PD-1155-15
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
Transmitted 9/2/2015 10:18:40 PM
Accepted 9/8/2015 12:44:37 PM
NO. __________________ ABEL ACOSTA
CLERK
TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS
Thomas Ramirez, Jr., Appellant September 8, 2015
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
***************
APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
***************
FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH, TEXAS
NO. 02-13-00540-CR
TARRANT COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. 1260933R
Brian K. Walker
STATE BAR # 24043978
222 W. Exchange Avenue
Fort Worth, TX 76164
(817) 625-2233 PHONE
(817) 887-5981 FACSIMILE
brian@walkerattorneys.com
Attorney for Appellant
ORAL ARGUMENT NOT REQUESTED
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . 3
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL . . . . . . . . . 4
STATEMENT OF THE CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY OF THE CASE . . . 5
QUESTIONS PRESENTED FOR REVIEW. . . . . . . . . . 6
ARGUMENT (LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE) . . . . . . . 7
PRAYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
CASES
Daniels v. State,
313 S.W.3d 429, 432
(Tex. App. – Waco 2010, pet. ref’d) . . . . . 9
Flores v. State,
245 S.W.3d 432 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) . . . . 9
Hall v. State,
225 S.W.3d 524
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007) . . . . . . . 7, 8, 9, 10
Miles v. State,
259 S.W.3d 240, 247
(Tex. App. – Texarkana 2008, pet. ref’d.) . . 9
STATUTES
Tex. Pen. Code Ann.,
§ 22.05 (Vernon 2011). . . . . . . . . . 29, 30
STATEMENT REQUESTING ORAL ARGUMENT
Oral argument is not requested.
3
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL
The following is a complete list of all
parties, as well as the names and addresses of all
counsel.
Appellant: Thomas Ramirez, Jr.
Trial Counsel Brian Salvant
Attorney at Law
610 E. Weatherford St.
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
Appellate Brian K. Walker
Attorney for Appellant Attorney at Law
222 W. Exchange Ave.
Fort Worth, Texas 76164
Appellee The State of Texas
Trial Attorneys Robert Huseman
for Appellee Allenna Bangs
Tarrant County Assistant
District Attorney
401 W. Belknap
Fort Worth, Texas 76196
Appellate Attorney for Charles M. Mallin
Appellee Assistant Tarrant County
District Attorney
401 W. Belknap
Fort Worth, Texas 76196
Trial Judge Honorable Everett Young
297th District Court
Tarrant County, Texas
4
All references to Texas statutes, rules, etc.
are references to the latest edition published by
West Publishing Company, unless otherwise
indicated.
THOMAS RAMIREZ, JR.,
Appellant-Applying for Review
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
************
APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
************
TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF
TEXAS:
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
This appeal has resulted from appellant’s
conviction for murder. (C.R. Vol. 1, p. 133).
Appellant proceeded to jury trial on Tuesday,
October 22nd. (R.R. Vol. 1, p. 3). After four days
of trial on guilt/innocence, both sides rested and
closed. (R.R. Vol. 7, p. 43). The jury found
appellant guilty on one count of felony murder on
Friday, October 25th. Appellant’s trial on
punishment took place the following Monday, October
5
28th. (R.R. Vol. 1, p. 3). The jury assessed a
sentence of life in the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice – Institutional Division. (R.R.
Vol. 8, p. 150).
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY OF THE CASE
The Court of Appeals rendered its decision and
delivered its written non-published opinion on
August 6, 2015. The deadline for filing a Petition
for Discretionary Review is September 5, 2015.
QUESTIONS PRESENTED FOR REVIEW
The trial court erred by denying appellant’s
request for a lesser-included offense instruction
for deadly conduct. There was ample evidence that
appellant may have been only guilty of that
offense. Did the Court of Appeals (COA) err by
overruling this this issue and finding that “if the
jury found Appellant had engaged in the deadly
conduct, the lesser-included offense, it had no
rational basis for acquitting Appellant of the
greater offense of felony murder.” (Appeals Court
Opinion p. 17)?
6
ARGUMENT
During the jury charge conference, appellant
moved the court to include a question pertaining to
the lesser-included offense of deadly conduct.
(R.R., Vol. 7, p. 45). Apparently a discussion
took place off the record in chambers so there is
no record why the State objected to the inclusion
of the deadly conduct lesser-included offense
instruction and there is no record why the trial
judge denied appellant’s request. (R.R., Vol. 7,
p. 46). Hall v. State is the controlling authority
in Texas on whether or not an offense constitutes
an actual lesser-included offense and whether or
not a court is required to charge a jury on a
particular lesser-included offense. See also Hall
v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
According to Hall, there is a two-part test in
determining whether or not a lesser-included
offense instruction is necessary. The first step
is to determine whether or not the proferred lesser
offense is in fact a lesser-included offense by
7
comparing the elements of the greater offense, as
pled in the indictment, with the elements in the
lesser offense as found in the penal code statute.
See Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d at 535, (adopting the
“pleadings approach” or “cognate-pleadings
approach” as “the sole test for determining in the
first-step whether a party may be entitled to a
lesser-included-offense instruction”.) The second
step is to determine whether there is evidence
“adduced at trial” that supports giving the
instruction by asking whether there is “some
evidence in the record that would permit a jury
rationally to find that if the defendant is guilty,
he is guilty only of the lesser-included offense.”
Hall goes on to say that “anything more than a
scintilla of evidence may be sufficient to entitle
a defendant to a lesser charge.” Hall v. State,
225 S.W.3d at 536. Courts have found that deadly
conduct can be a lesser-included offense for
various theories of murder. In fact, this
honorable court has found that deadly conduct can
be a lesser-included offense for capital murder
8
while applying the “cognate-pleadings approach”
mentioned above. Flores v. State, 245 S.W.3d 432
(Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Courts applying the
“cognate-pleadings approach” have also found that
deadly conduct is a lesser included offense for
felony murder. See Daniels v. State, 313 S.W.3d
429, 432 (Tex. App. – Waco 2010, pet. ref’d); Miles
v. State, 259 S.W.3d 240, 247 (Tex. App. –
Texarkana 2008, pet. ref’d.). However, it is still
incumbent to analyze this particular case through a
Hall “cognate-pleadings test”. In order to meet
the first step of Hall, an element-by-element
analysis must be conducted by first setting out
what was actually asserted in the indictment and
then comparing what elements are found in the
lesser offense statute. The theory of felony
murder in which Appellant was ultimately convicted
can be found in Count One of the indictment handed
down by the grand jury. That reads that Thomas
Ramirez, Jr. did “then and there intentionally or
knowingly commit or attempt to commit an act
clearly dangerous to human life, namely, discharge
9
a firearm at or in the direction of a habitation or
building, which caused the death of Ivan Daniel
Valenzuela, and the said Defendant was then and
there in the course of or immediate flight from the
commission or attempted commission of a felony, to-
wit: Unlawful Possession of a Firearm by a Felon.”
(C.R., Vol. 1, p. 11). Under Texas Penal Code §
22.05, there are two types of deadly conduct. The
misdemeanor variation lists the elements as being
that “a person commits an offense if he recklessly
engages in conduct that places another in imminent
dangerous of serious bodily injury”. The third-
degree felony variation lists the elements as being
that “a person commits an offense if he knowingly
discharges a firearm at or in the direction of: one
or more individuals; or a habitation, building, or
vehicle and is reckless as to whether the
habitation, building, or vehicle is occupied.”
Tex. Penal Code. Sec. 22.05. Counsel did not
specify which he was requesting but one can clearly
assume that he was referencing the third-degree
felony variation. (R.R., Vol. 7, p. 45). It would
10
also be a logical assumption that this variation of
deadly conduct would have been the indicted offense
if appellant had not had a felony record. Applying
the element by element analysis there is no
question that the first part of the Hall test is
met. The COA also assumed for purposes of their
analysis “that Appellant met the first prong.”
(Appeals Court Opinion P. 16). Count One of the
indictment was basically a deadly conduct charge of
the third-degree felony variation with the
additional language pertaining to unlawful
possession of a firearm by a felon. The trial
court should have instructed the jury on deadly
conduct because the second part of Hall
jurisprudence was met as well. In order for the
second test to be met, the trial court only had to
find some evidence in the record that would permit
the jury to rationally find that if the defendant
was guilty, he was only guilty of the third-degree
variation of deadly conduct. Again, the third-
degree variation of deadly conduct pertains to
instances where an actor discharges a firearm in
11
the direction of a habitation. The jury obviously
believed that Appellant was driving through the
neighborhood shooting a pistol, and they could have
rationally found that if appellant was guilty of
something, it was only the lesser-included offense
of deadly conduct. After all, there is lacking
proof that appellant actually caused the death of
Ivan Valenzuela. This is presumably the reason the
State did not want the instruction made a part of
the charge, because they were afraid that the jury
might find appellant guilty of only deadly conduct.
The COA, however, found that “if the jury found
Appellant had engaged in the deadly conduct, the
lesser-included offense, it had no rational basis
for acquitting Appellant of the greater offense of
felony murder.” (Appeals Court Opinion p. 17).
However, this is illogical. In fact, there was
evidence presented at trial that no firearm was
ever found and no actual ballistics testing could
be done to show a correlation between the bullet
that killed Ivan Venezuela and a firearm possessed
and/or allegedly used by appellant. (R.R. Vol. 6,
12
p. 120). Furthermore, at least one .25 caliber
shell casing was found in the street in front of
the victim’s apartment that differed from the .40
caliber shell casings that were found in greater
number which tends to show that other actors had
been shooting in the area. (R.R. Vol. 5, p. 102).
