United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 98-2178
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
ANTONIO BIERD,
Defendant, Appellant.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. William G. Young, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Torruella, Chief Judge,
Coffin, Senior Circuit Judge,
and Stahl, Circuit Judge.
Laura C. Edmonds, by Appointment of the Court, for
appellant.
Allison D. Burroughs, Assistant U.S. Attorney, with whom
Donald K. Stern, United States Attorney, and Mark W. Pearlstein,
Assistant U.S. Attorney, were on brief for appellee.
June 28, 2000
COFFIN, Senior Circuit Judge. Defendant Antonio Bierd pled
guilty to charges of money laundering, drug possession, and
related conspiracies. He now seeks vacation of his convictions
or, in the alternative, resentencing on the ground that his plea
was not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent, in part due to the
court's alleged improper participation in the plea negotiation
process. Defendant also argues that he should not have been
given a sentencing enhancement based on the court's finding that
he had knowledge that the funds he transmitted were drug
proceeds. Because we conclude that defendant's guilty plea was
valid and that the court did not err in sentencing him, we
affirm his convictions.
I. Factual Background
In April 1998, defendant entered an unconditional guilty
plea to drug possession with intent to distribute and a related
conspiracy and entered an Alford plea1 to three counts of money
laundering and a related conspiracy, based on the following
allegations made by the government.
1
When entering an Alford guilty plea, a defendant is not
required to admit guilt. This procedure was authorized by the
Supreme Court in North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970),
holding that "[a]n individual accused of crime may voluntarily,
knowingly, and understandingly consent to the imposition of a
prison sentence even if he is unwilling or unable to admit his
participation in the acts constituting the crime." Id. at 37.
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Co-defendant Francisco Objio owned two check cashing
businesses -- Best Video, in Brockton, Massachusetts, and Best
Money Exchange, in Jamaica Plain. Defendant managed Best Video
for Objio. Despite the fact that neither entity maintained a
foreign money transmittal license, defendant and Objio had
established a scheme by which they transferred money for others
to the Dominican Republic, employing various mechanisms designed
to avert reporting requirements because the funds were often
drug proceeds.
One user of their services was an undercover Massachusetts
state police officer posing as a drug dealer who delivered money
to defendant or Objio for transfer to the Dominican Republic on
three separate occasions in the fall of 1997. Each time the
officer dropped off money, in small denominations, he reiterated
the need for secrecy and spoke about the drug business and his
customers. Defendant and Objio allowed the officer to use a
false name and broke the large transactions into smaller amounts
to avoid reporting requirements.
Instead of depositing drug proceeds, generally large amounts
of cash, into the bank accounts of Best Video or Best Money
Exchange, the drug proceeds were used to cash third party
checks, which were then deposited into the bank accounts. To
transfer the money, Objio would contact his associate in the
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Dominican Republic, who held checks that were drawn on Best
Money Exchange's account and stamped with Objio's signature.
The checks in the Dominican Republic were then made payable to
persons other than the ultimate recipient, and after the checks
were cashed, the cash was delivered to the recipient intended by
the sender.
Defendant and Objio were also involved in drug trafficking.
Specifically, defendant helped arrange the purchase and transfer
of a kilogram of cocaine on one occasion in August 1997.
On the second day of the joint trial of defendant and Objio,
Objio renewed a severance motion, arguing that defendant's
defense that he was only following orders was in conflict with
his own. At sidebar, the district judge explained that he was
inclined to deny the motion and the following exchange occurred:
Court: There is no Nuremberg defense. If [defendant]
gets on the stand and says I followed orders, [he's]
guilty. And it's unclear to me, maybe not all the
charges, but these money laundering charges, it's
unclear to me if that's true if that's what's really
the defense. Why doesn't he plead out, get the three
levels he's entitled to and then that will accomplish
the severance, but that's not for me to say. That's
for - - -
Defense counsel: That's exactly where I think we're headed.
