In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-14-00192-CR
REGINALD REECE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 202nd District Court
Bowie County, Texas
Trial Court No. 11F0746-202
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Carter,* JJ.
Opinion by Justice Moseley
Concurring Opinion by Justice Carter*
________________________
*Jack Carter, Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
OPINION
After a Bowie County jury found Reginald Reece guilty of theft of property valued at
$500.00 or more, but less than $1,500.00, and, due to enhancements, assessed him the maximum
punishment of twenty years’ imprisonment, Reece appealed to this Court. We reversed the
judgment as to punishment and remanded the case to the trial court for a new hearing on
punishment. See Reece v. State, No. 06-13-00082-CR, 2014 WL 1851322, *1, *5 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana May 6, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). On remand, a second
jury assessed Reece the maximum punishment of twenty years’ imprisonment and fined him
$10,000.00. In this appeal, Reece asserts that the trial court erred (1) in limiting his right to
voir dire the jury panel on punishment and (2) in admitting improper victim impact testimony. We
find that the trial court did not improperly limit Reece’s voir dire and that Reece failed to preserve
any error in the admission of the victim impact testimony. Therefore, we affirm the judgment of
the trial court.
I. Limitation on Voir Dire
Before voir dire of the jury panel, the State objected to selected slides that Reece sought to
display to the jury panel during his voir dire. On this appeal, Reece complains of the trial court’s
exclusion of two of these slides. The first excluded slide read,
Knowledge of Bowie County and Attitudes on Punishment
› Anyone regularly read the paper and follow articles about criminal offenses
in Bowie County?
º Anyone recall the case where the individual killed the Deputy in the
Courthouse?
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• That individual received a life sentence.
• Agree that that was the proper punishment for that type of
crime?
The second excluded slide read,
Attitudes on Punishment – Cont’d
› Anyone recall that recent case of the drunk driver who killed two people
and received 20 year sentence?
º Do you feel that was an appropriate sentence?
At the hearing, the State objected that the slides improperly sought to bring in facts dealing with
other cases before the jury and that they were, therefore, highly prejudicial and would confuse the
jury. Reece argued that he was entitled to question the jury on their knowledge of other offenses
occurring in Bowie County, their attitudes towards the punishment for those offenses, as well as
their attitudes regarding punishment in general. He also proposed rephrasing the questions as
hypotheticals, but never proposed specific hypotheticals for the trial court’s consideration. The
trial court sustained the State’s objection, holding that the slides would be confusing to and would
commit the jury to a particular sentence.
On appeal, Reece complains that the trial court’s ruling erroneously prohibited him from
“fully” exploring the venire members’ ability to “fully” consider the entire range of punishment.
The State responds that Reece failed to preserve any error since he did not present the trial court
with particular questions he wanted to ask the jury panel in lieu of the slides. In the alternative,
the State argues that the trial court properly exercised its discretion in excluding the slides since
they contained improper commitment questions. In addition, the State points out that Reece was
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in fact allowed to question the jury panel as to the full range of punishment and their attitudes
toward punishment in general.
A. Standard of Review
“The trial court has broad discretion over the process of selecting a jury.” Sells v. State,
121 S.W.3d 748, 755 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (citing Barajas v. State, 93 S.W.3d 36, 38 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002)). We review a trial court’s ruling limiting voir dire using an abuse-of-discretion
standard, and the trial court’s decision will not be disturbed unless it abuses its discretion.
Hernandez v. State, 390 S.W.3d 310, 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Barajas v. State, 93 S.W.3d 36,
38 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). An abuse of discretion is found when the trial court “prohibits a proper
question about a proper area of inquiry.” Sells, 121 S.W.3d at 755–56 (citing Barajas, 93 S.W.3d
at 38). Generally, if a question seeks discovery of a potential juror’s views on any issue relevant
to the case, it is proper. Sells, 121 S.W.3d at 756; Barajas, 93 S.W.3d at 38. The trial court has
“discretion to restrict voir dire questions that are confusing, misleading, vague and broad, or are
improper commitment questions.” Hernandez, 390 S.W.3d at 315 (citing Barajas, 93 S.W.3d at
38–39).
