Nichols v. State

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
May 2, 2002 Session

HAROLD WAYNE NICHOLS v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

Appeal by Permission from the Court of Criminal Appeals
Criminal Court for Hamilton County
Nos. 205863, 213883-213896 D. Kelly Thomas, Jr., Judge, by Designation

No. E1998-00562-SC-R11-PD - Filed October 7, 2002

The petitioner, Harold Wayne Nichols, filed post-conviction petitions seeking relief from his
conviction for felony murder, his sentence of death, and his numerous convictions for aggravated
rape, first degree burglary, and larceny upon the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel, as well
as other legal grounds. After conducting several evidentiary hearings, the trial court denied relief
as to the felony murder conviction and sentence of death, but granted partial relief by ordering new
sentencing hearings as to the remaining convictions. The Court of Criminal Appeals concluded that
the trial court erred by allowing the petitioner to assert his right against self-incrimination during the
post-conviction proceedings, yet upheld the trial court’s judgment in all other respects.

After reviewing the record and applicable authority, we conclude: (1) that the petitioner was not
denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel based on the failure to investigate and challenge
his confessions as false; (2) that the petitioner was not denied his right to the effective assistance of
counsel based on the failure to challenge the legality of his arrest; (3) that the petitioner was not
denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase of his capital trial based
on the failure to present additional mitigating evidence; (4) that the petitioner was not denied his
right to the effective assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase of his capital trial based on the
failure to object to misconduct by the prosecution; (5) that the petitioner was not denied his right to
the effective assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase of his capital trial based on the failure to
request mitigating instructions; (6) that the petitioner was not denied his right to the effective
assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase of his capital trial based on the failure to raise issues
regarding the constitutionality of capital punishment; (7) that the petitioner was not denied his right
to the effective assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase of his capital trial based on the failure
to object to the discovery of notes prepared by a defense psychologist on self-incrimination grounds;
(8) that the Court of Criminal Appeals did not err in refusing to remand the case for additional DNA
testing; (9) that the Court of Criminal Appeals erred by addressing the issue of whether the petitioner
had a right against self-incrimination in this post-conviction proceeding but the error had no effect
on the outcome; and (10) that the trial court’s findings were not clearly erroneous and cumulative
error did not require the reversal of the petitioner’s convictions. Accordingly, we affirm the Court
of Criminal Appeals’ judgment.
Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals
Affirmed

E. RILEY ANDERSON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK F. DROWOTA , III, C.J.,
and JANICE M. HOLDER, and WILLIAM M. BARKER, JJ., joined. ADOLPHO A. BIRCH, JR., J., filed
a concurring and dissenting opinion.

Ardena J. Garth, District Public Defender, and Mary Ann Green, Assistant Public Defender,
Chattanooga, Tennessee; Donald E. Dawson, Post-Conviction Defender, and Catherine Y.
Brockenborough, Assistant Post-Conviction Defender, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Harold Wayne Nichols.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Michael E. Moore, Solicitor General; Gordon W.
Smith, Associate Solicitor General; Gill Robert Geldreich, Assistant Attorney General; William H.
Cox, III, District Attorney General; and C. Leland Davis, C. Caldwell Huckabay, and Glenn R.
Pruden, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

David M. Eldridge and Jeanne L. Wiggins, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Amicus Curiae, The National
Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and The Tennessee Association of Criminal Defense
Lawyers.

OPINION

BACKGROUND

Procedural History

The petitioner, Harold Wayne Nichols, was convicted of felony murder and sentenced to
death for the 1988 killing of 21-year-old Karen Pulley in Chattanooga, Tennessee. In imposing the
death penalty, the jury found that Nichols had several prior convictions for violent felonies, including
five aggravated rapes committed against four different victims. To place the issues in this post-
conviction appeal in the appropriate context, we first summarize the extensive background facts and
procedural history.

On September 30, 1988, the petitioner, Harold Wayne Nichols, broke into a home in the
Brainerd area of Chattanooga and found the victim, Karen Pulley, alone in an upstairs bedroom.
After forcibly removing Pulley’s clothing, Nichols raped her and struck her in the head with a board
he had found in the home. After the rape, Nichols struck the victim in the head with the board at
least four more times as she struggled. Although Pulley was found alive by one of her roommates,
she died the following day. The cause of death was the blunt trauma to the victim’s head, which
resulted in skull fractures and massive brain injuries.

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 Several months later, on January 5, 1989, police officers arrested Nichols after receiving
information that he committed several rapes in the East Ridge area near Chattanooga that were
unrelated to the Pulley rape and murder. When questioned by officers of the East Ridge Police
Department on January 6, 1989, Nichols confessed to several rapes that occurred in December of
1988 and early January of 1989. When questioned later by Detective Richard Heck of the
Chattanooga Police Department, Nichols confessed to the rape and murder of Karen Pulley and gave
a videotaped statement in which he discussed the layout of the victim’s home and bedroom, his entry
point into the home, the facts of the rape and murder, and his disposal of the murder weapon.

Following these confessions, Nichols was first charged with and convicted of numerous
offenses involving four different victims:1 aggravated rape and first degree burglary committed
against T.R. on December 27, 1988; aggravated rape and first degree burglary committed against
S.T. on January 3, 1989; two counts of aggravated rape and first degree burglary committed against
P.R. on January 3, 1989; and aggravated rape, first degree burglary, and petit larceny against P.G.
on December 20, 1988. Nichols pled guilty to the offenses involving T.R. and S.T., but elected to
go to jury trials for the offenses involving P.G. and P.R. and was convicted.2

After these convictions, Nichols pled guilty to charges of felony murder, aggravated rape, and
first degree burglary for the offenses against Karen Pulley. At a sentencing hearing to determine the
punishment for the felony murder conviction, the prosecution sought the death penalty based upon
two aggravating circumstances: that Nichols had prior convictions for felonies involving violence
and that the killing of Pulley had occurred during the commission of a felony. See Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 39-13-204(i)(2) and (7). The State introduced Nichols’ five prior convictions for aggravated rape
against T.R., S.T., P.G., and P.R., as well as his videotaped confession to the murder and rape of
Karen Pulley.

In mitigation, the defense introduced evidence of the defendant’s character and background.
Reverend Robert Butler testified that he had known Nichols since his childhood and that Nichols had
the “best quality” of character as a child. Winston Gonia, a minister who had known Nichols since
age ten, also testified that Nichols was a good person. Similarly, Reverend Charles Hawkins testified
that he had visited Nichols at an orphanage on many occasions and that Nichols had been a “very
fine young man.” Reverend Hawkins testified that he could not associate the crimes with the person
he once knew.

A co-employee, Larry Kilgore, testified that he worked with Nichols at Godfather’s Pizza and
considered Nichols to be a dependable employee and a friend. Kilgore testified that Nichols had
received promotions leading to assistant manager and worked night shifts and did paperwork.

1
W e will refer to these victims by initials o nly.

2
The convictions for the offenses against P.G. and P.R. were affirmed by the Court of Criminal App eals. State
v. Nichols, No. 03C0 1-9108-CR -00236, 199 5 Tenn. Crim. App . LEXIS 9 98 (Dece mber 19, 199 5).

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Kilgore was shocked at Nichols’ arrest and said that the person who committed these crimes was not
the person that he knew.

The defendant’s wife, Joanne Nichols, testified that she married Nichols in 1986 and that he
was a perfect gentleman who was nice, caring, and never mean to her. The couple lived for a time
with Nichols’ father, whom Joanne Nichols described as harsh and unloving. She testified that her
husband worked late hours and sometimes did not come home all night. She did not think that
Nichols raped and killed the victim because he never showed any indication that he would act in that
manner. She admitted that she told an investigating officer that Nichols had said the murder was an
accident. Finally, she testified that she did not want her husband to die.

Nichols, age 29 at the time of the sentencing hearing, testified about his family background.
When Nichols was ten years of age, his mother died of cancer and he was placed in an orphanage
by his father. Nichols did not know why he had been placed in the orphanage and did not recall any
abuse taking place while he was there. When Nichols was about to be adopted in 1976, he was
instead returned to his father with whom he had a difficult relationship.

Nichols joined the army and received an honorable discharge in 1984. He married his wife,
Joanne Nichols, in 1986, and he believed they had a good marriage. Nichols testified that he had a
prior conviction for assault with intent to commit rape and that he had a daughter through a prior
relationship for whom he paid child support up until the time of his arrest. Nichols said that he
enjoyed his job and had received promotions from cook to assistant manager.

Nichols testified that when he committed acts of violence, he had a “strange energized
feeling” that he could not resist or stop. He conceded that he had never sought help for or told
anyone about his criminal activity. He did not know Karen Pulley and intended only to burglarize
her home and not to kill her. He knew Pulley was hurt during his attack but he did nothing to help
her; instead, he disposed of the murder weapon and his clothing. Although he was remorseful, he
admitted that he would have continued his violent behavior had he not been arrested.

Dr. Eric Engum, a clinical psychologist, testified that he met with Nichols five or six times
and that Nichols was of “high average” intelligence and fairly articulate. He diagnosed Nichols with
“intermittent explosive disorder,” which is marked by an irresistible drive to commit a violent,
destructive act until the act is committed. Dr. Engum testified that the condition may relate to
organic factors or developmental factors such as a hostile environment, abuse, absence of love, and
abandonment. In Nichols’ case, there was the presence of a harsh, hostile father and the
abandonment of being placed in an orphanage after his mother’s death. Dr. Engum testified that
Nichols was not a psychopath and was not always violent or evil; indeed, according to Dr. Engum,
Nichols’ confessions reflected his “good side taking responsibility for what [his] bad side did.” Dr.
Engum concluded that Nichols would function well in an institutionalized setting but would repeat
the destructive behavior if released.

