IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_______________________________________
No. 98-60241
_______________________________________
ALGERINE ALLEN SMITH, Estate of
Deceased; JAMES ALLEN SMITH, EXECUTOR,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
Respondent-Appellee.
_______________________________________
No. 98-60313
_______________________________________
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
ALGERINE ALLEN SMITH, Estate of
Deceased; JAMES ALLEN SMITH, EXECUTOR,
Respondent-Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Appeals from the United States Tax Court
_________________________________________________________________
December 15, 1999
Before WIENER, DeMOSS and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
WIENER, Circuit Judge:
In this complex federal tax case, involving both estate and
income tax issues, Petitioner-Appellant Estate of Algerine Allen
Smith (the “Estate”) appeals an adverse decision of the Tax Court.
At the time of her death, Algerine Allen Smith (the “Decedent”) was
one of many defendants in a lawsuit brought by Exxon Corporation
that arose out of royalty provisions in numerous oil and gas
leases. Exxon had overpaid royalty owners, including the Decedent,
and was suing to recoup the overpayments.
Four questions are presented in this appeal: (1) As of what
date is a claim against the Decedent that is deductible from gross
estate under § 2053(a)(3)1 to be valued? (2) How and to what
extent, if any, does an estate’s inchoate right to an income tax
deduction (or refund) under § 1341(a) —— a right that ripens only
when and if an estate makes a payment on a claim deducted under §
2053(a)(3) —— affect the § 2053(a)(3) estate tax deduction allowed
to the estate for such claim? (3) Assuming that, in computing its
estate taxes, an estate is entitled to and does take a deduction
for a claim in an amount that ultimately proves to be greater than
the sum it eventually pays to the claimant whose claim has
generated the § 2053(a)(3) deduction, will the estate incur
discharge-of-indebtedness income under § 61(a)(12)? And, (4) In
this case, did the Tax Court abuse its discretion when it denied
the Estate’s motion to amend its petition after the case had
already been submitted for decision on stipulated facts?
In answer to the first two questions, we hold that the claim
generating the estate tax deduction under § 2053(a)(3) —— as well
as the § 1341(a) income tax relief that will necessarily attend any
payment by an estate on that claim —— must be valued as of the date
1
All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code of
1986 as amended, Title 26 of the United States Code.
2
of the death of the decedent and thus must appraised on information
known or available up to (but not after) that date. We therefore
vacate and remand with instructions to the Tax Court that it admit
and consider evidence of pre-death facts and occurrences that are
relevant to the date-of-death value of Exxon’s claim, without
admitting or considering post-death facts and occurrences such as
the Estate’s settlement with Exxon, which occurred some fifteen
months after Decedent’s death. As for the third question, we
reject the assertion of Respondent-Appellee the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue (the “Commissioner”) that if the amount the Estate
is allowed to deduct under § 2053(a)(3) exceeds the amount it
ultimately pays to Exxon, the difference will constitute discharge-
of-indebtedness income to the Estate in the year of the payment.
Finally, we hold that the Tax Court did not abuse its discretion
when it refused to consider the Estate’s late-filed motion to amend
its petition.
I
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
In 1970, Decedent and two aunts leased tracts of land located
in Wood County, Texas, to Exxon’s predecessor, Humble Oil &
Refining Company (“Humble Oil”). The lessors were to receive
royalty payments calculated as a fraction of the price received by
the lessee for any oil and gas produced from the leased tracts.
The lease agreements provided that if the price of the minerals
produced under the lease were ever regulated by the government,
royalties would be adjusted accordingly. When Decedent’s aunts
3
died, she succeeded to their interests.
The tracts that Decedent and her aunts leased to Humble Oil,
together with a number of other tracts in Wood County, were
collectively designated as the Hawkins Field Unit (“HFU”). After
Decedent and her aunts had entered into the lease agreements, Exxon
acquired Humble Oil. In 1975, approximately 2,200 HFU royalty
owners and 300 working interest owners entered into a unitization
agreement with Exxon. Under this agreement, all HFU tracts were
aggregated into a functional whole and Exxon was designated as the
sole operator of the unit.2 In addition to being unit operator,
Exxon was the largest single royalty owner in the HFU.
During the early years of the HFU’s operation, the federal
government regulated the price of domestic crude oil. In 1978, the
Department of Energy (“DOE”) filed suit against Exxon (the “DOE
Litigation”) in the United States District Court for the District
of Columbia (the “D.C.D.C.”), claiming that Exxon had misclassified
the oil produced from the HFU and thus had overcharged its
customers, in contravention of the federal price regulations.
Exxon continued to pay the HFU interest owners royalties based on
the price that the DOE had challenged as excessive, but in 1980
Exxon began withholding a portion of royalties to offset its
potential future liability from the DOE Litigation.
That same year, a group of the royalty owners sued Exxon (the
“Jarvis Christian Litigation”) in federal district court in Texas,
2
For a detailed account of the history of the HFU and federal
regulation of oil prices during this period, see United States v.
Exxon Corp., 773 F.2d 1240, 1250-53 (Temp. Emer. Ct. App. 1985).
4
asserting that Exxon was required to pay them the full amount of
their royalties. Early in 1981, Decedent intervened as a plaintiff
in the Jarvis Christian Litigation.
Three years later, in the DOE Litigation, the D.C.D.C. held
that Exxon had violated the federal price-control regulations.3
The court determined that Exxon was liable, in restitution, for
over $895 million.4 In February of 1986 —— following affirmance of
the D.C.D.C.’s judgment and shortly after the Supreme Court denied
certiorari —— Exxon paid the judgment, which, including both pre-
and post-judgment interest, totaled approximately $2.1 billion.
In 1988, Exxon sued the HFU royalty owners, seeking to recoup
a portion of the $2.1 billion judgment. In its complaint, Exxon
alleged that it was entitled to contribution from the royalty
owners under alternative legal theories, including federal common
law, federal statutory law,5 and several state common law causes of
action. In that suit, which was consolidated with the Jarvis
Christian Litigation, the royalty owners vigorously defended
against Exxon’s claim. They argued that Exxon’s complaint failed
to state a cause of action under either federal common law or
3
See United States v. Exxon Corp., 561 F. Supp. 816 (D.D.C.
1983).
4
The judgment was in favor of the United States Treasury. The
Treasury, under guidelines established by Congress, ultimately
distributed the judgment to several States and Territories. See
United States v. Exxon Corp., 773 F.2d 1240, 1246 (Temp. Emer. Ct.
App. 1985).
5
Exxon alleged that it had a cause of action under both 12
U.S.C. §1904 (The Economic Stabilization Act of 1970) and 15 U.S.C.