Court: Well, if that happens, it happens. I have
nothing to say about it.
The next day, defendant entered his Alford and unconditional
guilty pleas and he was subsequently sentenced.
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Defendant then appealed. His counsel filed an Anders brief2
and moved to withdraw. This court identified as non-frivolous
the issue of whether the trial judge violated Fed. R. Crim. P.
11(e)(1) by initiating a plea discussion and approved the
appointment of new counsel to represent defendant.
II. Whether Defendant's Plea was Knowing, Voluntary,
and Intelligent
Defendant's overarching argument is that his plea was not
voluntary as required by Fed. R. Crim. P. 11. First, defendant
alleges that the court violated Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(e)(1) by
participating in the plea negotiation process. Second,
defendant contends that the court coerced him into pleading
guilty by promising him a three level reduction in his base
offense level for acceptance of responsibility.
We review the totality of circumstances when considering a
request to withdraw a guilty plea, considering primarily whether
a defendant's guilty plea was "knowing, voluntary and
intelligent within the meaning of Rule 11." See United States
v. Cotal-Crespo, 47 F.3d 1, 3-4 (1st Cir. 1995).3 Rule 11
2In Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), the Supreme
Court explained that "if [a defendant's] counsel finds his case
to be wholly frivolous, after a conscientious examination of it,
he should so advise the court and request permission to
withdraw." Id. at 744.
3
We also evaluate "(1) the plausibility of the reasons
prompting the requested change of plea; (2) the timing of the
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embodies three "core concerns": "1) absence of coercion; 2) the
defendant's understanding of the charges; and 3) the defendant's
knowledge of the consequences of the guilty plea." United
States v. Gray, 63 F.3d 57, 60 (1st Cir. 1995).
Although defendant failed to raise his claim before the
trial court, "a Rule 11 challenge will not be deemed waived upon
a party's failure to raise it in the district court." United
States v. Parra-Ibanez, 936 F.2d 588, 593 (1st Cir. 1991). Rule
11(h) states that "[a]ny variance from the procedures required
by this rule which does not affect substantial rights shall be
disregarded." Furthermore, the advisory committee notes to the
1983 amendments to Fed. R. Crim. P. 32, which authorizes plea
withdrawal motions, explain that when a defendant moves for the
first time on appeal to set aside his guilty plea, "the
applicable standard is that stated in Hill v. United States, 368
U.S. 424 (1962): 'a fundamental defect which inherently results
in a complete miscarriage of justice' or 'an omission
inconsistent with the rudimentary demands of fair procedure.'"
We find that regardless of which standard is employed, the
court's statements did not constitute reversible error because,
defendant's motion; [and] (3) the existence or nonexistence of
an assertion of innocence," United States v. Parrilla-Tirado,
22 F.3d 368, 371 (1st Cir. 1994), although these factors need
not be emphasized in this case because we find that the
defendant's plea was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent.
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although they were arguably at "variance from the procedures
required" by Rule 11, they were not so egregious as to "affect
substantial rights" or constitute a "fundamental defect."
Defendant first alleges that the court initiated a plea
discussion in violation of Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(e)(1)'s mandate
that "[t]he court shall not participate in any discussions
between the parties concerning any . . . plea agreement."
Defendant points to the exchange that occurred on the second day
of trial at sidebar when his co-defendant attempted to revisit
his severance motion. He explains that his counsel immediately
relayed this conversation to him, which prompted his desire to
change his plea to guilty.
The Rule 11(e)(1) prohibition "simply commands that the
judge not participate in, and remove him or herself from, any
discussion of a plea agreement that has not yet been agreed to
by the parties in open court." United States v. Bruce, 976 F.2d
552, 556 (9th Cir. 1992). This ban on judicial involvement in
the plea bargaining process furthers three goals. The primary
philosophy behind it is that "[j]udicial involvement in plea
negotiations inevitably carries with it the high and
unacceptable risk of coercing a defendant to accept the proposed
agreement and plead guilty." Id. at 556. Second, "the
interests of justice are best served if the judge remains aloof
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from all discussions preliminary to the determination of guilt
or innocence so that his impartiality and objectivity shall not
be open to any question or suspicion when it becomes his duty to
impose sentence." United States v. Werker, 535 F.2d 198, 203
(2d Cir. 1976). And third, the prohibition "preserves the
judge's impartiality after the negotiations are completed," for
example when assessing the voluntariness of a plea or presiding
over trial when a negotiation fails. See United States v.