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 The jury imposed a sentence of death after finding that the evidence of the two aggravating
circumstances outweighed the evidence of mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt. The
trial court later imposed a 60-year sentence for the aggravated rape and a 15-year sentence for the
first degree burglary, to be served consecutively. This Court affirmed the convictions and the
sentence of death on direct appeal. State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 722 (Tenn. 1994).3

Post-Conviction Proceedings

In April of 1995, Nichols filed a petition for post-conviction relief seeking to set aside his
felony murder conviction and death sentence. In December of 1996, he filed post-conviction
petitions challenging all of the aggravated rape and related convictions in the non-capital cases. The
main allegation underlying all of the post-conviction petitions was that the petitioner was denied his
right to the effective assistance of counsel under the United States and Tennessee Constitutions.

The trial court conducted evidentiary hearings on the post-conviction petitions over the
course of eight days, considered thousands of pages of records and documentary evidence, and heard
testimony from dozens of witnesses. Nichols introduced extensive evidence in an effort to show that
his trial counsel were ineffective in his capital and non-capital cases because they failed to
investigate evidence of his innocence and failed to challenge his numerous confessions to all of the
offenses. Nichols also introduced the testimony of numerous witnesses that he contends should have
been presented as mitigating evidence in the penalty phase of his capital trial. Although the State
called Nichols to testify in support of his allegations, Nichols invoked his constitutional right against
self-incrimination and refused to answer questions.

The petitioner’s trial counsel in all of the cases were Hugh Moore and Rosemary Bryan.
Moore had defended defendants in two capital cases before representing Nichols and had published
work in a capital defense manual. Bryan had worked on one prior capital case, had attended
numerous seminars in criminal defense, and had a practice consisting of 40 to 70 percent criminal
cases. Moore and Bryan presented time records indicating that they worked over 1,300 out-of-court
hours and 259 in-court hours on the Karen Pulley case, in addition to over 650 out-of-court hours
and nearly 30 in-court hours on the other cases.

Following the hearings, the trial court made detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law
and denied post-conviction relief by upholding the felony murder conviction, the death sentence, and
all of the non-capital convictions. The trial court, however, granted partial relief by ordering new

3
The Court concluded that the jury’s reliance upon the felony m urder circum stance to impose the death
sentence for felony murder violated article I, § 16 of the Tennessee Constitution for the reasons expla ined in State v.
Midd lebrooks, 840 S.W .2d 3 17 (Tenn. 19 92), but that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Nichols,
877 S.W .2d at 739 .

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sentencing proceedings on the non-capital convictions.4 Although the Court of Criminal Appeals
concluded that Nichols should not have been permitted to invoke his right against self-incrimination
in these post-conviction proceedings and that a reviewing court is allowed to draw a negative
inference from such a failure to testify, it nonetheless held that the evidence supported all of the other
determinations made by the trial court and affirmed its judgment.

We granted this appeal.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The April 1995 petition challenging Nichols’ conviction for felony murder and death
sentence is governed by the Post-Conviction Procedure Act then in effect, which required that
allegations be proven by a preponderance of evidence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-101, et seq.
(1990). The December 1996 petition challenging all of the convictions in the non-capital cases is
governed by the more recent Post-Conviction Procedure Act, which requires that allegations be
proven by clear and convincing evidence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-210(f) (1997).

A trial court’s findings of fact are conclusive on appeal unless the evidence in the record
preponderates against them. State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999). When reviewing
factual issues, the appellate court will not re-weigh or re-evaluate the evidence; moreover, factual
questions involving the credibility of witnesses or the weight of their testimony are matters for the
trial court to resolve. Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 579 (Tenn. 1997). When reviewing legal
issues, however, or a mixed question of law and fact such as an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim, the appellate court’s review is de novo with no presumption of correctness. State v. Burns,
6 S.W.3d at 461.

INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

To establish ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment to the United
States Constitution and article I, § 9 of the Tennessee Constitution, a petitioner must show that
counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense. See Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 692, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2067, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); Goad v. State, 938
S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996). Because a petitioner must establish both prongs of the test, a failure
to prove either deficiency or prejudice provides a sufficient basis to deny relief on the ineffective
assistance claim. Id.

To prove a deficiency in counsel’s performance, a petitioner must show that counsel’s acts
or omissions were so serious that they fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under

4
The sentences for the conviction s involving T .R., S.T ., P.G ., and P .R. originally amounted to an effective term
of 647 years in the Department of Correction. The po st-conviction court found that the sentencing in these cases did not
com ply with the procedures in State v. Pearson, 858 S.W.2d 879 (Tenn. 1993), and State v. Blouvett, 904 S.W.2d 111
(Tenn. 1995). T his part of the post-conviction ruling was not appealed by the State and therefore is not at issue in this
app eal.

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prevailing professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. at 2064; Baxter v. Rose, 523
S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). As this Court has observed:

[T]he assistance of counsel required under the Sixth Amendment is
counsel reasonably likely to render and rendering reasonably effective
assistance. It is a violation of this standard for defense counsel to
deprive a criminal defendant of a substantial defense by his own
ineffectiveness or incompetence. . . . Defense counsel must perform
at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the
criminal law and must conscientiously protect his client’s interests,
undeflected by conflicting considerations. . . .

Id. at 934-35 (quoting Beasley v. United States, 491 F.2d 687, 696 (6th Cir. 1974) (citations
omitted)). In reviewing counsel’s conduct, a “fair assessment . . . requires that every effort be made
to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s
challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065.

A key aspect of counsel’s performance pertinent to the allegations raised in this case is
counsel’s duty to investigate. Defense counsel “must conduct appropriate investigations, both
factual and legal,” and “must assert them in a proper and timely manner.” Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at
932, 935. As the United States Supreme Court has said, “counsel has the duty to make reasonable
investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2052. Although a defendant’s statements or confessions
do not eliminate counsel’s duty to investigate, the reasonableness of counsel’s actions “may be
determined or substantially influenced by the defendant’s own statements or actions.” Id. at 691, 104
S. Ct. at 2066. Moreover, counsel’s conduct must be “assessed for reasonableness in all the
circumstances, applying a heavy measure of deference to counsel’s judgments.” State v. Burns, 6
S.W.3d at 462.

To establish that a deficiency resulted in prejudice, a petitioner “must show that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068. In short, a petitioner
must establish that the deficiency of counsel was of such a degree that it deprived the defendant of
a fair trial and called into question the reliability of the outcome. State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 463.
In cases involving a guilty plea, a petitioner must establish that but for counsel’s deficiency, he
would have gone to trial instead of entering the plea of guilty. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59, 106
S. Ct. 366, 370 (1985).

ANALYSIS

I. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Failure to Investigate

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 A. Petitioner’s Allegations

The petitioner argues that he was denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel with
respect to his felony murder capital conviction and with respect to all of his non-capital convictions.
His underlying arguments are two-fold: that his trial counsel failed to investigate evidence of his
innocence and failed to challenge all of his confessions in light of the evidence of his innocence.
Nichols also argues that the Court of Criminal Appeals applied an incorrect standard of review by
requiring him to prove his actual innocence of the offenses. We will review each of his underlying
arguments and analyze them in light of trial counsel’s conduct and performance.

1. Serology Evidence Regarding Karen Pulley and T.R.

The petitioner argues that his counsel were ineffective for failing to investigate serology
evidence that excluded him as the perpetrator of the murder and aggravated rape of Karen Pulley,
notwithstanding his guilty plea to the offenses. Relying upon a report prepared in 1989 by the
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, the petitioner argues that spermatozoa found in a vaginal swab
taken from the victim, which did not contain A, B or H antigens, excluded him as the perpetrator
because he is a blood type O secretor who produces H antigens in his bodily fluids.

Mike VanSant, a former T.B.I. serologist, testified at the post-conviction hearing that massive
bleeding and blood transfusions may affect serological tests on blood samples but not on saliva or
vaginal samples. Although VanSant testified that semen from a vaginal swab is distinguishable from
blood even when the vaginal swab is bloody, he agreed that the blood flow will have a “cleansing
action” over a period of time. He was then asked:

Q. [B]ut just because there’s a lot of blood, that doesn’t hide the
fact that there’s semen there, that whatever antigens you
would get from the semen?

A: Not necessarily.

There was no further testimony or evidence following up on this issue; accordingly, given the
equivocal nature of the evidence regarding whether massive bleeding may have had a cleansing
action that affected the discovery of antigens, as well as the lack of expert testimony indicating that
the petitioner was excluded as the perpetrator, the Court of Criminal Appeals concluded that the
evidence was inconclusive.

Similarly, Nichols claims that serology evidence excluded him from the class of possible
offenders in the aggravated rape of T.R., notwithstanding his guilty plea to the offense. In particular,
he argues that saliva and vaginal swabs of the victim revealed the presence of a type B antigen and
that he and the victim were both type O secretors who secreted only type H antigens.

