principal office in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Its return for the year 1938 was filed with the collector of internal revenue in that city. The respondent has determined against it a deficiency in income tax for the year 1938 in the amount of $ 15,112.55. The petitioner claims an overpayment of $ 19,500.
All of the facts have been stipulated and are found as stipulated.
Issue I.
During the taxable year the petitioner agreed to pay and paid $ 233,833.42 representing deficiencies in income tax with interest thereon due and owing by nine Delaware and two Canadian corporations. The taxes of the Delaware corporations were for 1931 and 1934, and of the Canadian corporations for 1931 and 1932. Petitioner, as the sole stockholder or as transferee of a transferee, had received in liquidation all of the assets of the two Canadian corporations in 1933, and of eight of the Delaware corporations in 1936. As to the ninth Delaware corporation, Koppers Kokomo Co., petitioner, its sole stockholder, *220 had sold the stock of that corporation on May 5, 1935, agreeing as a part of the terms of the sale to pay all Federal income and excess profits taxes which might be owing by that company on income received by it prior to December 31, 1934. It is the claim of petitioner that, since it was liable for the deficiencies in the tax of the above corporations, so much of the total payments of $ 233,833.42 as represented interest, namely, $ 61,658.83, was interest on its own indebtedness and as such was deductible by it under section 23 (b) of the Revenue Act of 1938, or, in the alternative, that a deduction was allowable for that part of the interest which accrued on the above described deficiencies subsequent to the dates on which petitioner received the corporate assets or otherwise became liable as transferee of such corporations.
*64 Except as to Koppers Kokomo Co., separately dealt with hereinafter, the question thus posed is what amount of such interest, if any, paid by the petitioner as a transferee was interest on its obligations as distinguished from those of its transferors under
(a) Method of *221 Collection. -- The amount of the following liabilities shall * * * be assessed, collected, and paid in the same manner and subject to the same provisions and limitations as in the case of a deficiency in a tax imposed by this title * * *:
(1) Transferees. -- The liability, at law or in equity, of a transferee of property of a taxpayer, in respect of the tax (including interest, additional amounts, and additions to the tax provided by law) imposed upon the taxpayer by this title * * *.
That provision may well be ambiguous. Certainly the court cases and those of the Board of Tax Appeals construing the nature and extent of transferee and similar liabilities are not reconcilable. That inconsistency does not result from any difference of opinion as to the extent of the liability of a transferor. It arises in the character and measure of the liability of the transferor collectible as such from the transferee.
Thus there was no break in the liability here of each of the transferor corporations to pay their respective deficiencies together with interest thereon from the "date prescribed for the payment of the tax * * * to the date the deficiency is assessed." Sec. 292, Revenue Acts of*222 1928 and 1934. But we approach the question from the standpoint of the transferee. It paid and seeks to deduct interest on the deficiencies determined against the transferor corporations. Was there any break in the liability of the transferors which
*224 Two pertinent conclusions, of course, follow. The entire amount of the liabilities of the present transferors for their tax deficiencies and interest thereon to the time of the distribution of their assets to petitioner in liquidation were paid by petitioner as a part of its cost basis of the assets received and not as its interest as such. Therefore none of this amount is deductible by petitioner under section 23 (b), supra.
In so far as Koppers Kokomo Co. is concerned, it is at once apparent on the facts that we do not have a question of transferee*226 liability under the provisions of
Issue II.
Pursuant to its agreement in selling the Koppers Kokomo Co. stock to pay all Federal income and excess profits taxes which might be owing *227 by that company on income received by it prior to December 31, 1934, the petitioner on April 8, 1939, paid $ 129.57 representing income tax and interest thereon of Koppers Kokomo Co. for the year 1934 and on July 15, 1938, paid, as transferee, $ 163,400.02 and $ 24,458.51 representing, respectively, the income tax and interest thereon of Bexley Co. for 1931 and of Falmouth Co. for 1932, the said corporations being the two Canadian corporations referred to in issue I above. In the case of none of the three companies was the existence of the income tax liability so paid by petitioner known or ascertained at the time of the sale of the Koppers Kokomo stock, or at the time of liquidation of either of the Canadian corporations.