§754(a)(1) (The Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act of 1973).
5
federal statutory law; and, alternatively, that if Exxon had stated
a claim, the royalty owners were not liable to Exxon because (1)
Exxon was equitably estopped —— by the wrongful nature of its own
conduct —— from recovering in restitution, and (2) Exxon had not
actually suffered a loss despite having paid the judgment.
In August 1989, fifteen months before Decedent’s death, the
district court that was adjudicating the Jarvis Christian
Litigation ruled that Exxon had “an implied cause of action
[against the HFU royalty owners, including the Decedent] under
federal common law for reimbursement.”6
In January 1990, the royalty owners, including Decedent, moved
for summary judgment. The main thrust of the motion was that Exxon
had reaped profits far exceeding the judgment that it had paid in
the DOE litigation, both as the largest royalty owner in the HFU
and as unit operator. According to the royalty owners’ motion, the
established tenets of the law of restitution prevent Exxon from
recouping a sum exceeding the losses that it had suffered; and,
contended the royalty owners, as Exxon had suffered no losses, its
potential recovery was nil.
Decedent died on November 16, 1990. At the time of her death,
the royalty owners’ Motion for Summary Judgment was still pending.
Exxon subsequently filed its own motion for summary judgment, and
in February 1991 —— after Decedent’s death but before the filing of
her estate tax return (Form 706) —— the district court granted
6
Exxon Corp. v. Jarvis Christian College, 746 F. Supp. 652,
655 (E.D. Tex. 1989).
6
summary judgment in favor of Exxon. The court held that (1) the
royalty owners were liable to Exxon; (2) Exxon’s damages would
equal the difference between the regulated price of oil and the
higher price Exxon had charged its customers; and (3) Exxon could
recover interest on its damages for the period beginning on the
date that Exxon had paid the judgment in the DOE litigation
(February 27, 1986) and ending on the date that the interest owners
paid Exxon. The court expressly did not allow Exxon to collect
interest accruing before it paid the judgment in the DOE
litigation, reasoning that to do so would be “unjust and
inequitable” because Exxon could have avoided this portion of the
judgment by paying the DOE earlier. The court then referred the
calculation of damages to a special master. Exxon claimed that it
was owed a total of $2.48 million by the Estate.7
Decedent’s Form 706 was filed in July, 1991, approximately
eight months after her death and five months after the summary
judgment favorable to Exxon but while the Special Master was
calculating the quantum of Exxon’s claims. Pursuant to §
2053(a)(3), Decedent’s Form 706 included a $2.48 million deduction
for Exxon’s claim against the Estate. In March 1992, fifteen
months after Decedent’s death and nine months after the filing of
her Form 706, the Estate paid Exxon $681,840 to settle the case, a
sum equal to 27.5 percent of the § 2053(a)(3) deduction claimed by
the Estate.
The Commissioner determined that, as Exxon’s claim was
7
The exact figure is $2,482,719.
7
disputed on the date of Decedent’s death, the Estate was entitled
to deduct only the amount paid in settlement ($681,840), even
though that was not done until fifteen months after Decedent’s
death. Accordingly, the Commissioner issued a notice of deficiency
for $663,785 in estate taxes, based in part on the reduced
deduction.
Subsequently, the Commissioner issued a second notice of
deficiency, asserting in the alternative an income tax deficiency
for 1992, the year of the settlement payment. The Commissioner
reasoned that if the Estate were allowed an estate tax deduction
for the full $2.48 million, despite paying only $681,840 to Exxon,
it would have realized income from the discharge of indebtedness.
The discharge-of-indebtedness income was calculated to be
$1,800,879, the difference between the claimed estate tax deduction
(approximately $2.48 million) and the post-death settlement
($681,840).
The Estate filed two petitions for redetermination in the Tax
Court, contesting the Commissioner’s notices of deficiencies. The
Tax Court consolidated the two petitions, and the parties submitted
the case on stipulated facts.
After the parties had supplemented their stipulation of facts
and submitted the case to the Tax Court for decision, the Estate
filed a motion seeking leave to amend one of its petitions. The
Commissioner contested the Estate’s late-filed motion to amend.
Siding with the Commissioner, the Tax Court denied the Estate’s
motion.
8
On the merits, the Tax Court ultimately held that because (1)
Exxon’s claim was neither certain nor enforceable as of the
decedent’s death, the estate was entitled to deduct only the post-
death settlement payment of $681,840; and (2) the income tax
benefit the estate derived under § 1341(a) for paying Exxon
$681,840 in settlement constituted property of the Estate, as of
Decedent’s death. As the court ruled that the Estate’s deduction
was limited to the value of the settlement, i.e., $681,840, rather
than $2.48 million, the Commissioner’s protective assessment of
discharge-of-indebtedness income was moot, so the Tax Court did not
address that issue. The estate timely filed this appeal.
II
ANALYSIS
A. Jurisdiction & Standard of Review
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7482 to hear
appeals from the Tax Court. We review the Tax Court’s findings of
fact for clear error; questions of law are reviewed de novo.8
Construction of the Internal Revenue Code is a question of law.9
B. Deduction for Claims Against the Estate
A tax is imposed on the transfer of the “taxable estate” of
every decedent who is a citizen or resident of the United States.10
8
See § 7482(a) (courts of appeals review Tax Court decisions
“in the same manner and to the same extent as decisions of the
district courts . . . .”); Street v. Commissioner, 152 F.3d 482,
484 (5th Cir 1998).
9
See Grigg v. Commissioner, 979 F.2d 383, 384 (5th Cir. 1992).
10
See § 2001(a).
9
The “taxable estate” is the “gross estate”11 less those deductions
allowable under §§ 2051 through 2056.12 The first issue in this
case is whether post-death facts and occurrences can be considered
in valuing the deduction authorized by § 2053(a)(3) for “claims
against the estate . . . as are allowable by the laws of the
jurisdiction . . . under which the estate is being administered.”
The Tax Court held, and the Commissioner urges on appeal, that
the Estate’s deduction is limited to the $681,840 that the Estate
ultimately paid, fifteen months after death, to settle Exxon’s
claim. This conclusion is grounded on the facts that liability and
quantum of the claim were still being litigated at Decedent’s
death, and the compromise which determined liability and quantum
had not yet been achieved. The Estate counters that post-death
events are irrelevant, contending that, because Exxon’s claims
constituted “enforceable contractual rights” existing as of
Decedent’s death, the full $2.48 million of Exxon’s claim is
deductible. The Tax Court did not hold, and the Commissioner has
never argued, that the Estate is not entitled to any deduction at
all; only that the amount is not that being asserted by Exxon at
Decedent’s death but rather the amount paid in settlement fifteen
months later. Thus the question presented is not whether a
deduction is available, but rather what is the correct amount of
11
The gross estate consists of “all property, real or personal,
tangible or intangible, wherever situated,” and the Code explicitly
directs that the gross estate is to be “value[d] at the time of
[the taxpayer’s] death.” Id. § 2031.
