United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
04-1334
UNITED PACIFIC INSURANCE COMPANY,
Appellant,
v.
James G. Roche, SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE,
Appellee.
Gary A. Wilson, Post & Schell, P.C., of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, argued for
appellant. With him on the brief was Salil P. Patel, Duane Morris LLP, of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
Hillary Stern, Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for appellee. With her on the
brief were Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, David M. Cohen, Director, and
James M. Kinsella, Deputy Director. Of counsel on the brief was William M.
Lackermann, Jr., Chief, Office of Trial Attorney, Office of General Counsel, United
States Department of the Air Force.
Appealed from: United States Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
04-1334
UNITED PACIFIC INSURANCE COMPANY,
Appellant,
v.
James G. Roche, SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE,
Appellee.
_________________________
DECIDED: March 18, 2005
_________________________
Before MAYER, Circuit Judge, FRIEDMAN, Senior Circuit Judge, and CLEVENGER,
Circuit Judge.
MAYER, Circuit Judge.
United Pacific Insurance Company (“United”) appeals the decisions of the Armed
Services Board of Contract Appeals, ASBCA Nos. 52419, 54270, 54271 (Feb. 7, 2001
& Dec. 29, 2003) (“United I”). It asserts claims arising from events that occurred before
it entered into a takeover agreement with the government, as well as two claims
stemming from the takeover agreement. Because the board lacks jurisdiction, we
cannot consider the merits of United’s pre-takeover claims. As to the remaining two
claims, we affirm.
Background
On September 28, 1995, the government executed Contract No. F28609-95-C-
0037 with Castle Abatement Corp. (“Castle”). The contract was for all necessary work
and material for repair of a Secondary Containment System at McGuire Air Force Base,
New Jersey, for a fixed-price of $1,957,630. The contract also encompassed removal
and disposal of contaminants at fixed unit prices, with a total not-to exceed price of
$2,312,367. Castle obtained a payment and performance bond from United for
$2,312,267, and a labor and material payment bond for $1,156,134, with the
government as obligee. Prior to securing the bonds, Castle executed an indemnity
agreement for the benefit of United and other insurance companies.
On July 22, 1997, the government terminated the rights of Castle to proceed
under the contract for default. In an earlier appeal, we addressed Castle’s default
involving a related series of contracts with the Air Force. See United Pac. Ins. Co. v.
Roche, 380 F.3d 1352, 1354-55 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“United II”). Castle had no pending
claims against the government at the time of default and it did not appeal the
termination. Within a month, the government made demand upon United as surety, to
fulfill its obligations under the performance bond.
United entered into a written takeover agreement with the government on August
5, 1997, in which it agreed to complete the work remaining under the contract. The
takeover agreement was incorporated into the original contract and United was
substituted as the contractor. Certain “Whereas” clauses within the takeover agreement
detailed the background and purpose of the agreement. One such “Whereas” clause
stated that a contract balance of $998,863.64 remained to be paid by the government
04-1334 2
for the fixed price portion of the original contract. The stated contract balance was
based upon the payments made to Castle as of the date of termination, and United
drafted the takeover agreement incorporating the amount. The recited amount turned
out to be incorrect. The takeover agreement understated the amount paid to Castle
prior to the termination, and thus overstated the contract balance available to United to
complete the Castle contract by $46,288.37.
In a letter dated October 23, 1998, United submitted a request for equitable
adjustment to the government containing ten claims. On May 21, 1999, the parties met
to discuss possible settlement. United’s representative alleges, but the government
disputes, that an oral settlement of certain claims on which the parties agreed was
entered into for $214,745.
After settlement negotiations reached an impasse, the contracting officer denied
all claims and United appealed to the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals
(“board”). It alleged four counts: (1) for an equitable adjustment based upon pre-
takeover events; (2) for a cardinal change; (3) for a contract balance; and (4) for the
specific enforcement of the settlement agreement. On December 29, 2003, the board
concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over United’s claims based upon contaminated soil
and other site conditions that arose prior to the takeover agreement. Similarly, the
board determined that the indemnification agreement between Castle and United could
not serve as a vehicle to assign Castle’s unliquidated claims to United.
The board did, however, address the merits of United’s post-takeover claims. It
denied the contract balance claim, although adjustment was made for a minor
mathematical error. It determined that the amount of the contract balance in the
04-1334 3
“Whereas” clause was not controlling because the clause was a mere recital of an
undisputedly erroneous fact; and it rejected United’s assertion that a settlement had
been reached at the May 21, 1999 meeting. United timely appealed the board’s
decision and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(10).