Further, although a defendant is allowed to ask proper questions in a relevant area of
inquiry, “he is not entitled to ask questions in any particular form.” Wright v. State, 28 S.W.3d
526, 534 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (citing Howard v. State, 941 S.W.2d 102, 110–11 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996), overruled in part on other grounds by Easley v. State, 424 S.W.3d 535 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2014)). Thus, when the trial court excludes a question due to its form, but “does not place
an absolute limitation on the substance of an appellant’s voir dire question,” the party is required
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to attempt to rephrase the question, or he will “risk waiver of the alleged voir dire restriction.”
Hernandez, 390 S.W.3d at 315; see Howard v. State, 941 S.W.2d 102, 108–11 (Tex. Crim. App.
1996), overruled in part on other grounds by Easley v. State, 424 S.W.3d 535 (Tex. Crim. App.
2014); Bolden v. State, 73 S.W.3d 428, 431 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d).
B. Analysis
The issue in this case is whether the trial court improperly restricted Reece’s ability to
explore the veniremembers’ ability to consider the full range of punishment. The record reflects
that when considering whether to allow the questions on the slide, Reece stated that he could
rephrase the questions as hypotheticals. However, he never presented the trial court with specific
hypothetical questions for its consideration. The trial court then sustained the State’s objection as
to each question on the two excluded slides. Further, the record reflects that Reece was allowed
to question the veniremembers on their views on punishment and their ability to consider the full
range of punishment.1 During his actual examination of the veniremembers, the record shows that
the trial court did not limit Reece’s inquiry into their ability to consider the full range of
punishment. Thus, the trial court did not place an absolute limitation on these areas of inquiry, but
1
The record shows that Reece was allowed to ask veniremembers questions regarding their views on punishment (e.g.,
“Do you think that the punishment should fit the crime?” and “[Y]ou would agree that a misdemeanor shoplifting case
is not akin to murder in punishment for murder, would you not?”). He was also allowed to inquire of individual jurors
whether their personal experiences as victims of crime would make them lean toward the higher end of the punishment
range and whether they would consider the entire punishment range. The record also shows he questioned
veniremembers on whether they would listen to the evidence, assess it, and determine the proper punishment. Since
Reece was allowed to question veniremembers on their views on punishment and their ability to consider the full range
of punishment, Reece’s reliance on Campbell v. State, 667 S.W.2d 221 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1983), aff’d, 685 S.W.2d
23 (1985), and Hill v. State, 426 S.W.3d 868 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2014, pet. ref’d), is misplaced. In both Campbell
and Hill, the trial courts completely prohibited the defendant’s voir dire inquiry into proper areas of inquiry. See
Campbell, 667 S.W.2d at 222 (trial court prohibited questioning veniremembers on their theories of punishment); Hill,
426 S.W.3d at 874–76 (trial court prohibited asking some veniremembers individually whether they could consider
full range of punishment).
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merely excluded the questions on the slide because of their form. Therefore, it was incumbent on
Reece to rephrase the excluded questions. The record shows that Reece never attempted to
rephrase the excluded questions during his examination of the veniremembers. Based on the
record before us, we cannot say that the trial court improperly prohibited Reece from fully
exploring the veniremembers’ ability to consider the full range of punishment. We overrule
Reece’s first point of error.
II. Victim Impact Testimony
During the punishment phase of the trial, the State offered the testimony of Mark Harrison,
the assistant manager of the Walmart where the offense was committed. After establishing that
Harrison had worked at Walmart for over twenty years’ working his way up in the company, the
following exchange took place:
Q [By the State] And in your current capacity as an assistant manager,
do you have a significant desire to have an impact on being able to control the
merchandise that is taken from the store? Do you have a reason as to why you want
to protect the store merchandise?
A Yes, sir. If we can protect our assets, it helps keep costs down.
[By Defense Counsel]: I’m going to object to relevancy, Judge. He
doesn’t have any idea how Walmart’s prices are computed or anything that goes
into their profit margin.
[By the State]: Judge, I believe that an employee that’s been with
the system for twenty years can testify as to the impact of shoplifting on that
corporation.
THE COURT: At this point in time I’m going to overrule the
Defense’s objection.
Q [By the State] You may continue.
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A Yes. The amount of shoplifting that we get, it’s very extensive and
it causes the prices to go up. We have to pay for asset protection associates in the
store, the cameras. It’s just a very expensive part of the job.
Q And basically what you’re saying is that as it relates to Walmart,
that’s a multi-billion dollar corporation. Is that correct, sir?
A Yes, sir.
Q And a corporation of that size, if property is taken from the store,
for them to maintain a profit margin, they have to raise prices when property is
stolen at a significant margin. Is that correct, sir?