12
See § 2051.
10
the deduction.
Although we are persuaded that, on these facts, the
Commissioner is not permitted to consider —— much less rely
exclusively on —— the amount of the post-death settlement of the
Exxon claim when valuing Decedent’s allowable estate tax deduction,
we are also persuaded that the estate is not entitled to deduct the
full amount that was being claimed by Exxon at Decedent’s death.
Rather, for the reasons that follow, we conclude that the correct
analysis requires appraising the value of Exxon’s claim based on
the facts as they existed as of death.
Section 2053(a)(3) is silent regarding the “as of” date for
valuing claims against an estate. The Commissioner cites Treasury
Regulation (“Reg.”) § 20.2053-1(b)(3), which allows a deduction for
a claim “though its exact amount is not then known, provided it is
ascertainable with reasonable certainty, and will be paid.” The
Commissioner urges that because the “reasonable certainty” and
“will be paid” requirements were not met as of the date of death,
post-death events can and should be considered in establishing the
value of the claim. The Estate, on the other hand, emphasizes that
Reg. § 20.2053-4 allows a deduction for those “personal obligations
of the decedent existing at the time of his death.”13 According to
the Estate, this temporal reference establishes the precise date as
of which claims are to be valued. Thus, insists the Estate,
because the district court had held that Exxon had a cause of
action, and because Exxon was asserting a debt of $2.48 million as
13
Id. § 20.2053-4 (emphasis added).
11
of Decedent’s death, this is the proper amount of the deduction.
The most that can be discerned from these Regulations is that
the situation we now face is not expressly contemplated, and that
there is, arguably, language that supports the opposite contentions
of the parties. Finding no definitive answer in the statute or
regulations, we turn to the case law.
Ithaca Trust Co. v. United States is the Supreme Court’s
clearest statement of the general rule that “[t]he estate so far as
may be is settled as of the date of the testator’s death.”14 Ithaca
Trust involved the value of a charitable remainder subject to a
life estate. The question before the Court was whether the
charitable remainder became more valuable (as a deduction from the
gross estate) because the life tenant, who survived the testator,
died before reaching her actuarial life expectancy. The Court, per
Justice Holmes, held that the estate tax is a levy on the transfer
of property, a discrete act, and that
the value of the thing to be taxed must be estimated as
of the time when the act is done. But the value of
property at a given time depends upon the relative
intensity of the social desire for it at that time,
expressed in the money that it would bring in the market.
Like all values, as the word is used by the law, it
depends largely on more or less certain prophecies of the
future; and the value is no less real at that time if
later the prophecy turns out false than when it comes out
true. Tempting as it is to correct uncertain
probabilities by the now certain fact, we are of opinion
that it cannot be done, but that the value of the wife's
life interest must be estimated by the mortality tables.
Our opinion is not changed by the necessary exceptions to
14
279 U.S. 151, 155 (1929).
12
the general rule specifically made by the Act.15
As many courts have noted, decisions following Ithaca Trust Co. are
irreconcilable.16 In the context of the §2053(a)(3) “claims against
the estate” deduction, some courts have strictly adhered to the
Supreme Court’s directive to value deductions based on the “more or
less certain prophecies of the future”17 existing on the date of
death;18 others have not.19
Propstra v. United States from the Ninth Circuit is a leading
case that strictly applies the date-of-death valuation principle to
a claim against the estate.20 As of his death, the decedent in
15
Ithaca Trust Co., 279 U.S. at 155 (citations
omitted)(emphasis added).
16
See, e.g., Estate of Kyle v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 829, 849
(1990) (“all of the cases in this field dealing with post-death
evidence are not easily reconciled with one another, and at times
it is like picking one’s way through a minefield in seeking to find
a completely consistent course of decision.” (quoting Estate of Van
Horne v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 736-37 (1982), aff’d 720 F.2d 1114
(9th Cir. 1983)).
17
Ithaca Trust Co., 279 U.S. at 155.
18
In the following cases interpreting § 2053(a)(3) or its
predecessors, the courts refused to consider post-death events:
Estate of Van Horne, 720 F.2d 1114 (9th Cir. 1983); Propstra v.
United States, 680 F.2d 1248 (9th Cir. 1982); Green v. United
States, 447 F. Supp. 885 (N.D. Ill. 1978); Estate of Lester v.
Commissioner, 57 T.C. 503 (1972); Russell v. United States, 260 F.
Supp. 493 (1966); Winer v. United States, 153 F. Supp. 941 (1957).
19
In the following cases the courts did consider post-death
events: Estate of Sachs v. Commissioner, 856 F.2d 1158 (1988);
Jacobs v. Commissioner, 34 F.2d 233 (1929); Estate of Kyle v.
Commissioner, 94 T.C. 829 (1990); Estate of Hagmann v.
Commissioner, 60 T.C. 465 (1973), aff’d per curium, 492 F.2d 796
(5th Cir. 1974); Estate of Cafro v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1989-
348, 1989 WL 79310; Estate of Quintard v. Commissioner, 62 T.C. 317
(1974).
20
680 F.2d 1248 (9th Cir. 1982).
13
Propstra owned property encumbered with liens exceeding $400,000.
More than two years later, his estate paid the lien holder
approximately $135,000 in full satisfaction of its claims. The
Commissioner argued, as he does here, that the estate was permitted
to deduct only the amount actually paid. The court disagreed: “We
rule that, as a matter of law, when claims are for sums certain and
are legally enforceable as of the date of death, post-death events
are not relevant in computing the permissible deduction.”21
The Propstra court cited three reasons for its conclusion.
First, it found significant a change in the wording of the relevant
Code section when Congress enacted the Internal Revenue Code of
1954. Prior to 1954, the predecessor to § 2053(a) had authorized
deduction for claims “as are allowed by the laws of the
jurisdiction . . . under which the estate is being administered.”22
Courts were divided regarding whether the use of “allowed” meant
that the estate actually had to pay the claim for it to be
deductible.23 In the 1954 re-enactment of the Code, “allowed” was
replaced with “allowable.” The Propstra court found this change
indicative of Congress’s preference for the line of cases that
measured a claim’s viability and value as of the date of death
21
Propstra, 680 F.2d at 1254. We acknowledge that the Propstra
court drew a distinction between “disputed or contingent” claims on
one hand, and “certain and enforceable” claims on the other. Id.
at 1253. It stated, in dicta, that post-death events are relevant
in computing the allowable deduction in the case of “disputed or
contingent” claims, but the court gave no indication of the meaning
that it assigned to these imprecise terms.