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 VanSant testified that as a T.B.I. serologist in 1989, he tested a saliva sample taken from
T.R., which revealed a B antigen, and a vaginal sample, which revealed B and H antigens in three
of four tests and only an H antigen in one of the four tests. He indicated that he did not test the saliva
sample for semen and that the results were therefore inconclusive. Although VanSant agreed that
it was a “definite possibility” that the rapist was a type B secretor, he testified that he also found a
sample of spermatozoa on the victim’s bedspread that contained only type H antigens. According
to Van Sant, the type H antigen could only have been produced by the victim, Nichols or any other
type O secretor; moreover, although the type B antigen must have been produced by someone other
than the petitioner, its presence did not exclude the petitioner or anyone else as the perpetrator of the
offense.

VanSant testified that he was unaware at the time he performed his analysis that the victim
had sexual relations three days before the offense:
[T]here were seven areas of stain on the bedspread . . . . Had I known
that she had voluntary sexual intercourse previously I would have
tested maybe two or three different areas to try to find something
different than the H [antigen] because, you know, I can’t say, that
could just be hers.

Although VanSant said he would not expect to find antigens in a sample three days after sexual
intercourse, he acknowledged that the relevant “literature” states that antigens may be found up to
nine days later. After reviewing all of the evidence, the Court of Criminal Appeals again determined
that the evidence was inconclusive.

2. Murder Weapon

The petitioner contends that his counsel were ineffective because they failed to investigate
the circumstances concerning the officers’ discovery of the alleged murder weapon. As stated above,
Nichols’ confession to the murder and rape of Karen Pulley indicates that he gave a detailed
description of the route he used in fleeing the scene and of the area in which he had disposed of the
two-by-four by throwing it out of his car window. According to Detective Heck, the petitioner
accompanied officers to the scene and a board was found that the petitioner stated “looked like the
one he threw out the window of his car.”

At the post-conviction hearing, Steve Miller, an officer with the Chattanooga Police
Department, testified that he did not find a two-by-four board in his search of the area where it was
later found. Susan Saunders Massey, who was Karen Pulley’s roommate, testified she was taken to
the area by police and saw a two-by-four leaning against a tree. She did not recognize the board but
believed there had been a two-by-four in their home under a washer that was being repaired. Finally,
Dr. Neal Haskeall, a forensic entomologist, testified that no blood or fiber evidence was found on
the two-by-four that linked Nichols to the murder of Karen Pulley. He also found no evidence of
plant material even though the board was allegedly discarded by the petitioner in September of 1988
and not recovered until January of 1989.

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 3. Hair Evidence

The petitioner argues that his counsel were ineffective for failing to investigate hair samples
collected from the Karen Pulley crime scene; in particular, evidence at the post-conviction hearing
indicated that two slides containing several samples from the pubic area of the victim each revealed
one hair that was inconsistent with Pulley or Nichols. The petitioner argues that the evidence may
have established reasonable doubt inasmuch as the evidence also showed that the victim had never
had sexual intercourse before the rape.

As the Court of Criminal Appeals observed, the report prepared by Forensic Science
Associates and relied upon by Nichols was not dated until after the post-conviction hearings
concluded; thus, the State had no opportunity to contest the issue and no expert witness testified as
to the result. In any event, the report itself stressed that because “hairs are ubiquitous in the
environment, degrade very slowly, and are easily inadvertently picked up, transferred, or shed, a
loose hair is of relatively little significance without some independent knowledge that it is related
to the incident being investigated.” The evidence showed that Karen Pulley lived with two other
women from whom hair samples were not evaluated as reference samples as part of the forensic
evaluation now relied upon by the petitioner.

4. Alibi Defense

Nichols contends that his trial counsel were ineffective for failing to investigate evidence of
alibi defenses for all of the offenses. During post conviction, Nichols cited evidence that he was at
work at the time an offense was committed against T.M. – an offense not at issue in this post-
conviction proceeding – and argued that the evidence of an alibi for this offense should have
prompted his trial counsel into investigating defenses for all of the other offenses to which he gave
false confessions. The record indicates, however, that Nichols confessed and later pled guilty to the
offense against T.M., and was also identified by T.M. as the person who attacked her. Although the
petitioner argues this “rock solid” alibi should have prompted trial counsel to investigate alibi
defenses in the other cases, he did not present any alibi evidence at the post-conviction hearing
regarding any of the offenses at issue in this proceeding.

5. Other Evidence and Suspects

The petitioner argues that his counsel were ineffective for failing to investigate that a pistol
recovered from the trunk of his car did not match the description of a “blue steel revolver” used in
the offense against S.T. The record reflects that Nichols confessed to the offense against S.T. and
entered a guilty plea; before the plea was entered, the prosecutor stated that S.T. had identified
Nichols from a photograph and that Nichols had consented to a search of his car that revealed a .38
revolver belonging to S.T.

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 According to Dwight Short, a witness presented at the post-conviction hearing by the
petitioner, a property sheet prepared by police officers indicated that the pistol was an “Auto SST,”
which he interpreted to mean a stainless steel automatic. Short also testified, however, that the serial
number recorded for the pistol on the property report was traced to a “three inch .38 Ross revolver
with a blue finish.”

In addition, the petitioner argued that his counsel were ineffective for failing to investigate
a suspect named Fred Coats because there was evidence that a police dog tracked a scent from P.R.’s
residence following the offense to a car owned by Coats’ mother and that P.R. had identified Coats.
The record reveals, however, that during the aggravated rape trial of P.R., the victim testified that
she saw a photograph of Coats in which there were features that resembled the perpetrator. After
later seeing Coats in a lineup, however, she told the officers he was not the rapist. She also testified
that she identified Nichols as the one who had raped her, and she made an in-court identification of
him at trial. The petitioner asserted that the defense failed to pursue other possible suspects as well.

6. Ofshe Deposition

In addition to presenting evidence of alleged innocence, Nichols presented the deposition of
Dr. Richard Ofshe, a Ph.D. in sociology, who teaches, works, and researches in the field of police
interrogations and false confessions. Ofshe discussed “coercive” interrogation techniques, which
can lead to false confessions through the making of threats or promises, and “persuading”
interrogation techniques, which can lead to false confessions by convincing an innocent suspect that
he or she committed the crimes. Ofshe testified that numerous factors must be reviewed in analyzing
the nature of the interrogation and the veracity of a confession: whether a confession has been
recorded in its entirety; whether the confession contains any details uniquely known to the defendant;
whether the confession has been tainted or contaminated by an officer telling the suspect the facts
of the offense; and whether the confession is corroborated by other evidence.

After reviewing Nichols’ confessions, Ofshe determined that there were no indications as to
how the statements came about or whether they were reliable. In Ofshe’s view, trial counsel should
have investigated whether officers told Nichols that he would receive “treatment” in exchange for
his statements, whether officers “rehearsed” Nichols’ statements before recording them, and whether
Nichols had requested an attorney. Ofshe testified that there were no indications in the record that
trial counsel had investigated the circumstances of the confessions, despite the lack of physical
evidence, and that any attorney who fails to conduct an investigation cannot competently advise a
defendant on whether to plead guilty or go to trial.

Ofshe acknowledged that at the time of the offenses, confessions, and convictions in this
case, his field of study was in its earliest stages with regard to research and publication. Ofshe did
not testify regarding any of Nichols’ traits or characteristics that may have made him susceptible to
undue pressure or risk of giving a false confession under the interrogation techniques he had
described. Ofshe admitted that he never met with the petitioner.

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 Applying Ofshe’s framework, the petitioner asserts that his confessions bore several indicia
of falsity and unreliability. For instance, he contends that his confessions to the offenses against
T.R., S.T., P.G., and P.R. were coached by East Ridge investigators who used leading questions to
elicit one-word responses in a short period of time. He also asserts that the interrogation was
contaminated by the fact that investigators showed him incident reports of the offenses and prompted
him with regard to details. Similarly, the petitioner now argues that his confession to the Pulley
offenses was coached by Detective Richard Heck of the Chattanooga Police Department and
contained details that were inconsistent with the actual facts of the investigation.

B. Counsel’s Conduct

Hugh Moore, lead counsel for Nichols, testified that he reviewed files and records, talked to
investigating officers, interviewed witnesses, and visited the crime scenes. He was aware the
prosecution’s strategy was to obtain convictions for the rapes and then to use those convictions in
seeking the death penalty for the murder of Karen Pulley, and he argued at trial and on appeal that
the procedure was improper because the rape offenses had occurred later in time.5 When asked
whether he had considered filing a motion for a speedy trial on the Karen Pulley charges, Moore said
he was concerned such a strategy would reduce the amount of time in which they had to prepare for
the capital charge.

Moore conceded that the guilty pleas were entered with respect to the charges against S.T.
and T.R. before the petitioner had received an independent psychiatric examination. He stated,
however, that there been no evidence to support a mental incapacity or insanity defense when
Nichols was examined by state-employed mental health professionals following the charges. Moore
conceded that he did not cross-examine the victims in the trials of P.G. and P.R., and therefore did
not ask them about their identifications of the petitioner or other possible suspects.

Moore was questioned about the defense’s consideration of various issues such as serology
reports, hair samples, other possible suspects, weapon description, and other matters. He did not
recall exactly why the defense had not pursued DNA testing, but expressed concern that a result
adverse to Nichols could have been used against the defense. Although Moore was unable to recall
some details relating to the investigation, he reiterated several times that the strategy had been
shaped by Nichols’ numerous confessions to the charged offenses, including the murder and rape
of Karen Pulley.