Casallas, 59 F.3d 1173, 1178 (11th Cir. 1995) (citing Bruce, 976
F.2d at 556-57).
Because we find limited authority within the circuit
directly addressing a complaint that a judge improperly
participated in plea negotiations,4 we survey the case law to get
a flavor for the kinds of court statements that have been deemed
impermissible intervention. We conclude that the court's
language, although not definitively foreclosing the
interpretation that defendant suggests, was not so egregious as
to require vacation of the conviction.
4
In Porcaro v. United States, 784 F.2d 38 (1st Cir. 1986),
this court remanded the defendant's appeal for further
proceedings on several bases, among them that the "trial judge's
making of a plea offer, if it occurred, would appear to have
violated Fed. R. Cr. P. 11(e)(1)." Id. at 42. And in Murchu v.
United States, 926 F.2d 50 (1st Cir. 1991), we remanded a
section 2255 petition for further proceedings to determine if
the court participated in off the record plea discussions.
See id. at 57.
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Improper participation resulting in vacation occurs, for
example, when a court comments on or mandates what it perceives
to be an appropriate penalty for a defendant in the context of
plea agreement discussions. See, e.g., United States v.
Crowell, 60 F.3d 199, 204 (5th Cir. 1995) (sentence vacated
because it was improper for court to indicate, while the parties
were negotiating a second agreement, that a penalty more severe
than that in the initial rejected agreement was necessary);
United States v. Anderson, 993 F.2d 1435, 1439 (9th Cir. 1993)
(plea vacated due to court's violation of the rule by its
"prospective refusal to accept a plea to fewer than the full
thirty counts, and direction to the prosecutor not to offer any
such deal in the future"). When a judge breached the rule by
stating, during a conference call with the prosecutor and
defense counsel that was intended to facilitate a plea bargain,
that "there is no way on God's green Earth I'm going to sentence
[defendant] to only seven years, and I think the likelihood is
I'm going to exceed the guidelines," the defendant's conviction
was set aside. United States v. Barrett, 982 F.2d 193, 194-96
(6th Cir. 1992). The defendants' guilty pleas were vacated when
the judge stated that he would be more comfortable if the
defendants were never released from jail and essentially crafted
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a more stringent plea agreement than that proposed. See United
States v. Miles, 10 F.3d 1135, 1138-40 (5th Cir. 1993).
Further, when a trial judge threatens a defendant with a
higher sentence if he pursues his right to a trial instead of
pleading guilty, a defendant's plea must be vacated. For
example, it was improper for a judge to say to the defendants as
trial began:
We don't play games in this court. Y'all want to
plead guilty, you can plead guilty today. If you
don't want to plead guilty, we'll go to trial. We
have got plenty of time to try them. That will give
each one of you until noon today to file any plea
agreements. After that you will plead straight up or
you go to trial. . . . They want to go out and get
arrested, they come in here and they'll get a fair
trial, and if they get found guilty, they'll also get
a fair sentence, fairly high.
United States v. Corbitt, 996 F.2d 1132, 1133-35 (11th Cir.