22
Id. (emphasis in original; citing § 812(b)(3) (1939)).
23
Id. at 1254-55.
14
without imposing the additional element of actual post-mortem
payment by the estate.24
Second, the Propstra court reasoned that its holding was
supported by Treasury Regulation § 20.2053-4, which allows an
estate to deduct “personal obligations of the decedent existing at
the time of [the decedent’s] death.”25 Finally, the court reasoned
that its holding comported with the teaching of Ithaca Trust.
The Ninth Circuit again applied the date-of-death valuation
principal to a claim against an estate in Estate of Van Horne v.
Commissioner.26 The decedent in Van Horne was obligated, pursuant
to a valid judgment, to make support payments to her ex-husband for
the duration of his life, notwithstanding either his remarriage or
her death. The judgment provided that if the decedent predeceased
her ex-husband, the support obligation would be payable by her
estate. She predeceased him, and shortly after her death —— but
far short of his actuarial life expectancy —— her ex-husband died.
Consequently, the estate’s ultimate liability on the claim was only
a small fraction of the actuarial prediction as of her death.
Consistent with Ithaca Trust and Propstra, the Van Horne court held
that “legally enforceable claims valued by reference to an
actuarial table meet the test of certainty for estate tax purposes.
Because decedent’s spousal support obligation meets that test, it
24
Id. at 1254-55. See also Winer v. United States, 153 F. Supp.
941, 943 (S.D.N.Y. 1957).
25
Emphasis added.
26
720 F.2d 1114, 1117 (9th Cir. 1983).
15
is subject to the Propstra rule.”27
In sharp contrast to the holdings of the Ninth Circuit in both
Propstra and Van Horne, the Eighth Circuit squarely held in Estate
of Sachs v. Commissioner that “[i]n this Circuit . . . the date-of-
death principle of valuation does not apply to claims against the
estate deducted under §2053(a)(3).”28 Because of events that
occurred before Sachs’s death, his estate owed federal income tax.
The estate paid the income tax, and deducted the amount paid as a
claim against the estate under § 2053(a)(3). Congress subsequently
amended the Internal Revenue Code; the amendment applied
retroactively, resulting in forgiveness of the income tax liability
that the estate had paid; and the estate received a full refund.
The Commissioner argued that the § 2053(a)(3) estate tax deduction
should be disallowed, but the Tax Court disagreed. It held
instead that the estate was permitted to deduct the subsequently-
refunded tax liability because it existed at the decedent’s death,
and the post-death statutory amendment effecting a retroactive
repeal could not be considered.29
The Eighth Circuit reversed, holding that “an estate loses its
27
720 F.2d 1114, 1117 (9th Cir. 1983).
28
856 F.2d 1158, 1160 (8th Cir. 1988). Accord Commissioner v.
Shively, 276 F.2d 372 (2d Cir. 1959) (“We hold that where, prior to
the date on which the estate tax return is filed, the total amount
of a claim against the estate is clearly established under state
law, the estate may obtain under Section 812(b)(3) [predecessor to
§ 2053(a)(3)] no greater deduction than the established sum,
irrespective of whether this amount is established through events
occurring before or after the decedent’s death.”)(emphasis added).
29
See 88 T.C. 769, 779-783 (1987), rev’d 856 F.2d 1158 (8th
Cir. 1988).
16
§ 2053(a)(3) deduction for any claim against the estate which
ceases to exist legally.”30 The court acknowledged that its holding
was inconsistent with Propstra and Van Horne, but held that it was
bound by its prior holding in Jacobs v. Commissioner31 —— a case
decided a mere five months after Ithaca Trust.
The Sachs court first distinguished the valuation of a
charitable bequest —— the deduction at issue in Ithaca Trust ——
from the valuation of claims against the estate deductible under §
2053(a)(3). The Sachs court reasoned that the value of charitable
bequests, unlike claims against the estate, “must be determined as
of the date of [death] because any other method would permit
estates a one-sided advantage.”32 It then found that Ithaca Trust’s
reliance on YMCA v. Davis,33 another case involving a charitable
bequest, indicated that the holding in Ithaca Trust was supported
by concerns specific to that context, concerns not implicated by
the § 2053(a)(3) deduction for claims against the estate.34 The
30
856 F.2d 1158, 1161.
31
34 F.2d 233 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 280 U.S. 603 (1929).
32
Id. at 1161. The court was correct on this point because if
date-of-death valuation were not the rule for charitable bequests,
exceptions to the use of the actuarial tables would always benefit
the taxpayer: Only when the life tenant dies prior to filing the
estate tax return (and thus before the life tenant’s actuarial life
expectancy) would an exception be made. Such exceptions, if they
were permitted, would always result in a greater value being
assigned to the charitable remainder and, correspondingly, a
greater estate tax deduction.
33
264 U.S. 47 (1924).
34
856 F.2d at 1161-62. We note that, in support of the
proposition that “[t]he tax is on the act of the testator not the
receipt of property by the legatees,” Ithaca Trust, 279 U.S. at
17
court in Estate of Sachs concluded that “none of the considerations
which dictate date-of-death valuation of charitable bequests
applies to claims against the estate.”35
We are persuaded that the Ninth Circuit’s decisions in
Propstra and Estate of Van Horne correctly apply the Ithaca Trust
date-of-death valuation principle to enforceable claims against the
estate. As we interpret Ithaca Trust, when the Supreme Court
announced the date-of-death valuation principle, it was making a
judgment about the nature of the federal estate tax ——
specifically, that it is a tax imposed on the act of transferring
property by will or intestacy and, because the act on which the tax
is levied occurs at a discrete time, i.e., the instant of death,
the net value of the property transferred should be ascertained, as
nearly as possible, as of that time. This analysis supports broad
application of the date-of-death valuation rule. We think that the
Eighth Circuit’s narrow reading of Ithaca Trust, a reading that
limits its application to charitable bequests, is unwarranted.
That there are, as the Ithaca Trust Court recognized,
statutory exceptions to this rule36 does not command or even permit
further judge-made exceptions. To the contrary, it suggests that
when Congress wants to derogate from the date-of-death valuation
155, the Court cited three cases in addition to YMCA v. Davis, 264
U.S. 47 (1924), none of which involved charitable bequests.
