The meaning of the plaintiff's testimony above set forth is clear beyond question. He admitted upon cross-examination that when the car was purchased illicit relations between him and the defendant were contemplated, that he had a "little proposition" with the defendant by which she was to be his mistress, and while this was not "wholly" what "done the trick," it was "sort of important." The circumstance that when questioned regarding these matters he at first denied the facts which he later admitted only added to the convincing force of the admissions when they were finally made.
Furthermore, the cross-examination is entirely consistent with the direct examination, for the direct examination is full of references to the defendant's doing "as she agreed" and "coming over to the house," the meaning of which, if at any time doubtful, was elucidated by the disclosures of the cross-examination. The only sensible interpretation of plaintiff's testimony is that he admitted that an important part of the consideration for the financial help which he gave to the defendant in the purchase of the automobile in question was her agreement to serve as his mistress. If this admission binds the plaintiff and is to be accepted as conclusively establishing the fact admitted, it follows that the ruling of the trial court was correct.
The plaintiff argues that in spite of this admission he was entitled to go to the jury because "the defendant's testimony squarely controverts this. She testified clearly that such relation was not the consideration, because she said it did not exist. This, on the view most favorable to the defendant, raised a question in which the plaintiff had the right to take the judgment of the jury . . . . The apparent conflict between the testimony of the plaintiff and the witness Leclair should be resolved in favor of the plaintiff."
It is undoubtedly the general rule in this state that upon a motion *Page 510 for a nonsuit or a directed verdict a plaintiff is entitled to have the case considered upon that interpretation of the evidence which is most favorable to him. Burke v. Railroad, ante, 350; Janvrin v. Powers,79 N.H. 44; Williams v. Duston, 79 N.H. 490; Weeks v. Company, 78 N.H. 26.
The operation of this rule is not limited to the testimony of outside witnesses but applies to that of parties as well. "There is no sound reason why the familiar doctrine that a party may contradict, though not impeach, his own witness, should not, if the circumstances are consistent with honesty and good faith, be applied when he is himself the witness . . . . In other words, the law recognizes the fact that parties, as well as other witnesses, may honestly mistake the truth, and requires juries to find the facts by weighing all the testimony, whatever may be its source." Hill v. Railway, 158 Mass. 458. Thus, in Seaver v. Railway, 78 N.H. 584, it was held that where the testimony of the plaintiff was conflicting she was entitled to the most favorable interpretation of it, and in Hurlburt v. Company, 76 N.H. 469, it was held that the plaintiff was entitled to the most favorable interpretation of an equivocal statement which or might not be construed as an admission.
Does it follow from this rule that a plaintiff of average intelligence, in full possession of his faculties, who testifies to facts peculiarly within his knowledge which, if true, utterly destroy his case, has a right to go to the jury and seek a verdict based upon a finding that his version of the facts is false? This point does not appear to have been expressly decided in this state, but in many cases the court has used language which indicates, at least, a partial agreement with the statement of the Georgia court that it "can never be unfair to a party laboring under no mental infirmity, to deal with his case from the standpoint of his own testimony as a witness." Western c. Railroad Co. v. Evans, 96 Ga. 481. Thus, in Bliss v. Brainard, 41 N.H. 256, it was said, "At all events, the plaintiff's own testimony tended to show the contract for cartage and freight to have been entered into for the express purpose of carrying into effect the sale of liquors in violation of law, and to have been, therefore, one of those contracts which a court of justice will not lend its aid to enforce"; and in Collins v. Company, 68 N.H. 196, it was said, "When, as in the case of this plaintiff, he admits he knew of the danger and comprehended it, it would be as absurd as it manifestly would be unjust to permit a recovery on the ground that his employers did not warn him of that danger"; and in Jennings v. Railroad, *Page 511 ante, 323, it was said, "It is claimed that the plaintiff was ignorant of that danger, and that the defendant should therefore have warned him about it . . . . The complete answer to this argument is found in the plaintiff's own testimony."
A similar attitude on the part of the court is discernible in Bursiel v. Railroad, ante, 363; Bennett v. Company, 74 N.H. 400; O'Hare v. Company,71 N.H. 104; Hanley v. Railway, 62 N.H. 274.
In Massachusetts, since Hill v. Railway, supra, was decided, it has many times been held that parties were bound by their own testimony. Sullivan v. Railway, 224 Mass. 405; Sullivan v. Ashfield, 227 Mass. 24; Goodwin v. Company, 239 Mass. 232; Gould v. Converse, 246 Mass. 185; Will v. Railway,247 Mass. 250; Fitzpatrick v. Railway, 249 Mass. 140.