Also, the testifying coroner testified that the
bullet traveled “slightly downward” from left to
right toward the back of the victim’s head. (R.R.
Vol. 6, p. 142). It would be seemingly impossible
for a bullet shot from a vehicle in the street to
travel through the air up to a second story
apartment and to then change course in a downward
direction just before, or just after, it entered
the victim’s head. All of these things could lead
a factfinder to believe that Appellant was only
guilty of deadly conduct but not necessarily felony
murder. The jury could have easily concluded that
Appellant was driving around shooting aimlessly in
the air but someone else had shot and killed Ivan
Venezuela.
13
For those reasons, and all of the reasons above,
the trial court erred by denying appellant’s
request for a permissible instruction on the
lesser-included offense of deadly conduct and the
COA erred by not overturning on this issue. The
COA also opined that “there was not a scintilla of
evidence that Ivan’s death was caused by anything
other than Appellant’s discharging a firearm while
being a felon in possession of a firearm. (Appeals
Court Opinion P. 18). This makes no sense taking
into consideration the angle of the trajectory, the
various types of shell casings found in the area,
and the lack of connecting ballistics in the case.
PRAYER
WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, THOMAS RAMIREZ,
JR., Appellant, prays that this Petition for
Discretionary Review be granted; that this case be
submitted to the Court; that the Court of Appeals’
decision be reversed and for such other relief for
which he shows himself entitled.
14
Respectfully Submitted,
/s/ Brian K. Walker
By: BRIAN K. WALKER
222 W. Exchange Ave.
Fort Worth, Texas 76164
(817) 625-2233 Phone
(817) 887-5981 Fax
Attorney for Appellant
brian@walkerattorneys.com
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
A copy of this petition was served by first
class mail to the Office of Criminal District
Attorney, Tarrant County Courthouse, 401 W.
Belknap, Fort Worth, Texas 76196 and to the State
Prosecuting Attorney at P.O. Box 12405, Austin,
Texas 78711 on the 2nd day of September, 2015.
/s/ Brian K. Walker
BRIAN K. WALKER
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I certify that this document copmplies with the
length requirements as set forth by the Texas Rules
of Appellate Procedure in that this document
contains 2183 words, and that the document is in 14
point type.
/s/ Brian K. Walker
BRIAN K. WALKER
15
COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-13-00540-CR
Thomas Ramirez, Jr. § From the 297th District Court
§ of Tarrant County (1260933R)
v. § August 6, 2015
§ Opinion by Justice Gardner
The State of Texas § (nfp)
JUDGMENT
This court has considered the record on appeal in this case and holds that
there was clerical error in the trial court’s judgment. The trial court’s judgment
incorrectly recites Appellant Thomas Ramirez Jr. was convicted of murder under
section 19.02(b)(1) of the Texas Penal Code. The judgment is modified to reflect
correctly that Appellant Thomas Ramirez Jr. was convicted of murder under
section 19.02(b)(3) of the Texas Penal Code. As modified, it is ordered that the
judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
SECOND DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
By _/s/ Anne Gardner______________
Justice Anne Gardner
COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-13-00540-CR
THOMAS RAMIREZ JR. APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
----------
FROM THE 297TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. 1260933R
----------
MEMORANDUM OPINION1
----------
A jury convicted Appellant Thomas Ramirez Jr. of felony murder and
assessed his punishment at life imprisonment. In four issues, Appellant
contends: (1) the evidence was insufficient; (2) the trial court erred by refusing to
admit evidence Appellant offered; (3) the trial court erred by denying his charge
request for a lesser-included offense; and (4) the trial court erred by admitting
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
evidence of his prior convictions during the trial on punishment. We modify the
judgment to correct clerical error and affirm as modified.
Background
In count one of the indictment, the State alleged that Appellant intentionally
or knowingly committed or attempted to commit an act clearly dangerous to
human life, namely, Appellant discharged a firearm at or in the direction of a
habitation or building and thereby caused the death of Ivan Daniel Valenzuela.
The State further alleged that Appellant was at that time in the course of or in
immediate flight from the commission or attempted commission of a felony, to-
wit: unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. Appellant had a prior state jail
felony conviction from 2009 for the offense of theft from a person. The State in
count one alleged felony murder. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(3) (West
2011). The jury found Appellant guilty of count one.