35
856 F.2d at 1162.
36
Current exceptions to date-of-death valuation include §§
2053(a)(1) (funeral expenses), 2053(a)(2) (estate administration
expenses), and 2054 (casualty losses).
18
principle it knows how to do so. We note in passing that since
Ithaca Trust, Congress has thrice reenacted the entire Internal
Revenue Code and has made countless other modifications to the
statute, but has never seen fit to overrule Ithaca Trust
legislatively.37 We decline the Commissioner’s invitation to
rewrite the law ourselves.38
Other courts (including the Tax Court in this case) that have
delved into this confused jurisprudence have perceived a
distinction between (1) cases concerning the valuation of claims
that are certain and enforceable as of death, and (2) cases
concerning disputed or contingent claims, the enforceability of
which is unknown as of death.39 Claims falling into the first
category are —— according to the courts that have accepted this
distinction —— deductible at their date-of-death value. Claims
falling into the second category, by contrast, are deductible in
the amount of their ultimate resolution. In the instant case, the
Tax Court classified Exxon’s claim as one of uncertain validity and
enforceability on the date of death and, accordingly, relied on
post-death facts, specifically, the settlement.
Although this dichotomy, which distinguishes between
37
See, e.g., Orr v. United States, 343 F.2d 553, 557 (5th Cir.
1965) (“In 1954 Congress reenacted the [Internal Revenue Code]
using the same language. The prior construction is of some value
in determining the meaning of the new statute.”).
38
See Leggett v. United States, 120 F.3d 592, 598 (5th Cir.
1997).
39
See Estate of Smith v. Commissioner, 108 T.C. 412, 419-20
(1997); Estate of Kyle v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 829, 849 (1990).
19
enforceability on the one hand and valuation on the other, has
superficial appeal, closer examination reveals that it is not a
sound basis for distinguishing claims in this context. There is
only a semantic difference between a claim that may prove to be
invalid and a valid claim that may prove to have a value of zero.
For example, if given the choice between being the obligor of (1)
a claim known to be worth $1 million with a 50 percent chance of
being adjudged unenforceable, or (2) a claim known to be
enforceable with a value equally likely to be $1 million or zero,
a rational person would discern no difference in choosing between
the claims, as both have an expected value $500,000.40
Nevertheless, it could be argued that in some cases, the date-of-
death claim against the estate is so specious that its value should
be ignored because for practical purposes it is worthless. This is
not such a case.
Here, the district court adjudicating the Jarvis Christian
litigation had held, prior to Decedent’s death, that Exxon had a
cause of action against the royalty owners. Thus, the Estate was
not claiming a deduction for a potential claim without an existing
claimant —— or, conversely, an identifiable claimant without a
cognizable claim.41 The actual value of Exxon’s claim prior to
40
Cf. Covey v. Commercial Nat. Bank of Peoria, 960 F.2d 657,
660 (7th Cir. 1992) (“Discounting a contingent liability by the
probability of its occurrence is good economics and therefore good
law . . .”).
41
Our prior decision in Estate of Hagmaann v. Commissioner, 60
R.C. 465 (1973), aff’d per curiam, 492 F.2d 796 (5th Cir. 1974),
can be distinguished on this basis.
20
either settlement or entry of a judgment is inherently imprecise,
yet “even a disputed claim may have a value, to which lawyers who
settle cases every day may well testify, fully as measurable as the
possible future amounts that may eventually accrue on an
uncontested claim.”42
In fact, when addressing situations that are the obverse of
the one in the instant case, i.e., when the decedent-estate
taxpayer is a plaintiff rather than a defendant in a pending
lawsuit, the Commissioner has considered himself capable of
determining the value of a pending lawsuit in exact dollars and
cents, even when the claim has not been reduced to judgment.43
Furthermore, courts have consistently held that “inexactitude is
often a byproduct in estimating claims or assets without an
established market and provides no excuse for failing to value the
claims . . . in the light of the vicissitudes attending their
recovery.”44
In light of the foregoing analysis, we hold that the Tax Court
erred reversibly when it determined that the amount that the Estate
ultimately paid Exxon ($681,840) in a settlement achieved fifteen
months after Decedent’s death set the value of the Estate’s §
2053(a)(3) deduction. On remand, the Tax Court is instructed
neither to admit nor consider evidence of post-death occurrences
42
Gowetz v. Commissioner, 320 F.2d 874, 876 (1st Cir. 1976).
43
See Estate of Davis v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1993-155, 65
T.C.M. (CCH) 2365.
44
Estate of Curry v. Commissioner, 74 T.C. 540, 551
(1980)(emphasis added).
21
when determining the date-of-death value of Exxon’s claim. As the
Commissioner has recognized in the context of valuing closely-held
businesses,
[a] determination of fair market value, being a question
of fact, will depend upon the circumstances in each case.
No formula can be devised that will be generally
applicable to the multitude of different valuation issues
arising in estate and gift tax cases. . . . A sound
valuation will be based upon all the relevant facts, but
the elements of common sense, informed judgment and
reasonableness must enter into the process of weighing
those facts and determining their aggregate
significance.45
We find these words instructive to this case because, like a
closely-held business, every lawsuit is unique; thus it is
incumbent on each party to supply the Tax Court with relevant
evidence of pre-death facts and occurrences supporting the value of
the Exxon claim advocated by that party.
C. Post-Death Income Tax Relief as an Estate Asset
We turn next to the question whether the income tax relief
eventually afforded to the Estate for the sum paid in settlement to
Exxon should be (1) listed on the Form 706 as an asset of the
Estate, or (2) just one of any number of factors to be considered
in valuing Exxon’s claim for purposes of the § 2053(a)(3)
deduction. Section 1341 of the Code allows an income tax deduction
to a taxpayer who previously received taxable income under a claim
of right, but who must later repay some or all of that income. For
cash method taxpayers, the deduction is taken when computing the
45
Rev. Rul. 59-60, 1959-1 C.B. 237.
22
income tax liability for the year of the repayment.46 The parties
stipulated that, as a payer of income tax, the Estate “is entitled
to claim an additional income tax deduction for certain amounts
paid to Exxon in 1992 in settlement of the Exxon claim pursuant to
§§ 1341(a)(1) through (5).”
According to § 2031, “[t]he value of the gross estate
[includes] the value at the time of his death of all property, real
or personal, tangible or intangible, wherever situated.” Section
2033 provides further that “the gross estate shall include the
value of all property to the extent of the interest therein of the
decedent at the time of his death.”47 Neither the parties nor the
Tax Court has referred us to any case law addressing whether the
potential or inchoate right to future income tax relief under §
1341 is, pursuant to the I.R.C. and the Regs, an asset of the
estate —— and we have found none on our own.