It is stipulated and agreed by and between the parties that the transactions whereby the petitioner disposed of its holdings of stock in Koppers Kokomo Co., in 1935, and received in liquidation, in 1933, the assets of Bexley Co. and of Falmouth Co. were transactions in respect to which gain or loss was recognizable to petitioner under sections 112 (a) of the Revenue Acts of 1932 and 1934. See also sections 111 and 115 (c) of those acts. It is also stipulated and*228 agreed that, in the final settlement of petitioner's income tax liability for the year 1933, the respondent allowed as a loss to petitioner the amounts of $ 4,781,211.19 and $ 1,709,665.65 as having been sustained in the liquidation of the Bexley and Falmouth Companies, respectively. It is the claim of the petitioner that the income taxes with interest *67 thereon paid by it for the above corporations, as herein set forth, represented a loss to it sustained in 1938, or an ordinary and necessary expense incurred in that year, and, in either case, deductible in determining its net income.
There is no basis whatever in the facts above stated for classification of the taxes and interest of the three corporations paid by petitioner as ordinary and necessary expenses of petitioner. They were parts of, and for the purposes here draw their character from, the gain or loss transactions above. The effect of the payment of the income tax and interest of the Koppers Kokomo Co. was to reduce the price received by petitioner on the sale of the Koppers Kokomo stock. Similarly, the income taxes with interest paid by petitioner for Bexley and Falmouth Companies were factors in fixing the *229 amounts of the losses finally sustained by petitioner from the liquidation of those corporations. See
Issue III.
In December 1937 certain companies*230 in which petitioner was a stockholder declared dividends, payable subsequent to the close of that year. These dividends were paid to and received by petitioner after January 1, 1938, and were reported by it as income for that year. In December 1938 certain companies in which petitioner was stockholder declared dividends, payable subsequent to the close of the year 1938. These dividends were paid to and received by petitioner after January 1, 1939, and were reported by petitioner as income in its return for 1939. Respondent, in determining the deficiency for the calendar year 1938, contested here, adjusted petitioner's income by including in its income for that year the dividends received in 1939, as heretofore described, but made no adjustment with respect to the dividends declared in 1937, although received and reported by petitioner in 1938.
Petitioner contends that its reporting of the dividends as income in the year in which they were actually received by it was correct, even though it is admittedly on an accrual basis of accounting. But it is argued that in the event it should be held that such dividends were *68 income to it in the year in which declared, the dividends*231 it received and reported in 1938 should be eliminated from its taxable income for that year as income realized in 1937.
As to this issue, the parties have stipulated that our decision shall be in accordance with the final decision entered in the case of
Issue IV.
In December 1937 proceedings were initiated for the acquisition by condemnation by the city of New York of certain properties of petitioner, known as "North Beach First Airport." On February 25, 1938, the corporation counsel for the city of New York duly advertised that*232 application would be made to the Supreme Court of the State of New York on March 11, 1938, for an order condemning the property. On the latter date such order was entered by the Supreme Court of the State of New York, and the title and possession of the property vested in the city of New York on March 12, 1938. On March 26, 1938, petitioner served its claim for damages for such taking of its property, and, on August 22, 1938, the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of Queens, rendered a decision on petitioner's claim for damages, awarding $ 784,850 together with interest thereon from March 11, 1938.
On November 16, 1938, petitioner filed objections to the award as made by the court. The city of New York entered no objection to the award and the Supreme Court on November 16, 1938, overruled the objections of petitioner. On December 22, 1938, the Supreme Court entered its final decree, awarding petitioner damages of $ 784,850 together with interest thereon from March 11, 1938.
Prior to the close of 1938, decision by those authorized to decide such question for the city of New York had been made, that no appeal would be taken by that city from the award as made by the *233 Supreme Court. Prior to the close of 1938, petitioner computed its gain upon the basis of the award of $ 784,850 and entered that gain upon its books as a gain realized in that year, and included such gain in its income reported for that year. Included in the gain so reported was interest from March 11, 1938, to December 31, 1938, which was reported as ordinary income. The balance of the gain was returned as capital *69 gain. Payment of the award, together with interest from March 11, 1938, to the date of payment, was made by the city of New York on March 10, 1939.