Moore and his co-counsel spent nearly 70 hours meeting with Nichols in prison, during
which Nichols consistently confirmed his statements to officers. Moore concluded that Nichols had
said nothing to indicate the confessions were false or had been coerced and that investigation of other
suspects “did not seem fruitful.” When they were unsuccessful at having Nichols’ statements
suppressed, counsel focused upon presenting a mitigating defense to the death penalty, a strategy

5
On direct appeal, this Court found no proc edural or constitutional error with respe ct to the p rosec utor’s
exerc ise of discretion in this regard. State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d 735-36.

-12-
with which Nichols was familiar and understood. Moore did not believe that any of the evidence
at the post-conviction hearing would have changed Nichols’ decisions to plead guilty or the
defense’s mitigation strategy.

Rosemary Bryan, co-counsel, testified that her investigation included numerous conversations
with Nichols, reviewing the prosecution’s files, interviewing police officers, and attempting to
interview the victims of the rapes, who declined to speak with her. Bryan admitted that Nichols pled
guilty to two of the rapes, T.R. and S.T., because he wanted to “get them over with” and because
other charges were dismissed in return. She admitted that although these guilty pleas were entered
prior to Dr. Engum’s examination of Nichols, the petitioner had already been examined by Dr.
Nickerson, who had found no basis for a competency or insanity issue. Bryan could not recall why
the cases involving P.G. and P.R. went to trial or why the victims were not asked about other
possible suspects. She believed that P.R. was not asked about Fred Coats as a possible suspect
because the victim’s direct testimony fully explained why she had misidentified Coats.

Bryan testified that the petitioner had admitted the facts against him in “great detail” and that
he never told her the confessions were false or coerced. She described Nichols’ statements to her
about the offenses as “very vivid,” containing facts that only he and the victims would have known.
Bryan testified that the defense investigated many of the issues raised by Nichols in post-conviction,
such as the victims’ identifications of the petitioner, the suppression of statements, and possible alibi
defenses. With regard to possible alibi defenses, for example, Bryan testified:

Another thing we were aware of is that [Nichols] was clocked in
some of the times that some of the rapes were supposed to have
occurred, but I talked to [Nichols] about those things. . . .

There was one, and it may have been [T.M.], where he supposedly
could not have done it according to his wife. Well, I spent many,
many hours talking to [Nichols and his wife] about this time thing
and was this really a defense we had and it turned out it wasn’t and
again I don’t remember why. It was either he was clocked in but he
had [gone] to deliver a pizza.

Bryan testified that “there were things like that . . . we looked at and tried to ascertain if they would
be helpful and they weren’t . . . .” She concluded that challenging all of the confessions as false
would have been “ludicrous” and would have required that the defense “manufacture a defense.”

Although she and Moore investigated all of the offenses, Bryan said that most of their work
was on the death penalty case and that Nichols played a knowing, active role in formulating the
defense strategy. Bryan said that the defense focus became mitigation but that she and Moore very
carefully decided what witnesses to present in the penalty phase. She believed that the petitioner’s
family were not as cooperative with regard to testifying at trial as they appeared to be in post-
conviction.

-13-
 Michael Cohan testified that he worked with lawyers Moore and Bryan as an investigator.
Cohan, who had years of experience in law enforcement before becoming a private investigator,
recorded 163 hours locating and interviewing witnesses and over 50 hours discussing the defense
with counsel. Cohan testified that Nichols told him extensive details about his attack on Karen
Pulley that corroborated the facts he had told investigating officers, as well as additional facts.
Cohan testified that he worked primarily on the Pulley offense but also worked on the other cases
when requested to do so by trial counsel.

C. Findings and Conclusions

1. Karen Pulley Offenses

After reviewing all of the testimony and evidence from the trial and extensive post-conviction
hearings, the trial court determined that the ineffective assistance of counsel claim with respect to
the Karen Pulley offenses was without merit:

Trial counsel and investigator Cohan testified that any allegation that
counsel should have more fully researched the possibility of a false
confession was ‘ludicrous.’ The petitioner gave very detailed
statements to trial counsel separate from his statements given to the
police. Trial counsel testified that they thoroughly discussed the
options available with the petitioner and that the petitioner
understood that his confessions would be very damaging evidence at
the guilt phase. They advised him that if he entered a guilty plea and
took responsibility for his actions that the jury might take this into
consideration in the penalty phase despite the obviously weighty
aggravating factors. Under all the circumstances, the decision to plea
was a strategic decision which will not now be questioned using 20-
20 hindsight. It is also noted that counsel’s time records ‘speak for
themselves’ as to the substantial amount of time expended by counsel
on this case.

We agree with the Court of Criminal Appeals that the evidence in the record does not
preponderate against the trial court’s factual findings. With respect to the murder and rape of Karen
Pulley, trial counsel testified regarding their investigation and defense strategy, which they admitted
was influenced by Nichols’ confessions. The petitioner’s detailed and emotional videotaped
confession to the murder and rape, for instance, described the victim’s house, the petitioner’s point
of entry, the layout of the bedroom, and the facts of the rape and murder. The petitioner also
consistently admitted his guilt regarding the Pulley offense to his counsel, investigator, and mental
health expert. As we have noted, it is entirely reasonable for counsel’s actions to be influenced by
a defendant’s own statements. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066
(stating that reasonableness of counsel’s actions “may be determined or substantially influenced by
the defendant’s own statements or actions”).

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 In addition, the record reveals substantial evidence corroborating the testimony of trial
counsel and the defense investigator. At the sentencing phase for the rape and murder, for example,
Nichols admitted that he broke into the victim’s home, raped her, and killed her when he was trying
to leave. The petitioner’s wife also indicated that she had asked about the Karen Pulley offense and
that the petitioner told her that it was an accident. Dr. Engum’s testimony at sentencing also
indicated that Nichols had committed the offenses against Karen Pulley.

Nichols continued to admit his guilt even after the sentencing hearing. Bryan testified, for
example, that the petitioner met with Karen Pulley’s mother after the death sentence had been
returned and in a brief but emotional meeting, “apologized over and over for what he had done to
her daughter . . . .” Similarly, the petitioner’s uncle, Claude Nichols, testified during post conviction
that he visited his nephew in prison after the Karen Pulley trial and that he admitted the crimes.
Lastly, Dr. David Solovay, a clinical psychologist relied upon by the petitioner in this post-
conviction proceeding, indicated that the petitioner had expressed his guilt and remorse.

Despite his confessions and statements, the petitioner’s main argument is that his confessions
should have been challenged as false because they contained inaccuracies and omissions and because
there was evidence of his innocence. The argument is immediately undercut, however, by the fact
that the petitioner never refuted his confessions or his own statements to his trial counsel and others.
As the Court of Criminal Appeals stated, it is in this context in which trial counsel’s conduct must
be viewed:

[W]e will first consider the situation in which trial counsel found
themselves at the time of the petitioner’s trials. The petitioner had
given multiple confessions to the offenses with which he was charged
. . . . The petitioner’s statements to both trial counsel, as well as their
investigator, were consistent with his confessions to law enforcement
officers. Trial counsel’s motions to suppress the confessions was
unsuccessful. The petitioner has not attempted to explain how, in
view of his continuing to assert that the confessions were true, trial
counsel could have effectively presented a ‘false confession’ defense.

(emphasis added).

The evidence presented at post-conviction did not alter the fact that the petitioner consistently
admitted his guilt and never provided a basis for a false confession defense. Nichols never told his
counsel, for example, that the confession to the Karen Pulley offenses was false or coerced.
Morever, there was no evidence presented at post-conviction indicating that the petitioner suffered
from a mental impairment, intellectual deficiency, or other condition that rendered him prone to
being led or confessing falsely. Although Dr. Ofshe discussed the issue of false confessions in
general, he never met the petitioner and did not address any of the petitioner’s own characteristics.
Indeed, as the intermediate court noted:

-15-
 There was not, and has never been, a showing that the petitioner was
susceptible to suggestions and pressure and might have been led into
giving false confessions. In fact, had trial counsel tried to present
such a claim, they would have been confronted by proof showing that
the petitioner was twenty-eight years old and married, with three
previous felony convictions and time spent in the Tennessee prison
system. Thus, he could not have claimed youth and inexperience as
reasons for falsely confessing.

Accordingly, when viewed in the appropriate context – that applicable to trial counsel at the
time of their representation – we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the evidence presented
during the post-conviction failed to establish that trial counsel’s performance was deficient. The
evidence showed that counsel and their investigator put thousands of hours into the investigation of
the offenses and considered numerous issues and the viability of several possible defenses. They had
numerous meetings and conversations with the petitioner, who was aware of and understood the
evidence of his guilt and the strategy used in his defense. While the lens of hindsight indicates that
trial counsel could have developed some of the issues more fully, such as the serology and the
absence of physical evidence on the alleged murder weapon relating to Karen Pulley, Nichols still
confessed and the issues were fully litigated by the post-conviction trial court. In sum, as the trial
court found, nothing at post-conviction established that trial counsel’s representation fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness either in failing to investigate evidence of innocence or in
failing to challenge the confessions as false when viewed in the context of the petitioner’s own
confessions and statements of guilt.