The Estate contends that the date-of-death potentiality of §
1341 income tax relief is not an asset of Decedent’s gross estate.
It reasons that, as a cash method taxpayer, an estate is not
allowed a deduction under § 1341 unless and until it actually pays
a claim that exists at death. Here, the Exxon claim was involved
in hotly-contested litigation at the time Decedent died; there was
no guarantee that anything would ever be paid on the claim; and in
fact the repayment did not occur until fifteen months after her
46
See § 1341(a).
47
Regulations under § 2033 provide illustrative examples, none
of which are on point. See Reg. 20.2033-1(b).
23
death. The critical time for ascertaining both the existence and
value of assets includable in the gross estate is “at the time of
[the taxpayer’s] death.”48 The Estate thus concludes that the §
1341 income tax deduction, which was eventually allowed in 1992,
did not exist as of death and, accordingly, cannot be included
retroactively as an asset of her gross estate.
The Commissioner disagrees, insisting that the contingent
right to income tax relief is an asset of the Estate. For support,
he cites cases holding that the value of a viable but unasserted
income-tax-refund claim held by a decedent’s estate for tax years
predating death is a gross estate asset.49 The Commissioner does
not argue that the presence of a contingency —— i.e., the
possibility, extant on the date of Decedent’s death, that one of
her defenses to Exxon’s claim would succeed —— is irrelevant.50
Rather, according to the Commissioner, the contingent nature of the
§ 1341 benefit should affect its valuation but not its existence or
its characterization as an asset of the Estate.
The Commissioner acknowledges that, as cash method taxpayers,
48
See §§ 2031, 2033
49
See Bank of California v. Commissioner, 133 F.2d 428, 432-33
(9th Cir. 1943) (“We conclude that the Board [of Tax Appeals]
should have found the fair market value of decedent’s [income tax
refund] claim at the time of her death and should have included
that value in determining the value of her gross estate.”); Estate
of Chisholm v. Commissioner, 26 T.C. 253, 257 (1956) (The refund
claim resulting from an income tax overpayment “was valuable
property and a part of his estate at the time he died.”).
50
If Decedent or the Estate were successful in defending
against Exxon’s claim then there would be no repayment and,
therefore, no deduction under § 1341.
24
neither the Decedent nor the Estate would ever be entitled to
income tax relief unless Exxon were repaid, and then only in the
year of repayment. He contends, however, that there is no such
predicate for including the right to future income tax relief as an
asset when computing estate taxes.51 Finally, the Commissioner
urges that the Estate’s position on this issue is at odds with its
position regarding the propriety of deducting Exxon’s claim under
§ 2053(a)(3). In the Commissioner’s words, “the deduction for
Exxon’s claim and the offsetting tax relief obtained under § 1341
were interdependent tax consequences resulting from the settlement
of a single claim against the decedents estate.”
The Tax Court agreed with the Commissioner. It held that the
right to income tax relief under § 1341 had some value at the time
of Decedent’s death. That the right was subject to a contingency,
the court reasoned, may diminish its date-of-death value, but
should not prevent it from being included as an asset of Decedent’s
gross estate.
We agree with the Commissioner and the Tax Court that the
contingent right to future income tax relief under § 1341, based on
pre-death events, is a factor that must be taken into account in
connection with the Estate and that the contingent nature of the
benefit merely affects its date-of-death value. We disagree,
however, with the way that they would take the § 1341 benefit into
51
See, e.g., Bank of California v. Commissioner, 133 F.2d 428,
432 (9th Cir. 1943) (holding that a claim for an income tax refund
that had not been asserted at death was a property right to be
included in determining the value of the gross estate); United
States v. Simmons, 346 F.2d 213 (5th Cir. 1965).
25
account on the Form 706. If required to repay some amount to
Exxon, the Estate would be entitled automatically to a
corresponding income tax deduction (or refund) in the year of the
repayment.52 Once Exxon’s claim against the Estate was liquidated,
the value of the § 1341 income tax relief (if any) could be
computed to the penny.
We have already held today that Exxon’s claim can be valued
with sufficient certainty to entitle the Estate to a deduction
under § 2053(a)(3), and that the appropriate inquiry is to the
claim’s value as of the date of Decedent’s death. It would be
incongruous for us to hold on the one hand —— as we have —— that
the Estate can take a deduction for Exxon’s claim based on an
appraisal of its date-of-death value, while holding on the other
hand (as the Commissioner urges) that the inextricably intertwined
income tax benefit that will flow to the Estate only when and if it
pays this amount should be treated separately, as an asset, or ——
even worse —— totally ignored (as the Estate urges).
The Commissioner calls the benefit under § 1341 and the
deduction under § 2053 “interdependent,” and the Tax Court accepted
this characterization. On this much, we agree, but our agreement
leads inexorably to the conclusion that the value, for estate tax
purposes, of the contingent § 1341 deduction is not a separate,
free-standing asset of the Estate but is one among any number of
52
Section 1341 is inapplicable if it does not afford at least
a $3,000 deduction. See § 1341(a)(3). The only way the estate
would be unable to claim a § 1341 deduction would be if the
repayment did not surmount this de minimus threshold.
26
factors to be considered in appraising the date-of-death value
eventually assigned to Exxon’s claim for purposes of the deduction
allowed under § 2053(a)(3): Both the § 2053(a)(3) estate tax
deduction and the eventual § 1341 income tax benefit hinge on the
likelihood and quantum of the same event —— a judgment (or
compromise) in favor of Exxon.53 Of course, once the Tax Court
determines, on remand, the gross value of the Exxon claim for
purposes of § 2053(a)(3), calculation of the § 1341 income tax
benefit becomes a simple mathematical calculation, the result of
which will diminish the gross value of the Exxon claim, dollar for
dollar, to produce a net deduction from the Estate. That in
hindsight either figure might prove to have missed the mark,
whether widely or narrowly, is of no moment; after all, property of
an estate frequently sells for a price that is greater or less than
the appraised value used in the Form 706.
The willing buyer-willing seller standard of valuation
prescribed by Treasury Regulations promulgated under § 203154 is
“nearly as old as the federal income, estate, and gift taxes
53
The Tax Court did, in fact, use the same “estimate” of value
to compute both the estate tax deduction and the concomitant income
tax deduction cum gross estate asset —— the post-death settlement.