In other jurisdictions there appears to be an increasing tendency to hold that "no litigant can successfully ask a court or jury to believe that he has not told the truth" (Massie v. Firmstone, 134 Va. 450, 462), and that a party must therefore stand or fall by his own testimony. Stein v. Corporation, 232 Mich. 322; Stearns v. Railway, 166 Iowa 566; Virginia c. Company v. Godsey, 117 Va. 167; Braselton v. Vokal, 53 Cal.App. 582; Fowler v. Company, 16 Utah 348; Daugherty v. Lady (Tex.Civ.App.), 73 So. W. Rep. 837; State v. Brooks, 99 Mo. 137; Atlanta c. Company v. Owens,119 Ga. 833; Wilson v. Blair, 65 Mont. 155; Durham v. Company,22 Kan. 232; Van Meter v. Zumwalt, 35 Ida. 235; Bulkley v. Company,187 App. Div. 103.
A search for a general principle deducible from the foregoing cases does not yield satisfactory results. The attempts of some courts to draw an analogy between the statements of parties on the witness stand and judicial admissions contained in pleadings and agreements of counsel (State v. Brooks, supra; Stearns v. Railway, supra) is not entirely convincing. 4 Wig. Ev. s. 2594. But in all these cases the courts sense the fact that it would be "as absurd as it manifestly would be unjust" (Collins v. Company, supra) to allow a party to recover after he has clearly and unequivocally sworn himself out of court. The statement which comes nearest to enunciating a true general principle seems to be that of the Massachusetts court quoted above, that a party may be permitted to contradict his own testimony "if the circumstances are consistent with honesty and good faith." Hill v. Railway, supra. Most of the cases which hold that party is bound by his own testimony may be justified upon the theory that they involve a finding that the circumstances under *Page 512 which the party sought to escape the effect of his own admissions were not "consistent with honesty and good faith."
It appears from these decisions that among the circumstances which should be considered in such a case are the following: 1. Was the party at the time when the occurrence about which he testified took place, and when he testified, in full possession of his mental faculties? 2. Was his intelligence and command of English such that he fully understood the purport of the questions and his answers thereto? 3. What was the nature of the facts to which he testified? Was he simply giving his impressions of an event as a participant or an observer, or was he testifying to facts peculiarly within his own knowledge? 4. Is his testimony contradicted by that of other witnesses? 5. Is the effect of his testimony clear and unequivocal, or are his statements inconsistent and conflicting?
The answer to the third of these questions will determine whether the fourth is material. If a party's testimony consists only of a narrative of events in which he participated or which he observed, there is an obvious possibility that he may be mistaken like any other witness. In such a situation, if other witnesses give a different version of the occurrence, his testimony must be weighed with theirs and he will not be concluded by his own statements. But when a party testifies to facts in regard to which he has special knowledge, such as his own motives, purposes or knowledge, or his reasons for acting as he did, the possibility that he may be honestly mistaken disappears. His testimony must be either true or deliberately false. To allow him to contradict his own testimony under these circumstances would not be "consistent with honesty and good faith." Whether his statements be true or false, he will be bound by them, and contradictions by other witnesses become immaterial. He will not be allowed to obtain a judgment based on a finding that he has perjured himself.
The effect of these considerations may be summarized as follows: If a party's mental faculties are undeveloped or impaired, if his comprehension of his testimony is doubtful, if it relates to objective matters about which he may be mistaken, and he is contradicted by other witnesses, or if his statements are inconclusive, the effect of his testimony may be for the jury. But when a man of mature years and unimpaired mentality testifies understandingly and definitely to facts peculiarly within his knowledge, any rational conception of justice demands that he be judged by what he says.
In the present case, the plaintiff's testimony was of this character. *Page 513 He was a man of mature years; no claim was made that he did not have average intelligence; he testified clearly and unequivocally to fact peculiarly within his own knowledge, i.e., his inducement for advancing money to the defendant. An examination of the record leads to the conclusion that in all probability the facts stated by him were true. If they are not, he must have deliberately perjured himself. In either event he is bound by what he said, and any possible discrepancy between his testimony and that of the defendant is immaterial. Reading between the lines of the plaintiff's testimony, it is easy to see that the effect of his admissions as they were made on the witness stand may have been even more conclusive than the mere language of the record would indicate. There was no error in the ruling of the presiding justice.
Exceptions overruled.
All concurred.