In addition, we also agree with the Court of Criminal Appeals’ conclusion that the petitioner
failed to show any prejudice under the second prong of the analysis with respect to his guilty plea
to the offenses involving Karen Pulley.6 As we have pointed out in great detail, the record reveals
that Nichols confessed to the offenses against Karen Pulley and that he knowingly and voluntarily
entered pleas of guilty. The petitioner was well aware that the defense strategy was to accept
responsibility for his actions and focus on mitigating evidence. Moreover, given his confessions and
the consistent statements of guilt he made to his trial counsel and others, it would be speculation to
find that the evidence at the post-conviction, which did not exclude Nichols as the perpetrator or
otherwise establish a defense, would have resulted in a decision to proceed to trial instead of
pleading guilty. See Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. at 59, 106 S. Ct. at 370.

2. Non-Capital Convictions

6
The petitioner vigo rously asserts that the Court of Criminal Appeals applied the incorrect standard by
requiring him to show “actual innocense” to establish prejudice. We disagree. The ap pellate court first noted that the
evidence presented at the po st-conviction was inco nclusive and therefore failed to show that counsel’s representation
was deficient. The appellate court then determined that any deficiency was not prejudicial by properly finding that there
was no reasonable probability of a different outcome.

-16-
 The trial court’s findings with respect to counsel’s performance in the rape cases involving
T.R., S.T., P.G., and P.R. were nearly identical to its findings with respect to counsel’s performance
in the Karen Pulley cases, and it concluded that the petitioner had not established his allegations by
clear and convincing evidence. We again agree with the Court of Criminal Appeals that the evidence
in the record does not preponderate against the trial court’s factual findings and that the petitioner
failed to establish that trial counsel were deficient.

As with the Karen Pulley case, trial counsel’s investigation and defense were reasonably
shaped by Nichols’ confessions and statements to the non-capital offenses. Nichols confessed to the
offenses involving T.R., S.T., P.G., and P.R. His confession to the rape of P.R. described his entry
into the victim’s home with a screwdriver, the location of the victim, the clothing he tore from the
victim, and the circumstances of the offense. His confession to the rape of P.G. described his entry,
use of a knife, the location of the victim on a couch in the living room, and the facts of the offense.

Although the petitioner now argues that his trial counsel failed to investigate evidence of his
innocence and failed to challenge his confessions as false because they were given in a short period
of time in response to leading questions asked by police officers, we once again observe that he
never refuted his confessions or his statements to his trial counsel and never provided a basis for a
false confession defense. In addition, the record reveals that substantial evidence corroborated trial
counsel’s testimony. By entering guilty pleas for the offenses against S.T., for example, the
petitioner acknowledged the evidence of his guilt, which included S.T.’s identification of him from
a photograph and the finding of a pistol belonging to S.T. in his car. In entering guilty pleas for the
offenses against T.R., the petitioner conceded the evidence of his guilt and knowingly and
voluntarily waived his right to a jury trial. Finally, in the trials for the offenses against P.G. and P.R.,
the victims made in-court identifications of the petitioner as the assailant, and the juries found that
the petitioner’s guilt was proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

In sum, the evidence at the post-conviction hearings did not establish the deficient
performance of counsel given the petitioner’s confessions and consistent statements of guilt. We
conclude that trial counsel’s representation did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness
either in failing to investigate any evidence of innocence or in failing to challenge the confessions
as false.

In addition, we agree with the Court of Criminal Appeals’ conclusion that Nichols failed to
show any prejudice under the second prong of the analysis. As we have discussed, the record reveals
that Nichols confessed to the offenses against T.R. and S.T. and that he knowingly and voluntarily
entered pleas of guilty to the offenses. In light of his confessions and consistent statements of guilt,
as well as trial counsel’s testimony that the petitioner was fully aware of the defense strategy and all
of his options, it would be speculation to find from any of the evidence introduced at post-conviction
that he would have proceeded to trial instead of pleading guilty. See Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. at
59, 106 S. Ct at 370. Similarly, the petitioner’s confessions to the offenses committed against P.G.
and P.R. were read to the jury in the trials for those offenses, and the victims identified him as the

-17-
perpetrator. The evidence at post-conviction with respect to P.G. and P.R. therefore failed to
establish a reasonable probability of a different outcome but for the performance of counsel.

II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Unlawful Arrest

The petitioner argues that his trial counsel were ineffective for failing to seek suppression
of his statements on the basis that he was arrested without a warrant and without probable cause on
January 5, 1989. Nichols asserts that police notes indicate that it was not until after his arrest that
at least three of the victims identified him from a photograph taken by police on January 6, 1989, and
that the statements he made during the period of alleged illegal detention should have been
suppressed. The State maintains that the police verified the anonymous tip by discovering evidence
of Nichols’ prior arrest for a sex crime and that an arrest was made after at least one of the victims
identified Nichols from his mug shot.

The trial court reviewed the evidence in the record and the testimony of trial counsel, who
recalled that they vigorously sought suppression of Nichols’ statements on numerous grounds.
Although the trial court determined that counsel “should have more fully pursued this issue,” it
found that

[v]iewing the exhibits and records as a whole, it appears that some of
the photo identifications occurred after the petitioner’s arrest. This
fact, however, does not establish that none of the identifications
occurred before his arrest. Numerous documents and/or statements
refer to some pre-arrest identifications. . . . No victims were called
to ask at what point they had made these identifications. Although
petitioner has pointed out the ambiguities, . . . he has failed to
establish the lack of any pre-arrest identifications and thus has failed
to establish any prejudice. . . .

We agree with the Court of Criminal Appeals’ conclusion that the record does not
preponderate against the trial court’s factual findings inasmuch as there is evidence in the record
indicating that Nichols had been identified before his arrest. An offense report dated January 6, 1989
and prepared by the East Ridge Police Department states that officers received an anonymous tip on
January 5, 1989, which led to a computer check and discovery of Nichols’ prior arrest for a sex
offense. The report indicates that a victim identified Nichols as the perpetrator from his mug shot
and that “she was the fourth victim in a row” to identify Nichols. In addition, the record reveals that
at the trial of P.R., Captain Holland of the East Ridge Police Department testified that the victim
identified Nichols prior to his arrest on January 5, 1989. As both the trial court and Court of
Criminal Appeals observed, none of the victims were called to testify in post-conviction as to when
they made an identification of Nichols. Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence in the record
does not preponderate against the trial court’s factual findings on this claim and that the petitioner
has failed to establish that his trial counsel were deficient on this ground.

-18-
 In a similar vein, Nichols argues that counsel were ineffective for failing to seek suppression
of his statements on the basis that he was not taken before a judicial officer within 72 hours of his
arrest. The trial court specifically rejected the basis for this claim:

Although no paperwork on the arraignment was introduced, there was
evidence of an arraignment. In the transcript of the motion to
suppress, the petitioner himself referred numerous times to the fact
that he was arraigned the day after he was arrested. . . . In addition,
[the assistant district attorney’s] notes refer to an arraignment before
a special judge as well. Under these circumstances, petitioner has not
established that he was not arraigned, that counsel was ineffective or
that he was in any way prejudiced by counsel’s failure to challenge
the timing of the arraignment.

We agree with the Court of Criminal Appeals’ conclusion that the evidence in the record does
not preponderate against the trial court’s factual findings on this issue. We also agree that the
petitioner failed to show that suppression would not have been required given that Nichols was read
his Miranda rights, that he confessed within 24 hours of his arrest, and that there appeared to be no
intervening circumstances or misconduct in regard to obtaining the confessions. See State v.
Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d 666, 674 (Tenn. 1996). In sum, we conclude that the petitioner failed to
establish that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel on this basis.

III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Mitigating Evidence

A. Standards in Capital Sentencing
The Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution mandate that a
death sentence be based on a “particularized consideration of relevant aspects of the character and
record of each . . . defendant.” Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 303, 96 S. Ct. 2978, 2991,
49 L. Ed. 2d 944 (1976). As a result, courts are “particularly cautious in preserving a defendant’s
right to counsel at a capital sentencing hearing.” Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996)
(quoting Deutscher v. Whitley, 884 F.2d 1152, 1160 (9th Cir. 1989)). Although there is no
requirement that defense counsel present mitigating evidence in the penalty phase of a capital trial,
counsel’s duty to investigate and prepare for a capital trial encompasses both the guilt and sentencing
phases. Goad v. State, 938 S.W.3d at 369-70; State v. Melson, 772 S.W.2d 417, 421 (Tenn. 1989).

When a petitioner challenges a death sentence based on ineffective assistance of counsel in
the penalty phase, he or she must show that “there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors,
the sentencer . . . would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances
did not warrant death.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695, 104 S.Ct. at 2069. Where the alleged prejudice
involves counsel’s failure to present sufficient mitigating evidence, several factors are of
significance: (1) the nature and extent of the mitigating evidence that was available but not
presented; (2) whether substantially similar mitigating evidence was presented to the jury in either
the guilt or penalty phase of the proceedings; and (3) whether there was such strong evidence of

-19-
aggravating factors that the mitigating evidence would not have affected the jury’s determination.
Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d at 371.

B. Petitioner’s Allegations

The petitioner argues that his counsel were ineffective during the sentencing phase of the
capital proceeding for the rape and murder of Karen Pulley for failing to present sufficient evidence
of mitigating circumstances. The State maintains that the trial court properly denied relief on this
claim after finding that the mitigating evidence now cited by the petitioner would have duplicated
or been cumulative to that introduced by trial counsel. We will review the evidence introduced by
Nichols at the post-conviction hearings.