But, as we reject the value assigned to Exxon’s claim for purposes
of the § 2053(a)(3) deduction, so too must we reject the automatic
use of the settlement value as the basis for calculating the value
of the contingent § 1341 income tax relief. See §§ 2031, 2033
(gross estate assets are valued as of “the time of [the taxpayer’s]
death.”).
54
“The fair market value is the price at which the property
would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller,
neither being under any compulsion to buy or to sell and both
having reasonable knowledge of the relevant facts.” Reg. §
20.2031-1(b).
27
themselves.”55 We perceive no reason why this standard should
presume that the participants in the hypothetical transaction would
not account for the net tax effect —— including the § 1341 benefit
—— that would flow from a judgment against the hypothetical estate.
This view is consistent with the gift tax decision of the
Second Circuit in Eisenberg v. Commissioner,56 which held that when
valuing a gift of corporate stock, the potential future capital
gains tax liability that would result from a corporate liquidation
can be considered.57 In the instant case, the tax event that was
looming on the horizon at the date of death is the converse of the
one in Eisenberg: Rather than a potential future tax detriment, as
was the case in Eisenberg, here there was a potential future tax
benefit to the Estate, which would ripen in the event that it were
to repay to Exxon, in whole or in part. Nevertheless, the
reasoning of the Eisenberg court is equally applicable:
Fair market value is based on a hypothetical transaction
between an willing buyer and a willing seller, and in
applying this willing buyer-willing seller rule, “the
potential transaction is to be analyzed from the
viewpoint of a hypothetical buyer whose only goal is to
maximize his advantage. Courts may not permit the
positing of transactions which are unlikely and plainly
contrary to the economic interest of a hypothetical
buyer.”58
Treasury Regulations dictate, and countless authorities reaffirm,
55
United States v. Cartwright, 411 U.S. 546, 551 (1973).
56
155 F.3d 50 (1998).
57
See id.
58
Id. at 57 (quoting Estate of Curry v. United States, 706 F.2d
1424, 1428 (7th Cir. 1983) (citations and alterations omitted)).
28
that “[a]ll relevant facts and elements of value as of the
applicable valuation date shall be considered in every case.”59
We perceive no reason to believe that a seller seeking to make
the best possible trade would ignore the income tax benefit
associated with a set of transactions; to the contrary, we agree
with the Second Circuit that “a hypothetical willing [seller],
having reasonable knowledge of the relevant facts, would take some
account of the tax consequences . . . in making a sound valuation
of the property”60 —— here, the income tax benefit afforded to the
Estate by § 1341.61
Thus, on remand, when appraising the net value of the
deduction allowed the estate under § 2053(a)(3), account must be
taken of the § 1341 income tax benefit that would have inured to
the benefit of the Estate if it had ultimately been held liable (or
settled) for a sum equal to the appraised date-of-death gross value
of Exxon’s claim.62
59
Reg. § 20.2031-1(b).
60
155 F.3d at 57.
61
Obviously, the position of a defendant in a pending lawsuit
is not a thing commonly bought or sold. There is certainly no
ready market in which the Estate could pay another to assume its
place as the subject of Exxon’s claim. We have held, however, that
the willing buyer-willing seller method applies to all questions of
valuation, even when, as a realistic matter, the subject property
might not be sold or assigned at all. See United States v.
Simmons, 346 F.2d 213, 216 (5th Cir. 1965); cf. United States v.
Cartwright, 41 U.S. 546, 549 (1973) (applying the willing buyer-
willing seller valuation rule although “[p]rivate trading in mutual
fund shares is virtually nonexistent.”).
62
We are aware, of course, that in holding that the § 1341
income tax benefit is not an estate asset but is a factor affecting
the value of the § 2053(a)(3) estate tax deduction, we do not
29
D. Discharge-of-Indebtedness Income
We next address the Commissioner’s cross appeal, urging that
the general rule that gross income includes income from the
discharge of indebtedness has potential application in this case.
More specifically, the Commissioner argues that if the Estate
prevails on the § 2053(a)(3) deduction issue, i.e., if, despite
having actually paid “only” $681,840 to settle Exxon’s claim, the
Estate is allowed to deduct $2.48 million, then pursuant to §
61(a)(12) the Estate will have had income from the discharge of
indebtedness equal to the difference between the settlement payment
and the deduction (approximately $1.8 million).
The Commissioner styles his cross-appeal as “protective”
because it relates to an assessment that will remain inchoate
unless the Estate is eventually permitted to assign a value to the
deduction that is greater than the actual settlement payment of
$681,840. The Commissioner acknowledges that a deduction equal to
or less than $681,840 would not, under his theory, result in debt
discharge income. As the Tax Court held that the § 2053(a)(3)
estate tax deduction was limited to the settlement payment of
$681,840, the court did not address this issue. If on remand the
value of the § 2053(a)(3) deduction determined by the Tax Court
exceeds $681,840, the discharge-of-indebtedness income issue will
require resolution. For reasons of judicial economy, we resolve it
change the “bottom line” of the Form 706. But that is not our
concern; our effort today is aimed at getting the tax treatment
“right,” regardless of the revenue result.
30
now.63
The discharge-of-indebtedness doctrine applies when a taxpayer
who has incurred a financial obligation is thereafter relieved of
liability, in whole or in part. When that happens, the taxpayer
recognizes taxable income equal to the difference between the
initial obligation and the amount, if any, paid to discharge that
obligation.64 A necessary prerequisite to applying the doctrine,
then, is that the taxpayer shall have incurred a financial
obligation.
If, in this case —— as the Estate urges —— Exxon possessed
“enforceable contractual rights” against the Estate for a fixed
sum, the doctrine would have potential application because the
Estate would have incurred a financial obligation. But, we have
already rejected the Estate’s assertion that Exxon’s claim could be
so characterized. Rather, this case involves an unliquidated claim
for contribution or restitution, the actual value of which was not
ascertained until the case settled. To be sure, the Estate was
better off paying Exxon $681,840 in settlement than it would have
been had it capitulated while Exxon was claiming more than four
times that sum. For this benefit to constitute income from the
discharge of indebtedness, however, there must first have been an
63
See Lunsford v. Price, 885 F.2d 236, 239 & n.12 (5th Cir.
1989); see also United States v. Marine Shale Processors, 81 F.3d
1361, 1369 n.8 (5th Cir. 1996); United States v. Carreon, 11 F.3d
1225, 1232 n.18 (5th Cir. 1994); Jones v. Diamond, 594 F.2d 997,
1026 (5th Cir. 1979).
64
See § 61(a)(12); United States v. Kirby Lumber Co., 284 U.S.
1 (1931); Preslar v. Commissioner, 167 F.3d 1323, 1327 (10th Cir.