1993). And a trial judge transgressed the rule, resulting in
vacation of the defendants' convictions, when he repeatedly
urged the defendants to "think carefully" about the fact that
they faced life sentences upon conviction after trial, reminded
them that the penalty under the sentencing guidelines would be
"so heavy, so very, very heavy," and requested that the
prosecution leave the offer open to allow the defendants
additional time. See Bruce, 976 F.2d at 555, 558; see also
Casallas, 59 F.3d at 1177 (plea vacated when the court
emphasized to defendant who declined to plead guilty that he
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would receive a ten-year minimum sentence under the proposed
agreement but risked the fifteen-year mandatory minimum if he
were convicted after trial); cf. Crowell, 60 F.3d at 204 (no
violation of Rule 11 when the court, in evaluating a plea
agreement that had been presented, compared a defendant's
sentence under a proposed plea agreement with the potential
sentence upon conviction after trial).
On the other hand, in Blackmon v. Wainwright, 608 F.2d 183
(5th Cir. 1979), the court held that a trial judge's "off-the-
cuff" remarks concerning a possible sentence did not rise to the
"level of participation" envisaged by Rule 11. See id. at 184-
85. Further, when a court warned a defendant who indicated a
desire to plead guilty "of the obvious risk should he plead
guilty to the substantive offense and then go to trial on the
conspiracy charge," Rule 11(e)(1) was not violated. See United
States v. Johnson, 89 F.3d 778, 783 (11th Cir. 1996).
Given this review of relevant case law, we sense a distinct
qualitative difference between statements found to require
vacation and the comments made here. In the first place, the
remarks of the court did not take place in the context of plea
negotiation discussions. The judge was speaking only to
counsel, in the context of the denial of a co-defendant's motion
for severance, and his comments were immediately followed by his
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reminder to counsel that he held no opinion on any plea
discussions or defendant's decision whether to plead guilty.
The judge did not threaten defendant with consequences if he did
not plead guilty, express a preference as to one penalty or
disposition, or attempt to shape the terms of the agreement, and
he reiterated his neutrality on any plea negotiations. Thus,
the coercion guarded against by Rule 11(e)(1) did not arise. We
think the Ninth Circuit said it best: "The rule against
judicial participation in plea bargaining protects the parties
against implicit or explicit pressure to settle criminal cases
on terms favored by the judge. It does not establish a series
of traps for imperfectly articulated oral remarks." United
States v. Frank, 36 F.3d 898, 903 (9th Cir. 1994). The court's
comments in the case at bar were of this nature. They were
impromptu, unemphatic, and unrepeated. To seize on such as
reversible error would, we conclude, raise the crossbar to an
unrealizable height.
Defendant's second contention is that he did not understand
the consequences of his plea. Defendant argues that the court
misled him to believe that he would be entitled to a three point
reduction for acceptance of responsibility, rendering his plea
invalid because he actually was entitled to only a two point
reduction due to the fact that he did not plead guilty in time
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to spare the government the efforts of preparing for trial or to
allow the court to effectively allocate its resources. See
U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1.5 Defendant points specifically to the court's
sidebar comments as well as the following statements from the
plea colloquy: first, when speaking to the prosecutor while
defendant was in conference with his attorney, the court said,
"[a]ssume under guideline calculations a reduction for
acceptance of responsibility," and, second, when later asking
the defendant whether he'd been promised anything in exchange
for his guilty plea, the court noted, "one benefit [of pleading
guilty] is, if I think you've accepted your responsibility, the
guideline range is lower."
We conclude that when the entirety of the plea colloquy is
reviewed, defendant's complaints hold no merit. The court
accurately depicted the sentencing possibilities:
And under the guidelines I cannot go higher than the
top of the guidelines, up to life in prison, unless
there's something especially evil about you that's not
5
Although not raised on appeal, the issue of whether
defendant was eligible for any acceptance of responsibility
reduction due to his entry of an Alford plea as opposed to an
unconditional guilty plea was raised at sentencing. Due to this
unresolved issue, the judge declined to make a determination as
to whether he was giving defendant: 1. both a two level
reduction for acceptance of responsibility under § 3E1.1 and a
two level enhancement under § 3B1.1(c) based on his role as a
manager of the personnel or assets of a criminal endeavor, or 2.
neither the reduction nor the enhancement. We review the issue
as if the court gave both the reduction and the enhancement.