Deborah Nichols Sullivan, the petitioner’s sister, who testified by deposition, said that she
loved her brother and tried to take care of him after their mother died of cancer. She described
Nichols as quiet, with a mild demeanor, and recalled that he held his mother’s hand while she was
ill. She testified that she was afraid of her father’s intense spankings, which often left welts and
stripes. She was “sure” Nichols received such spankings as well. She would not confirm that she
was sexually abused but did say “that would be me and not [the petitioner].” When they were placed
in the children’s home, she was told it was because her father could not care for them.

Deborah Nichols acknowledged that trial counsel probably tried to contact her but that she
did not return their calls. Indeed, counsel Rosemary Bryan testified that she spoke to the witness two
or three times and that they hoped she would testify about the family background, their abusive
father, and the orphanage. Counsel said, however, that Deborah Nichols “was the most unwilling
witness that you would ever want to put on the stand.” The witness told counsel, for example, that
she would not talk about any abuse in the family and had nothing to say that would help her brother.
Moreover, her husband said that she would not testify under any circumstances. Finally, counsel said
that Nichols decided he did not want to make his sister testify under the circumstances.

Several other witnesses testified as to their experiences with Nichols, as well as with Nichols’
family. Diana Allred testified that she and her brother lived with the Nichols’ family from 1961 to
1967 following the death of their parents. She said that Nichols’ father would get angry and “spank”
Nichols and his sister, Deborah, and that she saw Deborah bleeding after the spankings. Allred
testified that Nichols’ father often undressed in front of her and once asked if he could get in bed
with her. She said that although Nichols seemed like a “normal” child when she lived there, he and
his sister seemed frightened and shy years later after Allred had moved out.

Royce Sampley, Diana Allred’s brother, testified that the Nichols’ home was a “threatening”
place in that Nichols’ father was often angry and cursing. Sampley testified that he never saw any
sexual abuse of Nichols. Neither Allred nor Sampley had any contact with Nichols after 1971 and
were not aware of the charges against Nichols at the time of the trial and sentencing. Dennis
Sampley, brother of Royce Sampley and Diana Allred, testified that he was not familiar with Nichols
but that he had lived in the same children’s home. He testified that he received whippings in the

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home, as did other children, and was not permitted to tell anyone. He described it as a “hellacious
home.”

Juanita Herron, a cousin, said that Nichols became “disturbed” and “sad” following his
mother’s death. She testified that Nichols’ sister had reported sexual abuse and that family members
arranged to have the children placed in a children’s home. Louella Wagner, also a cousin, testified
that Nichols’ father was strict. Margaret Crox and Linda Crox Johnson, who had been neighbors of
the Nichols, said that the petitioner’s father did not seem concerned about his children.

Jim Gumm testified that he went to school with Nichols until they were both sophomores in
high school and that he always considered Nichols to be “one of the nicest guys around.” Nancy
Atchley, who taught Nichols in the seventh and eight grades, testified that he had been a sweet, kind,
and well-mannered student who was quieter than the other boys. Jacqueline Boruff, whose son was
a friend of Nichols when they were teenagers, said that Nichols was “sweet” and that his father was
an “ass” who was cold and uncaring. Like several of the post-conviction witnesses, Boruff said that
she was not contacted before the capital sentencing proceeding.

Several witnesses testified regarding the children’s home in which Nichols and his sister had
been placed after their mother’s death. Claude Nichols, the petitioner’s uncle, testified that the
petitioner’s father said the children had been placed in a group home through a decision of the
church. Winston Gonia, who had testified during the capital sentencing, testified that he had been
a board member of the Tomlinson Children’s Home; the group home was a disciplined place but he
never saw any abuse take place there. Jackie Bailey, an academic and personal counselor at the
Tomlinson Children’s Home from 1974 to 1977, testified that she counseled Deborah Nichols but
had no information about the petitioner or his background.

Linda Melton, a former house parent at the Tomlinson Children’s Home, testified that the
petitioner and his sister were close. She said that the 15-year-old Nichols never caused any problems
and was a “sweetheart.” Melton testified that the children’s activities were church-related and that
paddling was not used as a means of discipline.7 Arlyne McGriff testified by deposition that she was
a house parent at the home just before it closed; she recalled that Nichols talked about his mother
and did not cause any problems. She testified that Nichols’ father visited two or three times while
she was the house parent. Neither Melton nor McGriff were contacted by trial counsel.

Finally, Nichols presented testimony from three expert witnesses. Dr. Kenneth Nickerson,
a clinical psychologist, evaluated Nichols in April and May of 1989. He testified that he interviewed
Nichols and reviewed notes taken by Dr. Frausto Natal, a psychiatrist who had conducted an
interview and examination. Dr. Natal’s notes indicated that Nichols denied murdering any of the

7
However, Pam ela Taylor, a part-time investigator, testified that she visited the children’s home, conducted
interviews, and gathered information about its operation. She learned that the home’s policy was to keep children
separate from those outside the church and that the ho me ha d guid elines as to how c orporal p unishm ent with a pad dle
was to be ca rried o ut.

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victims. Dr. Nickerson testified that Nichols had not shown any prior signs of “intense or explosive
emotions,” that he was found competent to stand trial, and that he was not legally insane at the time
of the offenses.

Dr. David Solovay, a clinical psychologist, testified that he reviewed the case notes,
examination, assessment, reports, and testimony of Dr. Eric Engum, who had testified on Nichols’
behalf in the sentencing proceeding. Dr. Solovay said that Dr. Engum did a “fine job” and that
Engum’s notes and data were similar to his own. He criticized Dr. Engum for failing to identify
himself as a member of the defense team, however, and for failing to present the petitioner’s
background as a mitigating factor. Dr. Solovay did not agree with the diagnosis of intermittent
explosive disorder, but instead diagnosed Nichols as having borderline personality disorder. Dr.
Solovay said that Nichols had learned to “disassociate” from threatening situations. He admitted that
his report revealed that Nichols had acknowledged his guilt to him and had shown remorse.

Dr. Frank Einstein testified that he is a mitigation specialist who works with defense
attorneys in capital defense representation. He described that mitigation work involves examining
a defendant’s life, identifying life events that led up to the offense, and presenting the complete story
of the defendant’s life for the jury’s consideration. Dr. Einstein testified that significant events in
this case included Nichols’ inability to remember events before the age of ten, the presence of
Nichols’ cousins in his home, the death of his mother and grandmother, the physical and emotional
abuse in the home, and his being placed in an orphanage.

Dr. Einstein said that Dr. Engum and investigator Michael Cohan identified the major events
in Nichols’ life. He believed that trial counsel should have presented additional information to
humanize Nichols and to illustrate the conduct of Nichols’ father, the presence of physical and sexual
abuse in the home, and the isolation of the family. Dr. Einstein said that although trial counsel
identified many of these themes, they did not present the evidence in such a way to establish a link
between Nichols’ background and the crimes. He admitted that some mitigation themes can have
a negative effect and that it is difficult to second-guess counsel.

C. Findings and Conclusions

The trial court, after considering the testimony of all of these witnesses during the post-
conviction hearings and reviewing the record, made extensive findings of fact, including:

Petitioner presented numerous relatives and acquaintances at the
hearings in this matter to demonstrate the amount and type of
mitigating evidence which was not presented at the sentencing
hearing at the original trial. . . . Many of these witnesses, however,
were cumulative and only expounded on issues which were raised
through the evidence presented by trial counsel at the sentencing
hearing. . . . The psychologist retained by post-conviction counsel
even testified that while he may have had more personal history in

-22-
 conducting his evaluation, it was essentially the same kind of
information Dr. Engum and trial counsel had at the original trial.

The trial court further concluded:

Many of the witnesses testified that they were not contacted and that
the petitioner probably did not know how to contact them. Some
witnesses, however, testified that the petitioner knew how to contact
them but that they received no contact and did not step forward on
their own. Using 20-20 hindsight more witnesses may have been
preferable; based upon all the evidence and documentation, however,
this court finds that counsel [were] not derelict in their investigation
of this case and that no prejudice has been shown. . . . Any
additional witnesses would have been cumulative or the weight of
their testimony would have been minimal. The aggravator of prior
violent felonies was very substantial.

We agree with the Court of Criminal Appeals that the evidence in the record supported the trial
court’s findings and conclusions.

In applying the first part of the analysis in Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d at 371, the trial court
correctly noted that the nature and the extent of the evidence at post-conviction focused on the
petitioner’s family background, abusive father, placement in a children’s home, and pleasant
personality as a child. Although witnesses described the petitioner’s father as angry and abusive,
Nichols himself never testified regarding any possible abuse he suffered at home or in the children’s
home. Only one witness, Deborah Nichols, said that she saw her father abuse the petitioner;
however, she made herself unavailable to trial counsel and refused to testify. Several witnesses
testified that Nichols was a pleasant child who was quiet and well-mannered. Although one witness
claimed that abuse took place in the children’s home, there was no evidence that Nichols was ever
abused there; indeed, several other witnesses testified that the orphanage was not an abusive
environment. Finally, there was expert testimony questioning whether Nichols suffered from an
explosive disorder, as diagnosed by Dr. Engum, and questioning the manner in which trial counsel
presented the mitigating themes and evidence at the sentencing.