There is no dispute as to the amount of the award and interest, nor as to the amount of gain realized by petitioner. In the determination of the contested deficiency, respondent has made no adjustment by way of eliminating from petitioner's income the amount of gain upon the award or the interest accrued during 1938. Petitioner, however, in this proceeding assigns as error respondent's failure to eliminate from its income these two items. Its reason for so doing is to protect its interest, in view of the fact that respondent has, in computing a deficiency in petitioner's income taxes for the year 1939, included*234 these items as income for that year. A proceeding for redetermination of such deficiency is now pending in this Court at Docket No. 112587.
The stipulated facts show, we think, that the sale or exchange of the property in question occurred on March 11, 1938. Title and possession then vested in the city of New York, and prior to the close of 1938 the amount of the consideration became fixed and determinable, and the profit therefore ascertainable.
Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
Turner, J., dissenting: Not only does the reasoning of the majority fail to convince me of the soundness of the conclusion that petitioner is entitled, in computing its net income, to deduct so much of the interest paid on the income tax deficiencies of its transferor corporations as accrued after the dates on which the property of the*235 said corporations was transferred to the petitioner, but examination of the facts and the law leads me to the opposite conclusion. The petitioner, as stockholder, received in liquidation the assets of ten corporations. It received those assets as a trust fund, with a duty to account to the creditors of the corporations from which the assets were received.
It is conceded by the majority that, as to a taxpayer seeking the deduction of interest, only the amount which was his or "its interest as such" is deductible and that an amount representing the interest of another is not deductible even though paid by the taxpayer.
*241 That is not to say, however, that under no circumstances is a transferee chargeable with interest qua interest on the amount received as distributee of a debtor corporation.
Other than to say that argument in support of a contrary conclusion "rests upon an attenuated and unjustified application * * * of the so-called trust fund doctrine," no attempt is made in the majority opinion to reconcile the holding therein with the principles laid down in the cases previously cited in this dissent and in numerous cases decided by this and other courts outlining the nature, scope, and applicability of*244 the trust fund doctrine, and yet
For reasons set forth above, I am unable to find any basis in fact or in law for the deduction by the petitioner as interest of any part of the amounts paid by it in respect of the liability of the various transferor corporations, and respectfully note my dissent.
Disney, J., dissenting: I can not agree with the majority opinion that the petitioner had such relation to the liability for the income tax of its transferors, as to permit its deduction of interest thereon from the date of transfer to it. I am able, in the pertinent facts, to *74 find only the ownership of property subject*247 to the payment on the transferors' tax with no personal liability. Though some cases, notably
Footnotes
1. See
Fostoria Milling & Grain Co., 11 B. T. A. 1401 (acquiesced in by respondent,VII-2 C. B. 14 );Koch v. United States, Fed. (2d) (C. C. A., 10th Cir., Nov. 8, 1943) , may be contra, but with all due respect, the court there, apparently, did not consider the legislative history ofsection 311 , supra. See infra↩.2. Section 280 of the Revenue Act of 1926 is the original predecessor of and identical, for present purposes, with
section 311 , supra. It did not appear in the bill as it originally passed the House of Representatives. The section was first inserted as an amendment by the Finance Committee of the Senate, and was a part of the bill which the Senate originally passed. The report of that committee, No. 52 of the 69th Congress, 1st session, contains the following, inter alia, about that amendment:"The liability which arises in the transferee in respect of the receipt of the assets is normally to be measured by the liability of the transferor at the time of the transfer. This would include the amount of the tax due plus all interest, additional amounts, and additions to the tax provided by law, up to the time of such transfer. The section, however, provides that the liability of the transferee in this amount shall not in turn be subject to interest, additional amounts, or additions to tax, save that in case the transferee petitions the Board for a redetermination of his liability, the amount so determined shall draw interest at the rate of 1 per cent a month commencing with notice and demand for payment following the final decision of the Board."