Discussion
Like the board, we are precluded from reviewing the merits of United’s pre-
takeover claims. The board determined that United lacked standing and, therefore, that
it lacked jurisdiction to entertain United’s pre-takeover claims because United was not a
“contractor” as defined by the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 601-613, at the time
those claims arose. Our subsequent decision in United II addressing an identical
takeover agreement between the same parties leaves no dispute that United’s pre-
takeover claims are not subject to the board’s jurisdiction. See United II, 380 F.3d at
1354-57. As we reasoned in United II, “the remainder of United’s claims suffer from the
same infirmity that made the claims in Fireman’s Fund [Insurance Co. v. England, 313
F.3d 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2002)] not subject to the Board’s jurisdiction: they relate to and
depend upon events that occurred before the takeover agreement and with respect to
which United was not a ‘contractor’ under the Contract Disputes Act when the claims
arose.” Id. at 1356. Therefore, we turn to the post-takeover claims.*
*
Realizing that United II would result in an affirmance of the board’s
decision dismissing the pre-takeover claims for lack of jurisdiction, United moved to
transfer the pre-takeover claims to the United States Court of Federal Claims, and
asked us to decide the contract balance claim. We denied United’s motion to bifurcate
the appeal and transfer some of the claims. To the extent United renews its motion to
transfer under 28 U.S.C. § 1631, we decline because we have jurisdiction over this
appeal and because “[c]ourts have exercised their section 1631 transfer powers but not
usually, or preferably, in the form of bifurcation of claims.” Galloway Farms, Inc. v.
United States, 834 F.2d 998, 1001 (Fed. Cir. 1987).
04-1334 4
Our review of a board decision is based upon the standards set out in the
Contract Disputes Act of 1978, 41 U.S.C. §§ 601-613. E.L. Hamm & Assocs., Inc. v.
England, 379 F.3d 1334, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2004). We review questions of law de novo.
Eastman Kodak Co. v. Rumsfeld, 317 F.3d 1377, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2003). “Contract
interpretation is a question of law; therefore, the board’s decisions regarding this matter
are not binding.” M.A. Mortenson Co. v. Brownlee, 363 F.3d 1203, 1205 (Fed. Cir.
2004). “Because ‘the board has considerable experience and expertise in interpreting
government contracts,’ however, ‘its interpretation is given careful consideration and
great respect.’” Id. (quoting Cmty. Heating & Plumbing Co. v. Kelso, 987 F.2d 1575,
1579 (Fed. Cir. 1993)).
United’s contract balance claim is based on its contention that the government is
obligated to pay the balance referenced in the takeover agreement’s “Whereas” clause.
This clause is the only part of the takeover agreement that sets out a specific dollar
amount for the balance. Examining the “Whereas” clause in light of the surrounding
provisions in the takeover agreement, we agree with the board that the clause is a
recital of fact. As such, “a recital of fact in an integrated agreement may be shown to be
untrue.” Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 218 (1981). Here, the operative terms of
the takeover agreement entitled United to “all sums now due and payable and to
become due and payable” under the contract. As drafter of the document, United
incorporated the incorrect balance when it had the opportunity to correct the
government’s calculation error. United does not contest that the contract balance in the
“Whereas” clause was inaccurate, so “the true facts have the same operation as if
stated in the writing,” unless estoppel is proven. Restatement, § 218 cmt b.
04-1334 5
Although the application of equitable estoppel against the government is not
entirely foreclosed, the Supreme Court has qualified that “the Government may not be
estopped on the same terms as any other litigant.” Heckler v. Cmty. Health Servs., 467
U.S. 51, 60 (1984). Our own precedent dictates “that if equitable estoppel is available
at all against the government some form of affirmative misconduct must be shown in
addition to the traditional requirements of estoppel.” Zacharin v. United States, 213
F.3d 1366, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2000). The evidence is undisputed that the incorrect recital
in the “Whereas” clause was the result of unintentional mathematical errors, not
affirmative misconduct.
United’s final contention is that the board erred by failing to find a settlement
agreement between the parties with respect to six of its ten claims. For the May 21,
1999 transaction to be an enforceable settlement agreement, United must prove “a
mutual intent to contract including offer, acceptance, and consideration; and authority
on the part of the government representative who entered or ratified the agreement to
bind the United States in contract.” Total Med. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 104 F.3d
1314, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 1997).
United bases its argument on the testimony of its representative at the meeting
and his handwritten notes. According to United, the government made an unequivocal
offer as to seven of its claims and United affirmatively accepted six, thus reaching an
oral settlement. United’s evidence was contradicted by the contracting officer, also
present at the meeting, who claimed that the government was seeking a global
settlement agreement of all claims and that the government needed additional materials
before reaching agreement. The government also produced correspondence drafted
04-1334 6
immediately after the meeting, which indicated that a settlement offer was neither made
nor accepted. On June 2, 1999, the Deputy Base Engineer wrote that United’s view of
events was wrong and the government in no way offered to settle the claims for
$214,745. And, the government also relies on a May 26, 1999, letter from United’s
counsel seeking further negotiations concerning two of the ten claims supposedly
settled at the May 21, 1999 meeting.
In this battle of contradictory testimony we are left to review the board’s findings,
based in no small part on credibility, and the contemporaneous correspondence of the
parties. We agree with the board’s conclusion that a final agreement was not reached;
the parties were still in the process of negotiations. “In the absence of contractual intent
or sufficiently definite terms, no contractual obligations arise.” Modern Sys. Tech. Corp.
v. United States, 979 F.2d 200, 202 (Fed. Cir. 1992).
Conclusion
Accordingly, the decision of the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals is
affirmed.
AFFIRMED
04-1334 7