A That is correct.
Q Therefore, would that process affect normal shoppers as it relates to
their prices being increased due to thefts that occur at a particular store?
A Yes, sir. The costs are distributed to all of us that shop at Walmart.
On appeal, Reece complains that the trial court erred in allowing this victim impact testimony,
arguing that the testimony was not limited to Reece and the effect of his crime on the particular
store, but improperly included the effect of all shoplifting on every shopper at every Walmart
throughout the world. The State responds that by failing to continue to object or to obtain a running
objection, Reece failed to preserve any error for appellate review. We agree that Reece did not
preserve any error for our review.
“Preservation of error is a systemic requirement on appeal.” Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d
530, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d 510, 515 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005)). If an issue has not been preserved for appeal, we should not address the merits of the issue.
Wilson v. State, 311 S.W.3d 452, 473 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (op. on reh’g) (per curiam); Ford,
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305 S.W.3d at 532. Even if a party has not raised it, we are directed to address preservation of
error on our own motion. Ford, 305 S.W.3d at 532–33.
To preserve error for appellate review, Rule 33.1 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure
“requires that the record demonstrate (1) the complaining party made a timely and specific request,
objection, or motion; and (2) the trial judge either ruled on the request, objection, or motion, or he
refused to rule and the complaining party objected to that refusal.” Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d
510, 516 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Geuder v. State, 115 S.W.3d 11,
13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). In addition, the objection must be specific, timely, and made each
time inadmissible testimony or evidence is offered. Haley, 173 S.W.3d at 516–17; Geuder v. State,
115 S.W.3d 11, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Martinez v. State, 98 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2003). However, counsel is not required to continue making objections if he either obtains
a running objection or requests a hearing outside the presence of the jury. Haley, 173 S.W.3d at
517; Geuder, 115 S.W.3d at 13; Martinez, 98 S.W.3d at 193.
In addition, the “‘point of error on appeal must comport with the objection made at trial.’”
McClain v. State, No. 06-14-00104-CR, 2015 WL 1221512, at *2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Mar. 18,
2015, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (quoting Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d
346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)). To preserve an error for appeal under Rule 33.1, the party’s
objection, unless it is apparent from the context, must be specific enough to “‘let the trial judge
know what he wants [and] why he thinks himself entitled to it, and [to] do so clearly enough for
the judge to understand him at a time when the trial court is in a proper position to do something
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about it.’” Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 312–13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Lankston
v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A).
In this case, Reece initially objected to Harrison testifying as to his reason for wanting to
protect Walmart’s store merchandise. Reece stated that he was objecting on the grounds of
relevancy, but then explained that he was objecting that it had not been shown that Harrison had
sufficient knowledge to testify regarding Walmart’s pricing policies or profit margin calculations.
Thus, although he objected to the lack of a proper foundation for this line of questioning, Reece
never informed the trial court, nor is it apparent from the context, that he was asserting that the
victim impact testimony itself was improper. On appeal, however, his point of error is that the
subsequent testimony of Harrison was improper victim impact testimony. This point of error does
not comport with the objection he made at trial. In addition, Reece failed to object to any of the
subsequent testimony of Harrison regarding the impact of shoplifting on Walmart and its
customers or to obtain a running objection to this line of inquiry. Consequently, Reece failed to
preserve anything for our review, and this point of error is overruled.
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Bailey C. Moseley
Justice
CONCURRING OPINION
The majority opinion states that the questions Reginald Reece requested to submit to the
jury panel were improper due to their form and that since counsel did not submit other questions
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in a different form, there is no error. I cannot conclude that the form of the question was either the
basis for the trial court’s ruling or the real problem here. The trial court stated that the objection
was sustained because the questions were confusing and because they were commitment questions.
I agree with the majority that the trial court correctly ruled that the proposed questions were
improper. In my view, it is improper for either the State or the defense to attempt to compare the
punishment verdicts of other cases with the case at hand. Here, the veniremembers were being
asked if they knew about and agreed with punishments assessed in other Bowie County cases. Of
course, the veniremembers heard no evidence whatsoever of the facts and circumstances of the
other cases and, thus, could not properly evaluate the propriety of those punishment assessments.
I believe the trial court was properly within its discretion to sustain the State’s objection on this
basis.
I concur in the judgment of the court.
Jack Carter
Justice
Date Submitted: July 14, 2015
Date Decided: September 3, 2015
Publish
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