The Evidence
Appellant’s girlfriend testified that on August 21, 2011, Appellant picked up
her and her cousin around noon at her house in Oak Cliff, dropped off her cousin
at a beer barn where her cousin worked, bought some Bud Light despite already
being “somewhat” intoxicated, and headed to Arlington. Appellant’s girlfriend
stated that Appellant, while driving down the highway, used cocaine and drove in
a crazy manner, swerving from lane to lane and going fast. Appellant was angry
and babbling about a drive-by shooting at his sister’s that she thought had
happened years ago before she knew him. She said Appellant exited on Fielder,
2
and although they were supposed to go to Appellant’s sister’s house, Appellant
just drove around. Appellant’s girlfriend said the whole point was to hang out, but
Appellant did not listen to her requests to stop driving around; eventually,
however, he stopped at his sister’s. Appellant’s mother and sister tried to calm
down Appellant and invited him to come inside, but Appellant, who remained
angry and loud, refused to get out of his car. Appellant and his girlfriend left in
Appellant’s Suburban and started driving around again until Appellant stopped at
someone else’s house. Appellant went inside the house, but Appellant’s
girlfriend got out of the Suburban and started to walk away because Appellant
refused to take her home. Appellant caught up with her in his Suburban, told her
to get into the car, and then started driving around again. While driving through
an Arlington neighborhood, she said Appellant pulled out a firearm and started
shooting out the window as he drove around and drank beer. Appellant’s
girlfriend testified that she told Appellant to stop shooting, but he was mad and
would not stop. Eventually, they returned to Appellant’s sister’s house where his
sister came out to the car. Appellant gave his gun to his sister. Appellant’s
girlfriend said Appellant was supposed to take her home, so they took off;
however, the police pulled up behind them fairly quickly. They stopped at
another residence and went inside, but the police came to the door and arrested
both of them. Appellant’s girlfriend said she saw Appellant throw down some
drugs after he exited the car before going inside the house.
3
Another witness testified that while near his pool in his backyard, he heard
gunshots outside his home on Ravinia Drive in Arlington around 1:00 p.m. He
ran to his gate and saw a red Suburban. He then ran through his house to his
front porch and saw the Suburban driving off. The witness’s roommate called
911, and shortly thereafter, the witness heard more gunshots in an area close to
an apartment complex.
A convenience store worker at a Q Mart in Arlington said he heard four to
five gunshots around 1:00 p.m. He saw a red Suburban sitting at a stop sign on
Oakwood Street at the Sanford Street intersection in front of his store.
The jury also heard a 911 call from a man who identified himself as
residing at Romack Court. In the call, he described a heavy-set, bald-headed,
tattooed Mexican in his twenties, who was probably drunk, driving a red
Suburban or Tahoe with a female in the vehicle while shooting his pistol in the
air. State’s Exhibits 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, and 94 show a heavy set, young Hispanic
male with many tattoos and a close-shaved haircut. The 911 caller said the
vehicle’s license plate started with a C. State’s Exhibit 6 showed the license
plate on Appellant’s red Suburban started with a C. The 911 caller said the
Suburban was headed south on Cousins Street.
Officer Keith Crow went to the witness’s home on Ravinia Drive. He found
and collected three .40-caliber shell casings in the intersection in front of the
home. Officer Crow then went to Romack Court. Officer Crow found another
.40-caliber shell casing matching those he found on Ravinia and a Bud Light beer
4
can. He collected both because the witnesses said the driver, as he passed by
shooting, had dropped a beer can out of the Suburban’s window.
Officer Crow said he then got a call from Officer Charles Carik, so Officer
Crow drove to the Cousins Street location, where he saw that Officer Carik had
detained both Appellant and Appellant’s girlfriend. Officer Crow searched the
Suburban and found another Bud Light can inside the vehicle that matched the
can he had picked up on Romack Court.
Officer Chad Hanny, who assisted in arresting Appellant, said a young
woman directed his attention to a little blue baggie that Appellant had dropped
within six inches of his feet as he was about to be frisked. The contents of the
little blue baggie were later identified as cocaine. Officer Hanny transported
Appellant to the Arlington jail where Appellant was tested for gunshot residue.
The father of Ivan Valenzuela said his son was supposed to attend a family
get-together on Sunday, August 21, but Ivan never showed up. Ivan’s father had
telephoned Ivan before noon, and Ivan had answered; when Ivan’s father
attempted to call his son again after 1:00 p.m., he did not answer. After Ivan’s
father had not heard from his son on Monday, he went to Ivan’s apartment to
check on him. Ivan lived on the second floor of the Oakwood Court Apartments
on Oakwood Lane in Arlington.
Ivan’s neighbor said Ivan would frequently sit on the floor of his second-
floor apartment and listen to his headphones while smoking cigarettes. Ivan’s
neighbor said he would acknowledge her as she came and went from the
5
Oakwood Court Apartments. When Ivan’s father arrived, he could see his son
sitting by the window of his upstairs apartment leaning against the wall with his
head down, not moving. State’s Exhibit 18, a photo shot from outside the
apartment building, shows Ivan was visible through his second story window.
When Ivan did not respond, his father obtained a key from the managers, and
they went inside his son’s apartment. They found Ivan dead. Ivan’s father called
911.
Detective Caleb Blank led the homicide investigation. Detective Ben
Lopez assisted him. They saw a hole in the window screen that appeared to be
made from the trajectory of the bullet that had killed Ivan. Ivan’s apartment was
across the street from the Q Mart convenience store.