In the conference on the bill, the House receded on this Senate amendment with an amendment of its own which in the words of the Conference Committee report, No. 356, 69th Congress, 1st session, under "Amendment No. 87" "modifies the Senate amendment in the matter of interest and the statute of limitations for assessment of transferees." Except for clarification and simplification, there was no further change in the original Senate amendment by the substitute, the purpose of both of which was to provide a new means of collection of a tax deficiency of the taxpayer from a transferee of its assets. This Conference Committee report then explains in some detail the purpose of the section and the procedure provided therein for carrying it out. The report then includes this expression:
"Under the amendment the liability of the taxpayer for the tax, including all interest and penalties, is fixed as of the time of the transfer of the assets. No further interest subsequently accrues upon such liability as assumed by the transferee, except the interest under section 276 (b) and (c) for failure to pay upon notice and demand after the outlined procedure has been completed and interest at 6 per cent a year for reimbursing the Government at the usual rate for loss of the use of the money due it."↩
1. In McWilliams v. Excelsior Coal Co., the court stated the theory to be "that such assets are a trust fund against which the corporate creditors have a prior claim before the stockholders," and in United Statesv. Snooks↩, it was said that "In the language of equity the stockholder so receiving corporate assets takes them as a trustee, with a duty to account to the creditor."
2. Sec. 292, Revenue Acts of 1928 and 1934.↩
3.
Phillips v. Commissioner, supra ;Phillips-Jones Corporation v. Parmley, supra ;Hulburd v. Commissioner, 296 U.S. 300">296 U.S. 300 ;Tooley v. Commissioner, 121 Fed. (2d) 350 ;Continental Oil Co. v. Helvering, 100 Fed. (2d) 101 ;Irvine v. Helvering, 99 Fed. (2d) 265 ;Michael v. Commissioner, 75 Fed. (2d) 966 ; certiorari denied,296 U.S. 579">296 U.S. 579 ;Commissioner v. Oswego Falls Corporation, 71 Fed. (2d) 673 ;Harwood v. Eaton, 68 Fed. (2d) 12 ; certiorari denied,292 U.S. 636">292 U.S. 636 ;Liquidators of Exchange National Bank of Shreveport v. United States, 65 Fed. (2d) 316 ;Hatch v. Morosco Holding Co., 50 Fed. (2d) 138 ; certiorari denied,284 U.S. 668">284 U.S. 668 ;United States v. First Huntington National Bank, 34 Fed. Supp. 578 ; affd.,117 Fed. (2d) 376 ;Suisman & Blumenthal, Inc. v. Eaton, 4 Fed. Supp. 763 ; affd.,74 Fed. (2d) 716 ;United States v. Prince, Fed. Supp. (U. S.D. C., So. Dist. of New York, March 19, 1942);Fostoria Milling & Grain Co., 11 B. T. A. 1401 ;A. H. Graves, 12 B. T. A. 124 ;Wire Wheel Corporation of America, 16 B. T. A. 737 ; affd.,46 Fed. (2d) 1013 ;Phil Gleichman, 17 B. T. A. 147 ;American Trust Co., Trustee, 18 B. T. A. 580 ;South Penn Oil Co., 20 B. T. A. 1180 ; reversed on another point,68 Fed. (2d) 420 ;William A. Moorhead, 22 B. T. A. 858 ;A. V. Stegeman, 25 B. T. A. 949 ;American Equitable Assurance Co. of New York, 27 B. T. A. 247 ; affd.,68 Fed. (2d) 46 ;Shamrock Oil Co., 29 B. T. A. 910 ; affd.,77 Fed. (2d) 553 ; certiorari denied,296 U.S. 632">296 U.S. 632 ;Paulyn E. Tomfohr, 44 B. T. A. 730 ;Fletcher Trust Co., Trustee, 1 T. C. 798↩ .4. See 33 Corpus Juris, pages 182, and 200 to 204, for general rules allowing interest in instances not expressly covered by contract or statute. See also
Agency of Canadian Car & Foundry Co., Ltd. v. American Can Co., 258 Fed. 363,↩ 371 , and following, for discussion generally of rules allowing interest at law and in equity.5. Section 280 (c), H. R. 1, 69th Cong., 1st sess. In the Senate of the United States, February 1 (calendar day, February 12), 1926.↩