In applying the second Goad factor, the trial court correctly found that the evidence was
cumulative to that presented by trial counsel at sentencing. Three witnesses at sentencing had
testified about Nichols’ background and placement in an orphanage. Several witnesses said they had
known Nichols to have been a “fine young man” and to have possessed good character as a child and
as an adult. Several witnesses, including Nichols, testified about his troubled relationship with his
father and the abandonment associated with being placed in an orphanage. Nichols denied, however,
that he was ever physically abused by his father or at the orphanage. Finally, there was expert
testimony regarding Nichols’ intermittent explosive disorder and how it affected his conduct.
Accordingly, the record indicates that trial counsel identified and supported the relevant mitigating

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themes. The evidence presented at post-conviction did not contest trial counsel’s performance in
this regard, but rather, second-guessed the quantity of the mitigating evidence and the manner of its
presentation.

Finally, with respect to the third and final Goad factor, it appears that any of the evidence at
post-conviction which was not cumulative or may have bolstered the evidence presented at trial
would not have affected the jury’s determination given the strong evidence supporting the prior
violent felonies aggravating circumstance. In sum, Nichols has not established a reasonable
probability that the jury would have concluded that the “balance of aggravating and mitigating
circumstances did not warrant death.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695, 104 S.Ct. at 2069; see also Goad
v. State, 938 S.W.3d at 371.

IV. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Prosecutorial Misconduct

The petitioner next argues that his trial counsel were ineffective for failing to object to the
prosecution’s misconduct in eliciting the facts of the rape offenses used to prove the prior violent
felony aggravating circumstance during the sentencing phase of his capital trial. The State maintains
that counsel were not ineffective because there was no misconduct by the prosecution.

The record reveals that in its cross-examination of Nichols, the prosecution asked about the
rapes he committed against T.R., S.T., P.G., and P.R. In particular, the prosecutor asked whether
Nichols had committed a rape on December 21, 1988, by using a knife; whether Nichols had
committed a rape on December 27, 1988, by using an electrical cord; and whether Nichols had
committed a rape against two victims on January 3, 1989, one of which involved the use of a knife.
Nichols admitted that he committed all of the offenses.

In State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797 (Tenn. 1994), the prosecutor introduced the facts of a
prior murder conviction it relied upon as an aggravating circumstance and strongly implied in closing
argument that the jury should return a death sentence based on the facts of the prior murder
conviction for which the defendant had only received a life sentence. Indeed, the prosecutor’s
argument contained extensive references to the facts of the prior murder, the victim of the prior
murder, the family of the victim of the prior murder, and the need to impose the death penalty
because of the prior murder. Id. at 810. We concluded that the introduction of such evidence is error
where the prior conviction on its face involves violence or the threat of violence, and we held that
the prosecutor’s argument, which improperly enhanced the impact of the aggravating circumstance,
affected the jury’s determination to the prejudice of the defendant. Id. at 811-12.

In applying Bigbee, we have focused upon the nature and extent of the evidence introduced,
the prosecutor’s intent, and whether the evidence or argument improperly enhanced the aggravating
circumstance or affected the jury’s verdict to the prejudice of the defendant. See State v. Stout, 46
S.W.3d 689, 701 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Chalmers, 28 S.W.3d 913, 918 (Tenn. 2000). We have, in
effect, clarified that Bigbee involved serious prosecutorial misconduct and that not every violation
of the Bigbee holding warrants reversible error and a re-sentencing.

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 Accordingly, our review of the record reveals that trial counsel did not render ineffective
assistance of counsel by failing to object to the prosecutor’s questioning. First, we note that Bigbee
had not been decided at the time of the sentencing in this case; thus, counsel cannot be considered
deficient for failing to object to a violation of its holding. Second, the record indicates that the facts
of the underlying rapes were briefly cited by the prosecutor and admitted by Nichols without a
lengthy discussion or detailed description of the rapes. Finally, the prosecution did not enhance the
aggravating circumstance by unduly or repeatedly emphasizing the underlying facts of the prior
convictions, nor did it imply that the jury should impose the death penalty based on the facts of the
prior convictions in such a manner that affected the verdict to the prejudice of the petitioner.8
Accordingly, we conclude that trial counsel were not deficient in failing to object to the prosecutor’s
conduct and that there was no reasonable probability of a different outcome even had counsel
objected.

V. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Jury Instructions

The petitioner argues that his counsel were ineffective for failing to request that the trial court
charge the jury with regard to the definition of mitigation, the weight to be given mitigating
evidence, the mitigating circumstances in Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-204(j)(7) and (8), and
several non-statutory mitigating circumstances. As the State asserts, each of the issues is without
merit.

First, this Court has held that a jury instruction on the definition of mitigation or the weight
to be given mitigating circumstances is not required. See State v. Brimmer, 876 S.W.2d 75, 83
(Tenn. 1993). Next, the record did not support an instruction on the mitigating circumstance in
Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-204(j)(7), i.e., the youthfulness of the defendant, given that
Nichols was a 28-year-old high school graduate with an honorable discharge from the military.
Third, contrary to the petitioner’s contention, the trial court did charge the jury on the mitigating
circumstance in Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-204(j)(8), i.e., that the defendant’s capacity to
appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law
was substantially impaired as a result of a mental disease or defect that substantially affected his
judgment. Finally, we have held that the trial court was not required to charge the jury on specific,
non-statutory mitigating circumstances at the time of this offense and trial. See State v. Cauthern,
967 S.W.2d 726, 747 (Tenn. 1998). Accordingly, trial counsel were not deficient for failing to
request these instructions.

8
W e note that both the Court of Criminal Appeals and the State rely upon Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-
204(c), which p resently states in part: “In all cases where the state relies upon the aggravating factor that the defendant
was previously convicted of one (1) or more felonies, other than the present charge, whose statutory elements involve
the use of violence to the person, either party shall be permitted to introduce evidence concerning the facts and
circum stances of the prior co nviction .” Neither the intermed iate court nor the State acknowledge that this statute was
not in effect until 1998, well after the offenses and trial in this case, nor do they otherwise cite reasons for applying the
statute in this case.

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 In a related issue, Nichols argues that trial counsel were deficient for failing to object to the
trial court’s instruction that “the verdict must be unanimous” because it misled the jury to believe
that unanimity was required to return a life sentence. As the State observes, this Court has rejected
arguments contesting the unanimous verdict instruction. See State v. Nesbit, 978 S.W.2d 872, 902-
903 (Tenn. 1998); State v. Brimmer, 876 S.W.2d at 87.

VI. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Constitutional Issues

The petitioner argues that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to challenge the
constitutionality of the death penalty on the basis that it cannot be administered fairly and cites the
dissenting opinion in Callins v. Collins, 510 U.S. 1141, 1143, 114 S. Ct. 1127, 1128, 127 L.Ed.2d
435 (1994) (Blackmun, J., dissenting). This Court has repeatedly upheld the constitutionality of the
death penalty in this State. See Terry v. State, 46 S.W.3d 147, 169 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Stout, 46
S.W.3d at 719; State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 166 (Tenn. 1998).

Nichols also argues that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to challenge the
constitutionality of the death penalty on the basis that it violates the fundamental right to life without
serving any compelling state interest. This Court has rejected such a claim. State v. Mann, 959
S.W.2d 503, 536 (Tenn. 1998); State v. Bush, 942 S.W.2d 489, 523 (Tenn. 1997).

VII. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Psychologist’s Notes

The petitioner argues that his trial counsel were ineffective for failing to argue that the trial
court’s order requiring the defense to disclose the notes of Dr. Eric Engum at trial violated his right
against self-incrimination under the United States and Tennessee Constitutions. The State contends
that trial counsel were not ineffective because the disclosure of the notes for the purpose of
impeachment or rebuttal did not violate the petitioner’s right against self-incrimination.

The record reveals that the trial court’s order stemmed from the defense’s failure to prepare
a final report of Dr. Engum’s findings until the second day of trial. On direct appeal, we held that
the notes were discoverable under the circumstances of the case pursuant to the discovery provisions
of Tenn. R. App. P. 16(b)(1)(B):

We thus conclude that when a psychologist or psychiatrist does not
prepare a summary report, but instead relies on extensive memoranda
to record not only observations and hypotheses but also evaluations,
such records are discoverable. . . . Although we do not suggest that
the trial court should require a formal report in every case, we do
conclude, under the facts of this cases, that Rule 16 authorized
discovery of the available reports to the extent that they related to the
testimony to be given at trial.

State v. Nichols, 877 S.W.2d at 730.

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 The petitioner now argues that his counsel were ineffective for failing to argue that the
disclosure violated his constitutional right against self-incrimination and that the error was
prejudicial because the prosecution used the notes to impeach the testimony of Dr. Engum by
charging that he was a member of the defense team attempting to help Nichols avoid the death
penalty. Although Moore and Bryan admitted at the post-conviction hearing that the disclosure and
the prosecution’s cross-examination of Dr. Engum was damaging to the defense, they did not believe
it affected the jury’s verdict.

As the State notes, this Court has indicated that where a defendant initiates a psychiatric
examination and introduces evidence from the examination, his right against self-incrimination is
not violated by disclosure of the information or the prosecution’s use of the information for
impeachment and rebuttal. See State v. Martin, 950 S.W.2d 20, 24 (Tenn. 1997). The same
principles apply to the sentencing proceeding of a capital trial. State v. Reid, 981 S.W.2d 166, 172-
73 (Tenn. 2001).