Five days after the shooting, officers searched the street in front of the
crime scene for shell casings. They recovered .40-caliber shell casings and one
.25-caliber casing in the same vicinity. They were not able to recover the firearm
Appellant had allegedly fired. The detectives searched the Suburban again and
found another baggie of cocaine under the passenger seat.
The detectives had the shell casings and the Bud Light beer can tested for
DNA and fingerprint comparisons. The Bud Light beer can had a fingerprint
matching Appellant’s, but the shell casings did not produce any DNA or
fingerprints matching Appellant’s. Appellant’s face tested positive for gunshot
residue.
6
A firearms specialist said that he was able to establish that the bullet that
killed Ivan had come from a Fabrique National, otherwise known as an FN; a Kel
Tec; a Smith & Wesson; a Springfield Inc., which was also known as Springfield
Armory; or a Walther firearm based on the FBI list he used to identify the bullet.
He said firearms were periodically added to the list. The firearm specialist
acknowledged that Glocks were not on the FBI list and that witnesses had
testified that Appellant had been shooting a Glock.
The chief medical examiner testified that a distant shot had killed Ivan.
The autopsy revealed that Ivan had died from a gunshot wound to the head. The
projectile was a .40-caliber shell. He said the bullet, after it entered Ivan’s
temple, had traveled slightly downward from left to right toward the back of Ivan’s
head.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support
his conviction. Initially, Appellant attacks the finding that he was shooting a gun
at all. Appellant stresses that no firearm was found. Appellant asserts that his
ex-girlfriend may have felt pressured to cooperate with the prosecution.
Regarding the gunshot residue on Appellant’s face, Appellant emphasized that
even the gunshot-residue examiner admitted that the residue could have been
caused by something other than a gunshot. Next, Appellant contends that even
if the evidence was sufficient to prove he was driving around and shooting a
firearm, there was no evidence his conduct caused Ivan’s death. Because the
7
firearm was not recovered, there was no way to show a correlation between the
bullet and the firearm that Appellant had allegedly possessed. Appellant
stresses that the medical examiner’s testimony was that the bullet travelled
slightly downward. Appellant contends the State’s theory was that Appellant was
shooting from the street level in the direction of a second story apartment; he
maintains that a bullet would not strike Ivan’s head on the second floor and then
travel slightly downward.
In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to
determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 170
(Tex. Crim. App. 2014). This standard gives full play to the responsibility of the
trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to
draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Jackson, 443 U.S.
at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Dobbs, 434 S.W.3d at 170.
The trier of fact is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the
evidence. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.04 (West 1979); Dobbs, 434
S.W.3d at 170. Thus, when performing an evidentiary sufficiency review, we
may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence and substitute our
judgment for that of the factfinder. Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010). Instead, we determine whether the necessary inferences are
8
reasonable based upon the cumulative force of the evidence when viewed in the
light most favorable to the verdict. Sorrells v. State, 343 S.W.3d 152, 155 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2011); see Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 360 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013). We must presume that the factfinder resolved any conflicting inferences
in favor of the verdict and defer to that resolution. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99
S. Ct. at 2793; Dobbs, 434 S.W.3d at 170.
There was abundant evidence Appellant was shooting a firearm.
Appellant’s girlfriend, who was in the car with him, said he was. The jury decides
whom to believe or disbelieve. See Turro v. State, 867 S.W.2d 43, 48 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1993). We do not re-evaluate the factfinders’ credibility
determinations. See Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638. Besides Appellant’s girlfriend,
other witnesses identified the shooting as coming from the same type of car that
Appellant was driving and from the same locations, including the street in front of
the Oakwood Court Apartments, where they heard gunshots. The gunshot
residue on Appellant’s face was further evidence supporting the finding that
Appellant was the shooter. The jurors decided how much weight to give this
evidence. See Dobbs, 434 S.W.3d at 170. We do not re-evaluate the
factfinders’ weight determinations. See Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638.
Regarding whether Appellant caused Ivan’s death, Ivan’s father
telephoned Ivan successfully before noon and unsuccessfully after 1:00 p.m. on
August 21. Appellant’s shooting spree occurred around 1:00 p.m. on August 21,
which corresponded with Ivan’s father’s unsuccessful attempt to call Ivan after
9
1:00 p.m. after successfully telephoning him earlier. The cause of Ivan’s death
was a gunshot wound to the head by a .40-caliber shell from a distant range.
The police recovered .40-caliber shell casings from three locations where
witnesses had heard gunfire and had seen Appellant’s Suburban—Ravinia Drive,
Romack Court, and on the street in front of the Oakwood Court Apartments.