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in those books. But equally, I can't go below the
bottom of the guidelines unless there's something
especially good about you that's not in those books,
and that's very rare.
So, I ask the government, not because I'm going to
follow what they tell me, but because they probably
want the most severe range of the people I will talk
to, to tell me what they think it will work out to be.
And they tell me you're looking at not less than 78
months nor more than 97 months in prison.
. . . .
Now, if it works out that way, it's very unlikely
then that I would be in a position to sentence you to
anything less than 78 months in prison.
Defendant ultimately was sentenced to seventy-eight months of
imprisonment.6
Defendant relies on United States v. Hernandez-Wilson, 186
F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 1999), and United States v. Gray, 63 F.3d 57
(1st Cir. 1995). In Gray, we vacated a guilty plea because,
when the defendant indicated that he did not understand the
maximum punishment, the court, in an effort to clarify, stated
that the maximum sentence would be ten years to life although in
fact the mandatory minimum sentence was ten years. See Gray, 63
6 Defendant was sentenced to 78 months on counts 1 through 4
(money laundering and conspiracy) and 71 months, to run
concurrently, on counts 9 and 11 (drug possession and
conspiracy).
Defendant insists that he believed the acceptance of
responsibility reduction would be applied to the 78 to 97 month
sentence, such that ultimately he would receive a sentence of
less than 78 months. Even if defendant's belief were
reasonable, a defendant's misunderstanding of the guideline
sentencing range does not require the court to allow his guilty
plea to be withdrawn. See United States v. De Alba Pagan, 33
F.3d 125, 127 (1st Cir. 1994).
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F.3d at 60-61. In Hernandez-Wilson, we allowed a defendant to
withdraw his guilty plea because "[h]e was told that he would be
eligible for a lighter sentence for which he was not eligible."
Hernandez-Wilson, 186 F.3d at 6.
In contrast, the court in this case did not provide
defendant with incorrect sentencing information at the plea
colloquy and in fact defendant was ultimately sentenced to
seventy-eight months, the lowest possible sentence in the range
cited by the judge. Admittedly the judge's sidebar reference to
the acceptance of responsibility credit envisioned a three point
reduction; nevertheless, it was an off-hand remark to
defendant's counsel at sidebar rather than any meaningful
portion of the plea colloquy and did not indicate to defendant
that he would receive a sentence lower than that which he did
receive. See, e.g., United States v. Raineri, 42 F.3d 36, 42
(1st Cir. 1994) (upholding guilty plea even though
misinformation given to the defendant because it did not lead
him to "expect a lesser penalty than he actually received").
The judge's subsequent and more important references to the
reduction at the plea colloquy did not reference the number of
points, and in fact once characterized the reduction as only a
possibility, and thus were not misleading. Moreover, they were
accompanied by an explanation that the guidelines calculation
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would be affected by post-pleading materials from the attorneys
and an understanding that the court would not be determining the
actual sentence until a later date.
Defendant also complains that the court neglected to inform
him that he faced a likely enhancement under U.S.S.G. §
2S1.1(b)(1) due to his knowledge that the funds he was
transmitting were drug proceeds. The court did not err by not
forewarning defendant of all possible sentencing enhancements he
might face. See United States v. De Alba Pagan, 33 F.3d 125, 127
(1st Cir. 1994) (holding that "the fact that a defendant
misapprehends the likely guideline sentencing range does not
constitute a fair and just reason for withdrawing a guilty
plea"). The court informed defendant that it was highly
unlikely that he would receive a sentence outside the applicable
guideline range and ultimately sentenced defendant to the lowest
penalty referenced as a possibility.
In conclusion, we find that the court's statements did not
affect defendant's substantial rights nor did they rise to the
level of a fundamental defect. Thus, defendant's plea was not
a product of coercion but instead was entered knowingly,
voluntarily, and intelligently.
