Ghassan TAHA, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
BASHA DIAGNOSTICS, P.C., and Adolfo Melicor, M.D., Defendants-Appellees.
Docket No. 266016.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted December 27, 2006, at Lansing. Decided February 6, 2007. Approved for Publication March 27, 2007, at 9:15 a.m. Released for Publication August 15, 2007.*845 Allan Falk, P.C. (by Allan Falk), Okemos, for the plaintiff.
Blake, Kirchner, Symonds, Larson, Kennedy & Smith, P.C. (by Meria E. Larson and Frank J. Lagrou), Detroit, for the defendants.
Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and JANSEN and COOPER, JJ.
JANSEN, J.
In this medical-malpractice action, plaintiff appeals by delayed leave granted the trial court's order granting defendants' motion to change venue from Wayne County to Oakland County pursuant to MCL 600.1629(1)(a). We reverse and remand for further proceedings. This appeal is being decided without oral argument. MCR 7.214(E).
In general, we review for clear error a trial court's decision to grant a motion to change venue. Massey v. Mandell, 462 Mich. 375, 379, 614 N.W.2d 70 (2000). To the extent that the question involves statutory interpretation, our review is de novo. Colucci v. McMillin, 256 Mich.App. 88, 93-94, 662 N.W.2d 87 (2003). The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature's intent. Id. at 94, 662 N.W.2d 87. A court must first examine the specific language of the statute, giving effect to its ordinary and generally accepted meaning. Karpinski v. St. John Hosp-Macomb Ctr. Corp., 238 Mich.App. 539, 543, 606 N.W.2d 45 (1999). If the statute is unambiguous on its face, a court must apply it as written. Colucci, supra at 94, 662 N.W.2d 87; Karpinski, supra at 543, 606 N.W.2d 45.
For purposes of this case, MCL 600.1629(1)(a) provides that venue in tort and other legal actions seeking damages for personal injury, property damage, or wrongful death is proper in "[t]he county in which the original injury occurred" and in which "[t]he defendant resides, has a place of business, or conducts business[.]" MCL 600.1629(1)(a)(i). Thus, the venue statute specifically requires a determination of the place where "the original injury" occurred. However, the phrase "original injury" is not defined in the statute. Karpinski, supra at 543, 606 N.W.2d 45. In the tort context, the word "injury" is generally understood to mean "`[a]ny wrong or damage done to another, either in his person, rights, reputation, or property.'" Id., quoting Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.), p. 785. The modifying word "original" means "`belonging or pertaining to the origin or beginning of something,'" or "`first in order.'" Karpinski, supra at 544, 606 N.W.2d 45 (citations omitted). Accordingly, to determine venue in tort actions, it is necessary to identify the actual place of occurrence of the damage or injury that gives rise to the plaintiff's cause of action.
*846 In Karpinski, supra, the decedent was allegedly misdiagnosed at a hospital in Macomb County, then died of a ruptured aneurysm while being transported to a hospital in Wayne County. The plaintiff sued the Macomb County hospital for medical malpractice in the Wayne Circuit Court, alleging that hospital staff had failed to timely diagnose and treat the decedent's condition. Id. at 540-541, 606 N.W.2d 45. The defendants filed a motion to transfer venue to Macomb County, which the trial court denied. Id. at 541, 606 N.W.2d 45. However, this Court reversed, concluding that the "original injury" had occurred in Macomb County, where the medical malpractice occurred, rather than in Wayne County, where the decedent's death occurred. Id. at 544-546, 606 N.W.2d 45. As the Karpinski Court explained, the "Legislature clearly did not intend to allow venue to be established in any county where the plaintiff continues to suffer from an injury." Id. at 546, 606 N.W.2d 45.
Partially relying on Karpinski, defendants suggest that venue is proper in Oakland County because the original injury was the misreading of the x-ray and because plaintiff merely "continue[d] to suffer an injury" in Wayne County. We disagree.
Plaintiff alleged in his complaint that he fell and injured his left wrist. Dr. Sinan treated plaintiff for his wrist injury in Wayne County. An x-ray was taken in Wayne County, but was sent to be read by defendants in Oakland County. Defendants allegedly misread the x-ray, and communicated their findings to Dr. Sinan. Dr. Sinan remained at all relevant times in Wayne County, where he then began to treat plaintiff in reliance on defendants' alleged failure to properly read the x-ray.
The case at bar is a medical-malpractice action. In the medical-malpractice context, it is clear that the plaintiff's injury is not merely the defendant's alleged failure to meet the recognized standard of care. Instead, the plaintiff's injury is the corporeal harm that results from the defendant's alleged failure to meet the recognized standard of care. For instance, MCL 600.2912a(1)(a) distinguishes the defendant's alleged failure to comply with the applicable standard of care from the plaintiff's actual injury by requiring the plaintiff to prove that "as a proximate result of the defendant failing to provide [the applicable standard of care], the plaintiff suffered an injury." The notice-of-intent rule likewise distinguishes the defendant's alleged failure to comply with the standard of care from the plaintiff's actual injury by requiring the plaintiff to specify "[t]he manner in which it is alleged the breach of the standard of practice or care was the proximate cause of the injury claimed in the notice." MCL 600.2912b(4)(e). Thus, the damage for which a medical-malpractice plaintiff seeks recovery is not the alleged breach of the standard of care itself, but is rather the injury resulting from the defendant's alleged malpractice.
The damage about which plaintiff complains in the case at bar is not the alleged misreading of the x-ray itself, but is the corporeal injury that plaintiff sustained as a result of defendants' alleged negligence. Contrary to defendants' contention, the mere misreading of the x-ray itself resulted in no actual corporeal harm, and therefore did not constitute an "injury" for medical-malpractice purposes. Similarly, the x-ray misreading, without more, did not become an "injury" within the meaning of MCL 600.1629 until it resulted in an actual injury to the plaintiff. Only when the alleged breach of the standard of practice resulted in actual harmat Dr. Sinan's office in Wayne Countydid plaintiff suffer an "original injury" for the purpose of establishing venue.
*847 In sum, the location of plaintiff's treatment by Dr. Sinan following defendants' services was determinative of venue in this case. Not until Dr. Sinan designed a treatment plan or course of therapy for plaintiff in reliance on the x-ray interpretation did defendants' alleged breach of the standard of care actually result in an "injury" to plaintiff. The trial court incorrectly ruled that the physical location of defendants' x-ray interpretation was determinative of venue.[1]
The "original injury" for purposes of MCL 600.1629(1)(a) was the physical harm to plaintiff that occurred as a result of defendants' alleged misinterpretation of the x-ray. This harm did not occur until plaintiff received treatment from Dr. Sinan, who relied on defendants' alleged error. Venue was proper in Wayne County, where plaintiff suffered an "original injury" that resulted from defendants' allegedly negligent services. We remand for reinstatement of this action in the Wayne Circuit Court.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings. We do not retain jurisdiction.
STEPHEN L. BORRELLO, JESSICA R. COOPER, JJ., concur.
NOTES
[1] We wish to make clear that plaintiff's initial wrist injury, which allegedly occurred when plaintiff fell in Wayne County, is not determinative of venue in this case. The initial wrist injury itself did not give rise to this medical-malpractice action against defendants. Indeed, the place, time, and manner of the initial wrist injury is wholly irrelevant to determining venue in this action based on defendants' alleged failure to comply with the standard of care. It is evident that for the purposes of medical malpractice, the "original injury" is the claimed act of malpractice itself, and is not the particular ailment that brought the plaintiff into the doctor's care in the first instance.