Regarding the trajectory of the bullet through Ivan’s head, Appellant’s
argument fails to take into consideration the position of Ivan’s body and head
when he was struck. Given all the other evidence, the jury reasonably could
have found that Ivan was looking downward when the bullet struck him. State’s
Exhibit 9 shows the street level was slightly more elevated than the ground level
of the apartment building, which would have reduced the angle. State’s Exhibit
25, a photo from essentially the base of Ivan’s window looking out toward the
street while a vehicle was driving down the street, shows the variation in the
elevations, especially with someone sitting in a vehicle, was not as great as
Appellant suggests in his brief. The medical examiner said the lividity, that is, the
pooling of the blood that occurs after death because the blood is no longer
circulating, in the front of Ivan’s face suggested that he died while he was sitting
up and that his face was looking downward. State’s Exhibit 20 shows the base of
the window at which Ivan sat was at most a foot from the floor, and it shows the
vertical edge of the window was less than a foot from a wall that ran
perpendicular to the window. Ivan is shown sitting on the floor with his back
propped up against that wall. Outside the window is a street, and across the
10
street is the convenience store. Ivan’s chin rests on his chest. His left hand still
holds a cigarette while simultaneously steadying a forward-tilted, canned
beverage, which suggests little or no movement after being shot. The lividity
discoloration is evident in his lower face and his lower extremities in State’s
Exhibits 20 and 25. The medical examiner said the bullet did not strike Ivan
perpendicularly but at an angle and described it as a glancing gunshot wound.
The trajectory of a bullet through the head of a victim from a gun fired from a
lower elevation to a higher one would vary depending upon whether the head
was tilted upward, positioned level with the ground, or bent looking downward.
The cumulative force of the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to
the verdict shows the jury could have reasonably concluded Ivan was looking
downward when he was shot, which would explain the slightly downward
trajectory of the bullet.2 See Sorrells, 343 S.W.3d at 155.
We hold the evidence was legally sufficient to support Appellant’s
conviction and overrule his first issue.
Exclusion of Email
In his second issue, Appellant complains about an email that a Ms.
Roberts, one of Ivan’s friends, had sent Detective Blank. Appellant asserts that
his theory was that Ivan, who had been convicted of first degree felony delivery
2
We note that defense counsel, during his closing arguments, did not rely
at all on the trajectory of the bullet.
11
of drugs, was dealing drugs and was fearful for his life.3 Appellant maintains that
Ms. Roberts, in her email, indicated Ivan was afraid and that she was concerned
that the people Ivan was afraid of had killed him. Appellant asserted he offered
the email to show the detectives’ investigation was deficient and not for the truth
of the matter asserted, but the trial court sustained the State’s hearsay objection.
The State responded that the trial court’s evidentiary rulings are reviewed
using an abuse of discretion standard. Foster v. State, 180 S.W.3d 248, 250
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref’d). The State argued that the jury would
have had to believe the factual assertions in the email to adopt Appellant’s
argument that the officers’ investigation was flawed; therefore, the trial court
properly excluded the email as hearsay. See Tex. R. Evid. 801(d) (“‘Hearsay’
means a statement that: (1) the declarant does not make while testifying at the
current trial or hearing; and (2) a party offers in evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted in the statement.”) Alternatively, the State argued the trial court
properly excluded the email because its probative value was not substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury. See Tex. R. Evid. 403. The State stressed that the email
was full of historical details irrelevant to explaining the officers’ conduct during
their investigation; that the letter rambled on, sometimes cryptically, about many
other things; and that the threat it referenced happened years earlier. Finally, the
3
Ivan had a first degree felony conviction for delivery of amphetamine.
12
State asserted any error was harmless because Appellant cross-examined
Detective Blank about the email extensively. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).
Assuming, without deciding, that the email was admissible and improperly
excluded, we hold that the error, if any, was harmless. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).
Ms. Roberts’s email is part of our record. The email is dated August 30, 2011—
only nine days after the shooting and eight days after Ivan’s body was
discovered. Ms. Roberts was apparently trying to help the police identify
suspects.
She initially identified as a suspect a “big ‘Mexican’ guy” who might have
been competing for the attention of the same girl that Ivan had shown an interest
in. She then goes on for several pages about “‘the thing in Virginia.’” Ms.
Roberts related that Ivan had spent time in Virginia with a friend from Texas
named Justin who worked for an organized crime organization in Virginia and
whom Ivan had described as doing “‘really scary-bad stuff.’” She related that at
some point, Ivan had told her that he had begged Justin not to kill him after Ivan
was accused of stealing a power washer while driving Justin’s truck, which
caused the police to suspect Justin.4 Ms. Roberts wrote that Ivan had hid when
he had returned to Texas.
At trial, defense counsel cross-examined Detective Blank extensively
regarding his failure to aggressively follow up on Ms. Roberts’s email. Detective
4
This is our understanding of Ms. Roberts’s email. We agree with the
State that her email can be difficult to follow.
13
Blank said the email described a theory involving the east coast mafia in Virginia.