III. Sentencing
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Defendant argues that the court erred by increasing his base
offense level by three due to his knowledge that the funds he
transmitted were the result of drug dealing. See U.S.S.G. §
2S1.1(b)(1) (calling for three level enhancement "[i]f the
defendant knew or believed that the funds were the proceeds of
an unlawful activity involving the manufacture, importation, or
distribution of narcotics or other controlled substances").
Defendant contends that because he entered an Alford plea to the
money laundering charges, the enhancement cannot be applied
because he did not admit to the requisite knowledge. He also
asserts that there was insufficient evidence to support the
court's factual findings.
The presentence report recommended a three level increase
under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1 to which defendant did not object. Nor
did defendant object to this enhancement at sentencing. "We
have repeatedly stated in the sentencing context, as well as in
other areas, that issues not presented to the district court
will not be addressed for the first time on appeal." United
States v. Haggert, 980 F.2d 8, 10 (1st Cir. 1992). This rule is
relaxed only in "extreme cases." See id. at 11.
"It is well settled that during the sentencing proceedings,
a district court has broad discretion in determining the
information that may be received and considered regarding a
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defendant." United States v. Pellerito, 918 F.2d 999, 1002 (1st
Cir. 1990); see 18 U.S.C. § 3577. Thus, it is not necessary
that defendant admit to the facts upon which an enhancement is
based.
As to the evidence supporting the court's finding, it is
more than sufficient. See United States v. Brum, 948 F.2d 817,
819 (1st Cir. 1991). The court was entitled to consider
evidence presented in the trial prior to defendant's guilty
plea, see United States v. Ruiz, 905 F.2d 499, 508 (1st Cir.
1990), as well as the facts recorded in the presentence report,
see United States v. Skrodzki, 9 F.3d 198, 202 (1st Cir. 1993),
such as that defendant was the principal contact with several of
the drug dealers using Best Video's services and that the
undercover officer represented the funds he wished to transfer
as funds for the purchase of drugs. In fact, the court
expressly adopted the facts set out in the presentence report,
facts which defendant did not substantively dispute. See United
States v. Lagasse, 87 F.3d 18, 20 (1st Cir. 1996) ("We accept
the facts found in the uncontested portions of the [PSR] . . .
.").7 The facts presented in the presentence report and at trial
were more than sufficient to support the court's finding that
7
Defendant's only objection to the factual description of
the offense conduct in the presentence report was to the use of
the word "managed."
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defendant had knowledge that the funds were the fruit of drug
dealings. See United States v. Knecht, 55 F.3d 54, 57 (2d Cir.
1995) (enhancement valid even when the only reason defendant had
to form the belief was a statement by an undercover agent in a
sting operation).
Thus, this is far from the "extreme case" in which the
raise-or-waive rule should be relaxed.
IV. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Finally, defendant contends that his trial counsel provided
him with ineffective assistance in violation of his Sixth
Amendment right. As we have often held, "fact-specific claims
of ineffective assistance cannot make their debut on direct
review of criminal convictions, but, rather, must originally be
presented to, and acted upon by, the trial court." United
States v. Mala, 7 F.3d 1058, 1063 (1st Cir. 1993) (citing
cases). We have allowed exceptions "only when the critical
facts are not in dispute and the record is sufficiently
developed to allow reasoned consideration of the claim." Id.
Defendant's claims revolve around his trial counsel's
recommendations with regard to pleading and sentencing,
involving facts not well developed nor necessarily free from
dispute. Moreover, defendant does not argue that his claim is
one that can be effectively evaluated for the first time on
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appeal. In short, it is a claim that must be brought first
before the district court via a request for post-conviction
relief.
V. Conclusion
We conclude that the court's statements did not affect
defendant's substantial rights nor did they constitute a
fundamental defect and that defendant's guilty plea was knowing,
voluntary, and intelligent. Further, the court did not err in
enhancing defendant's sentence under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(1).
Finally, defendant's ineffective assistance claim is dismissed
without prejudice.
Affirmed.
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