Moreover, although as the trial court noted, “hindsight may indicate that the failure to prepare
a final report may have been imprudent,” it is clear that the issue did not affect the jury’s verdict.
The prosecution would have been entitled to a final report that would not have violated the
petitioner’s right against self-incrimination; indeed, on direct appeal, we said that the notes were
tantamount to a report under the facts of this case. Dr. Engum testified that he evaluated Nichols and
interviewed several background witnesses and that he ultimately determined that Nichols had an
intermittent explosive disorder. The prosecution’s cross-examination attempted to impeach Dr.
Engum’s testimony by charging that Engum was a member of the defense team and by showing that
Nichols acted with deliberation and in his own self interest. In sum, when the evidence is viewed
along with the petitioner’s confession and the overwhelming weight of the aggravating circumstance,
it is clear that the petitioner has failed to show a reasonable probability of a different outcome but
for counsel’s failure to argue that the disclosure of the notes violated his right against self-
incrimination.

VIII. Remand for Additional DNA Testing

The petitioner argues that the Court of Criminal Appeals erred in refusing to remand the case
to the trial court for additional DNA testing to establish his innocence.9 The State maintains that the
issue of additional DNA testing was not properly raised by the petitioner and was correctly denied.

The record indicates that the post-conviction trial court authorized DNA testing of evidence
taken from the rape kit performed on Karen Pulley. After finding that “[n]o results which would
establish any prejudice to the petitioner . . . were submitted to the court at the final hearing,” the trial

9
DN A analysis “means the process through which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in a human biological
specimen is analyzed and compared with DNA from another biological specimen for identification purposes.” Tenn.
Code A nn. § 4 0-30 -402 .

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court denied the petitioner’s request for additional DNA testing. The petitioner did not challenge
the trial court’s denial of additional DNA testing as an issue on appeal.

Following the Court of Criminal Appeals’ decision and its denial of a petition to rehear,
Nichols filed a motion for consideration of post-judgment facts10 requesting that the case be
remanded for additional DNA testing. The motion asserted that the Court of Criminal Appeals’
rejection of the serology evidence concerning Karen Pulley in effect meant that the court was
requiring the petitioner to show actual innocence to establish the prejudice component of his
ineffective assistance of counsel claim, and that additional DNA testing was required to meet such
an “unreasonable” standard. The motion was accompanied by the records and documents regarding
Nichols’ initial request for DNA analysis, which had been granted by the trial court, and his motion
for additional DNA testing, which had been denied. The petitioner asked that the record be
supplemented and asserted that due process required consideration of this issue because his liberty
interests outweigh any interest the State may have in finality of the judgments.

The Court of Criminal Appeals denied the motion for two reasons. First, the court stated that
it had not required actual innocence to establish the prejudice prong of the ineffective assistance of
counsel claim; instead, it applied the analysis of whether the petitioner had shown a reasonable
probability of a different outcome. Second, the court found that the motion was not based on post-
judgment facts as required by Tenn. R. App. P. 14. The court concluded:

Seeking to utilize the doorway made available by [Rule 14] for
consideration of ‘facts concerning the action that occurred after
judgment,’ the petitioner asks by the motion to have this court
consider arguments and supporting documents as ‘facts’ and rule ex
parte on a matter which was not raised previously in his appeal. . . .
The petitioner has recast the arguments raised in his previous petition
to rehear, that this court erred in its treatment of the serology evidence
presented and in its application of the standard for determining
whether counsel was ineffective, and now presents them as the basis
of his motion to consider post-judgment facts.

Our review of the record reveals that the Court of Criminal Appeals correctly denied the
motion for consideration of post-judgment facts and the request to remand the case for additional
DNA testing. The petitioner misconstrues the appellate court’s analysis of the ineffective assistance
claim – the court concluded that Nichols failed to show that his trial counsel were deficient inasmuch
as he repeatedly admitted that he committed the offenses and the serology evidence did not exclude

10
An appellate court “on its ow n motion or on motion of a party may consider facts concerning the action that
occurred after judgment. Consideration of such facts lies in the discretion of the appellate court. While neither
controlling nor fully measuring the court’s discretion, consideration genera lly will extend only to those fac ts, capa ble
of ready dem onstration, affecting the positions of the pa rties or the subject ma tter of the action such as mo otness,
bankruptcy, divorce, death, other judgments or proceedings, relief from the judgment requ ested or granted in the trial
court, and other similar matters.” Tenn. R. App. P. 14.

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him as the assailant. When the court also considered the prejudice component, it properly analyzed
whether the petitioner showed a reasonable probability of a different outcome.

In any event, the motion for consideration of post-judgment facts was improper given that
it did not contain post-judgment facts but rather reasserted matters that had been denied by the trial
court and were not appealed at all by the petitioner. In addition, as the State recognizes, relief based
on DNA analysis may be sought upon making the required showing pursuant to the appropriate
procedure. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-401 (“Post-Conviction DNA Analysis Act of 2001"). In
sum, the Court of Criminal Appeals did not abuse its discretion in denying relief.

IX. Right Against Self-Incrimination

As summarized earlier, Nichols did not testify in support of his post-conviction allegations.
Moreover, when called to the stand by the prosecution, the petitioner invoked his right against self-
incrimination and refused to answer questions about the offenses or the post-conviction allegations.

Although the State did not appeal the issue, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that the trial
court’s decision to allow the petitioner to invoke his right against self-incrimination was erroneous.
The intermediate court reasoned that there is no right against self-incrimination in a post-conviction
case under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution or article I, § 8 and 9 of the
Tennessee Constitution because the petitioner had already been convicted of the offenses being
challenged. The court also stated that a reviewing court may draw a negative inference from a
petitioner’s failure to testify in support of the post-conviction allegations.

Nichols initially argued that the Court of Criminal Appeals erred in addressing this issue
because it had not been appealed by the State and was not properly before the court for review.
Nichols has additionally argued that there is a right against self-incrimination in a capital post-
conviction procedure due to the likelihood that a capital conviction or sentence may be reversed and
remanded for new proceedings. In sum, Nichols argues that a petitioner should not be forced to
make statements in a post-conviction hearing because the statements may be used in later
proceedings if the petitioner is successful in obtaining post-conviction relief. The State argues that
the Court of Appeals erred in addressing this issue because it was not raised on appeal and that the
court’s decision amounts to an improper advisory opinion.

Although we ordered the parties to file additional briefs on this issue, we now agree with the
parties that the intermediate court erred in addressing this issue. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b)
(“Review will generally extend only to those issues presented for review”). Nichols was permitted
to assert his right against self-incrimination by the trial court and did not answer any of the questions
asked by the prosecutor about the offenses or the post-conviction allegations. The State opted not
to appeal the trial court’s ruling in this respect.

Although the petitioner was not prevented from asserting a right against self-incrimination,
he argues on this appeal that he was harmed because the intermediate court drew a negative inference

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from his failure to testify as it considered each issue on appeal. It is not clear from the court’s
language, however, whether it did in fact draw such an inference or whether it was simply observing
that a court may choose to do so. (“[W]e conclude that an adverse inference could have been drawn
because of the petitioner’s refusal to answer questions of the State.”). In either case, this Court has
drawn no inference from the failure to testify, and it has not affected our conclusions that the
evidence supports the trial court’s findings and that the petitioner has not shown he is entitled to
relief. Accordingly, our review of whether a right against self-incrimination applies in post-
conviction cases under the facts and circumstances of this case would amount to an advisory opinion.
We therefore hold that the Court of Criminal Appeals erred in addressing this issue, but that the error
has not affected the result.

X. Trial Court’s Findings and Cumulative Error

The petitioner argues that the trial court’s findings were clearly erroneous and that the
cumulative effect of all the errors in the record amounted to reversible error. Our review of all of the
above issues necessarily reveals that these two contentions are without merit.

CONCLUSION

After reviewing the record and applicable authority, we conclude: (1) that the petitioner was
not denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel based on the failure to investigate and
challenge his confessions as false; (2) that the petitioner was not denied his right to the effective
assistance of counsel based on the failure to challenge the legality of his arrest; (3) that the petitioner
was not denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase of his capital
trial based on the failure to present additional mitigating evidence; (4) that the petitioner was not
denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase of his capital trial based
on the failure to object to misconduct by the prosecution; (5) that the petitioner was not denied his
right to the effective assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase of his capital trial based on the
failure to request mitigating instructions; (6) that the petitioner was not denied his right to the
effective assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase of his capital trial based on the failure to raise
issues regarding the constitutionality of capital punishment; (7) that the petitioner was not denied
his right to the effective assistance of counsel at the sentencing phase of his capital trial based on the
failure to object to the discovery of notes prepared by a defense psychologist on self-incrimination
grounds; (8) that the Court of Criminal Appeals did not err in refusing to remand the case for
additional DNA testing; (9) that the Court of Criminal Appeals erred by addressing the issue of
whether the petitioner had a right against self-incrimination in this post-conviction proceeding, but
the error had no effect on the outcome; and (10) that the trial court’s findings were not clearly
erroneous and cumulative error did not require the reversal of the petitioner’s convictions.

Accordingly, we affirm the Court of Criminal Appeals’ judgment. It appearing that the
petitioner is indigent, costs are taxed to the State of Tennessee.

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 ____________________________________
E. RILEY ANDERSON, JUSTICE

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