Detective Blank explained that when he had talked to Ms. Roberts over the
phone, she had mentioned an upsetting conversation about a washing machine
from several years earlier. When defense counsel asked about the part where
Ivan had begged not to be killed, Detective Blank responded, “It was a[n]
improbable lead when I already had specific knowledge and probable cause to
charge [Appellant] with the offense at hand.” During closing arguments, defense
counsel even argued these investigative deficiencies to the jury. Consequently,
the jury was aware of Ms. Roberts’s email and was aware there were other leads
possibly pointing to other suspects that Detective Blank did not pursue.
Appellant wanted the email admitted to undermine Detective Blank’s decision not
to pursue these other leads, but Appellant already had that ability and made his
point through his cross-examination of Detective Blank, which the trial court
expressly stated Appellant would be allowed to do. We hold the error, if any, in
not admitting Ms. Roberts’s email was harmless. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).
Having held the error, if any, was harmless, we overrule Appellant’s
second issue.
Failure to Charge on the Lesser-Included Offense
In his third issue, Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion
by denying his request that the charge include a question pertaining to the
lesser-included offense of deadly conduct. The State in count one alleged felony
murder under penal code section 19.02(b)(3), which provides:
14
(b) A person commits an offense if he:
....
(3) commits or attempts to commit a felony, other than
manslaughter, and in the course of and in furtherance of
the commission or attempt, or in the immediate flight
from the commission or attempt, he commits or
attempts to commit an act clearly dangerous to human
life that causes the death of an individual.
Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(3). Specifically, the State alleged that Appellant
intentionally or knowingly committed or attempted to commit an act clearly
dangerous to human life, namely, Appellant discharged a firearm at or in the
direction of a habitation or building and thereby caused Ivan’s death and, further,
that Appellant was at that time in the course of or immediate flight from the
commission or attempted commission of a felony, to-wit: unlawful possession of
a firearm by a felon.
In the indictment, the felony “other than manslaughter” that Appellant
committed was unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, which is a third
degree felony. Id. § 46.04(a), (e) (West 2011). It was in the course of
committing that offense (unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon) that
Appellant allegedly committed “an act clearly dangerous to human life that
cause[d] the death of an individual.” Id. § 19.02(b)(3). Specifically, he
“discharge[d] a firearm at or in the direction of a habitation or building, which
caused the death of Ivan Daniel Valenzuela.” Appellant contends the offense of
deadly conduct is subsumed within that latter allegation, that is, while Appellant
15
was committing the felony offense of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon,
he committed the offense of deadly conduct. The deadly conduct provision upon
which Appellant relies provides as follows:
(b) A person commits an offense if he knowingly discharges a
firearm at or in the direction of:
....
(2) A habitation, building, or vehicle and is reckless as
to whether the habitation, building, or vehicle is
occupied.
Id. § 22.05(b)(2) (West 2011).
We use a two-step analysis to determine whether an appellant was entitled
to a lesser-included offense instruction. Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 528 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007); Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672–73 (Tex. Crim.
App.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 919 (1993). First, the lesser offense must come
within article 37.09 of the code of criminal procedure. Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 37.09 (West 2006); Moore v. State, 969 S.W.2d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim. App.
1998). The State does not dispute that Appellant met the first prong. See Tex.
Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.09(1), (2); Ex parte Watson, 306 S.W.3d 259, 273
(Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (op. on reh’g). Without deciding, we will assume for
purposes of our analysis that Appellant met the first prong. See Skinner v. State,
956 S.W.2d 532, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (stating first prong met where
neither party disputed it), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1079 (1998).
16
Under the second prong, some evidence must exist in the record that
would permit a jury to rationally find that if the appellant is guilty, he is guilty only
of the lesser offense. Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536; Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d 734,
741 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Rousseau, 855 S.W.2d at 672–73. The evidence
must be evaluated in the context of the entire record. Moore, 969 S.W.2d at 8.
There must be some evidence from which a rational jury could acquit the
appellant of the greater offense while convicting him of the lesser-included
offense. Id. The court may not consider whether the evidence is credible,
controverted, or in conflict with other evidence. Id. Anything more than a scintilla
of evidence may be sufficient to entitle a defendant to a lesser charge. Hall, 225
S.W.3d at 536.
Appellant contends he met the second prong as well. Appellant again
asserts there was no evidence his conduct caused Ivan’s death. We disagree. It
is not enough that the jury may disbelieve crucial evidence pertaining to the
greater offense; rather, there must be some evidence directly germane to the
lesser-included offense for the finder of fact to consider before an instruction on a
lesser-included offense is warranted. See Skinner, 956 S.W.2d at 543. Under
the facts, if the jury found Appellant had engaged in the deadly conduct, the
lesser-included offense, it had no rational basis for acquitting Appellant of the
greater offense of felony murder. See Moore, 969 S.W.2d at 8; Jones v. State,
241 S.W.3d 666, 672 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, no pet.) (“[T]here was no
germane evidence presented for the jury to rationally consider that the lesser-
17
included offense of simple assault took place; under the evidence presented, if
the jury found that any assault occurred at all, it was an aggravated assault.”).