1999); Zarin v. Commissioner, 916 F.2d 110 (3d Cir. 1990).
31
indebtedness within the meaning of § 61(a)(12). Here there was
not.
Restating the point first articulated by Professors Bittker
and Thompson,65 the Supreme Court, in United States v. Centennial
Savings Bank FSB explained as follows:
Borrowed funds are excluded from income in the first
instance because the taxpayer’s obligation to repay the
funds offsets any increase in the taxpayer’s assets; if
the taxpayer is thereafter released from his obligation
to repay, the taxpayer enjoys a net increase in assets
equal to the forgiven portion of the debt and the basis
for the original exclusion thus evaporates.66
Thus analyzed, the reason why the discharge-of-indebtedness concept
has no application to these facts becomes clear: There were no
borrowed funds that were excluded from taxable income in the first
place.67 Rather, Decedent had paid income tax on Exxon’s royalty
payments when she received them. There could be no release from an
obligation to repay —— that is, no “discharge” —— because, until
the parties settled the case, no such obligation actually existed.
Our conclusion that there can be no discharge-of-indebtedness
income is supported by the so-called “contested liability”
65
See Boris I. Bittker & Barton H. Thompson, Jr., Income from
the Discharge of Indebtedness: The Progeny of United States v.
Kirby Lumber Co., 66 CALIF. L. REV. 1159 (1978).
66
499 U.S. 573, 581 (1991).
67
We are not suggesting that the indebtedness must necessarily
arise from a loan. It is possible, for example, that had Exxon’s
claim been reduced to a final judgment, the judgment would
constitute an indebtedness. In any event, we are not faced with
and express no opinion regarding that situation.
32
doctrine.68 This doctrine “rests on the premise that if a taxpayer
disputes a debt in good faith, a subsequent settlement of the
dispute is ‘treated as the amount of debt cognizable for tax
purposes.’”69 Recently the Tenth Circuit found the doctrine
inapplicable in Preslar v. Commissioner.70 The Preslar court
criticized the Third Circuit’s reliance on the contested liability
doctrine in Zarin v. Commissioner.71 In Zarin, the taxpayer had
received casino chips purportedly worth $3.4 million. The casino
had, however, violated New Jersey gaming regulations by extending
credit to Zarin. Thus when the casino made a claim against Zarin
to recoup the debt, it was less than certain to succeed. Relying
on N. Sobel, Inc. v. Commissioner,72 the Zarin court concluded that
when Zarin paid the casino $500,000 to settle the matter, the
settlement served to “fix the amount of the debt.”73
Preslar criticized Zarin for not recognizing the difference
that the Preslar court perceived between disputes about the amount
of the debt on the one hand and the enforceability of a claim for
a sum certain on the other. As the Preslar court more fully
68
Alternatively called the “disputed debt” doctrine. See 1 B.
Bittker and L. Lokken, Federal Taxation of Income Estates and
Gifts, ¶ 7.2.5 (3d ed. 1999).
69
Preslar v. Commissioner, 167 F.3d 1323, 1327 (2d Cir. 1999)
(quoting Zarin v. Commissioner, 916 F.2d 110, 115 (3d Cir. 1990)).
70
167 F.3d at 1327.
71
916 F.2d 110 (3d Cir. 1990).
72
40 B.T.A. 1263, 1939 WL 101 (1939).
73
916 F.2d at 115.
33
explained,
[t]he mere fact that a taxpayer challenges the
enforceability of a debt in good faith does not
necessarily mean he or she is shielded from discharge of
indebtedness income upon resolution of the dispute. To
implicate the contested liability doctrine, the original
amount of the debt must be unliquidated. A total denial
of liability is not a dispute touching upon the amount of
the underlying debt.74
We need not choose today between the broad view of the
contested liability doctrine accepted by the Third Circuit in Zarin
and the more narrow view taken by the Tenth Circuit in Preslar.
For here, both the amount and the enforceability of the debt were
contested vigorously by the Estate; it was not until settlement
that Exxon’s claim became liquidated. Thus, even if we assume
arguendo that the view of the Preslar court is the correct one, the
contested liability doctrine applies here and buttresses our
conclusion that the Estate did not realize income from the
discharge of indebtedness.
We are aware that our analysis of this issue has employed a
different temporal perspective than did our analysis of the issue
regarding when to value Exxon’s claim for purposes of the §
2053(a)(3) deduction allowed for claims against the estate. This
apparent inconsistency is explained by the fact that § 2053(a)(3)
is an estate tax provision whereas the discharge-of-indebtedness
doctrine is an income tax concept. Unlike the estate tax which, by
its nature, is imposed only once (if at all), income tax is imposed
on an annual basis. And, for cash method income-taxpayers like the
74
167 F.3d at 1328.
34
Decedent and the Estate, income is reported only when it is
received.
E. Motion to Amend
The final issue presented by this appeal is whether the Tax
Court abused its discretion when it denied the Estate’s motion to
amend its petition.75 As noted, after the parties had submitted the
case to the Tax Court for decision, the Estate sought to amend its
petition. Through the amendment, the Estate sought to assert that
the Commissioner was collaterally estopped from contesting the
validity of Exxon’s claim against the estate. Specifically, the
Estate’s proffered amendment alleged that, in the Exxon litigation,
the government had “obtained an actual determination that
overcharges had been paid to interest owners in the HFU as a result
of sale of oil in violation of the federal pricing regulations,”
and that this determination had established liability on the part
of the royalty owners.
We have held that when exercising its discretion, the Tax
Court must consider “such factors as the timeliness of the motion,
the reasons for delay, whether granting the motion would result in
issues being presented in a seriatim fashion, and whether the party
opposing the motion would be unduly prejudiced.”76 We cannot say
that the Tax Court abused its discretion in applying these factors
75
Denial of motion to amend Tax Court petition reviewed for
abuse of discretion. See Durrett v. Commissioner, 71 F.3d 515, 518
(5th Cir. 1996).
76
Id. at 518 (citing Daves v. Payless Cashways, Inc., 661 F.2d
1022 (5th Cir. 1981)).
35
to the instant case. The only explanation offered by the Estate
for its tardiness is that it did not realize until after the case
had been submitted that it should have raised the issue of
collateral estoppel. The Estate had ample time and opportunity to
discover and raise the issue before submitting the case for
decision; simple inadvertence falls short of a legally adequate
explanation for the Estate’s delay. Accordingly, we hold that the
Tax Court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Estate’s
motion to amend.
III
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the rulings of the Tax Court are
reversed, the judgment vacated, and this case is remanded, with
instructions, for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED, VACATED, and REMANDED.
36