There was not a scintilla of evidence that Ivan’s death was caused by anything
other than Appellant’s discharging a firearm while being a felon in possession of
a firearm. See Moore, 969 S.W.2d at 8.
We hold the trial court did not err by refusing Appellant’s request for a
charge on the lesser-included offense and overrule Appellant’s third issue.
Admission of Prior Convictions During the Punishment Trial
In his fourth issue, Appellant contends that during the punishment phase,
the trial court erred by overruling his objections to State’s Exhibits 96, 97, 99, and
100, which were convictions not proven through fingerprint comparison. The
State argued the county identification numbers were the same on each document
and, in that way, were connected to the person “rolled” in court that day.
Appellant notes that this court has, in unpublished opinions, twice ruled against
his position on this issue. See Jones v. State, No. 02-11-00060-CR, 2012 WL
3735890, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 30, 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem. op, not
designated for publication); Norris v. State, No. 02-10-00468-CR, 2012 WL
2135594, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 14, 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem. op,
not designated for publication). However, absent fingerprints, Appellant argues
that other inmates may have been abusing the system by using Appellant’s name
as an alias.
18
To establish that a defendant has a prior conviction, the State must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) a prior conviction exists and (2) the
defendant is linked to that conviction. Flowers v. State, 220 S.W.3d 919, 921
(Tex.Crim. App. 2007); Beck v. State, 719 S.W.2d 205, 210 (Tex. Crim. App.
1986) (“It is incumbent on the State to go forward and show by independent
evidence that the defendant is the person so previously convicted.”); see also
Timberlake v. State, 711 S.W.2d 50, 52 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (“[T]he facts of
each case must contain reliable evidence showing that the defendant had been
previously convicted of the offense for which evidence is offered.”). These two
elements may be shown by certified copies of a judgment and a sentence,
including fingerprints supported by expert testimony identifying them as identical
with known prints of the defendant. See Vessels v. State, 432 S.W.2d 108, 117
(Tex. Crim. App. 1968). There is no required mode of proof; the State may prove
a prior conviction in a number of different ways. Flowers, 220 S.W.3d at 921–22
(“Just as there is more than one way to skin a cat, there is more than one way to
prove a prior conviction.”). In proving the elements, the State may use “[a]ny
type of evidence, documentary or testimonial.” Id. at 922; see Human v. State,
749 S.W.2d 832, 836 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). The factfinder looks at the totality
of the evidence to determine whether there was a previous conviction and
whether the defendant was the person convicted. Flowers, 220 S.W.3d at 923.
John Pauley, a deputy in the Tarrant County Sheriff’s Office, said a county
identification number was assigned to a person the first time he or she came to
19
jail. He said that number was not duplicated for any other person and that the
person assigned that number would always get that number every time that
person came back into custody. He rolled Appellant’s prints the same afternoon
during which he testified. Those prints matched the prints and the county
identification number that the sheriff’s department kept on file for Appellant.
State’s Exhibits 96, 97, 99, and 100 had the same county identification number.
Deputy Pauley admitted that initially sometimes mistakes were made.
Appellant’s arguments go to the weight of the evidence and not to its
admissibility. That State showed prior convictions and linked them to Appellant.
See Flowers, 220 S.W.3d at 921. The trial court signaled to the jury that the
issue was one of weight and not admissibility. When admitting State’s Exhibits
96, 97, 99, and 100, the trial court said, “At this time, the Court is going to
overrule the objection to State’s Exhibits 96, 97, 99, 100. The jury will assign the
proper weight to be given to the evidence.” Appellant does not direct us to any
other evidence supporting his speculation that these convictions were the
product of someone else successfully using his name and county identification
number as aliases.
We hold that the trial court did not err by admitting State’s Exhibits 96, 97,
99, and 100 and overrule Appellant’s fourth issue. See Jones, 2012 WL
3735890, at *1–2; Norris, 2012 WL 2135594, at *2–3.
20
Reformation of Judgment to Speak the Truth
An appellate court has the authority to reform a judgment to make the
record speak the truth. French v. State, 830 S.W.2d 607, 609 (Tex. Crim. App.
1992). The authority to correct a clerical error is not dependent upon a request
by either party or upon whether they objected and preserved error in the trial
court. Asberry v. State, 813 S.W.2d 526, 531 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1991, pet.
ref’d). The judgment reflects that Appellant was convicted of murder under
section 19.02(b)(1) of the Texas Penal Code. This is clerical error. The jury
convicted Appellant on the first count in the indictment. The State alleged in the
first count of the indictment felony murder under section 19.02(b)(3) of the penal
code. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(3). We reform the judgment to speak
the truth, which is that Appellant was convicted under section 19.02(b)(3) of the
Texas Penal Code.
Conclusion
Having overruled Appellant’s four issues and having corrected the
judgment to speak the truth, we affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified.
/s/ Anne Gardner
ANNE GARDNER
JUSTICE
PANEL: GARDNER, MEIER, and GABRIEL, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: August 6, 2015
21