FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
December 9, 2016
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 15-1228
(D.C. No. 1:10-CR-00164-REB-2)
SILVESTRE MAYORQUI RIVERA, (D. Colo.)
a/k/a Chikali,
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, LUCERO, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.
Eleven years ago, in the federal government’s most secure prison, two
inmates killed a third. Silvestre Rivera promptly admitted that he was one of the
assailants. But he claimed he acted in self-defense. The government disagreed.
It saw the killing as a gang-ordered “hit.” At a trial seeking to prove as much
prosecutors asked pointed questions of a defense witness during cross-
examination. Mr. Rivera says one of these questions implied prejudicial facts
about him that weren’t supported by the record. He thinks the district court
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
committed plain error when it allowed this question to be asked and, on this basis,
he asks us to overturn the jury verdict against him.
The key question came in the government’s cross-examination of Arcadio
Perez. Like Mr. Rivera, Mr. Perez was an inmate at the Administrative Maximum
Facility (ADX) prison in Florence, Colorado. On cross-examination, the
government challenged Mr. Perez by asking: “But you knew that Mr. Rivera had
come over to ADX and brought that final piece, that final message over, that the
green light was activated on Mr. Torrez [the victim] and it was time to kill him,
didn’t you?” R.O.A. IV at 1560 (emphases added). On the government’s theory
of the case, Mr. Rivera and Mr. Torrez were members of the same gang, Mr.
Torrez had fallen out of favor with gang leaders, Mr. Rivera was ordered to kill
Mr. Torrez upon his transfer to ADX, and a “green light” is slang for a gang-
ordered hit on a straying member.
The defense objected to the government’s question. It argued that the
evidence produced during the trial to that point failed to support an implication
that a “green light” existed or that Mr. Rivera had anything to do with it. In
response to the defendant’s objection, the government offered to provide any
necessary further foundational evidence the court might require during rebuttal,
after the defense’s case-in-chief. In light of that proffer, the court conditionally
allowed the question. Mr. Perez proceeded to answer the question favorably to
the defense, professing no knowledge of any “green light.” And the parties chose
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to leave the matter there. After winning some important concessions during the
remainder of the defendant’s case-in-chief, the government announced its wish to
forgo a rebuttal case and rest. At that point, too, the defense declined to press for
any rebuttal evidence, seemingly content to leave the matter lie. And, ultimately,
the jury rendered a verdict in favor of the government.
Now Mr. Rivera argues that the district court erred. On his account, the
district court should have, on its own motion, required the government to produce
its previously promised rebuttal evidence. Even though he himself admittedly
made no such demand. Mr. Rivera notes that, under our precedents, “a prosecutor
who asks the accused a question that implies the existence of a prejudicial fact
must be prepared to prove that fact.” United States v. Silverstein, 737 F.2d 864,
868 (10th Cir. 1984). And he suggests that the government’s failure to present a
rebuttal case means that it failed to make good on that obligation.
At the same time, Mr. Rivera acknowledges that our standard of review
here is quite demanding. He admits that his failure to renew his objection at the
close of his case and to press the government for rebuttal evidence means we may
review the district court’s judgment only if its failure to order rebuttal evidence
on its own initiative amounted to plain error. See, e.g., Huddleston v. United
States, 485 U.S. 681, 690 n.7 (1988). And no doubt our standard of review is so
demanding here for good reason. Not infrequently an objector may wish to forgo
insisting on the introduction of previously promised foundational evidence out of
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concern that persisting in the demand may only invite the introduction of more
harmful proof, doing him more harm than good in the end. Especially where, as
here, the question posed falls flat and yields no inculpating testimony. Indeed,
for all we know, that’s exactly the sort of calculation the defense made here.
However that may be, no plain error exists here for at least two reasons.
One legal, one factual.
First the legal. Mr. Rivera insists that we should only allow a party to ask
cross-examination questions that are already supported by facts in the record.
Promises to produce foundational facts later, he says, should never suffice. In
support of his argument, Mr. Rivera points us to a Ninth Circuit decision that
suggests a prosecutor’s “good faith” basis for a question must be “established to
the satisfaction of the court, outside the presence of the jury, before the question
is asked.” United States v. Davenport, 753 F.2d 1460, 1463-64 (9th Cir. 1985)
(emphasis added). But about this much we have our doubts. Take the Supreme
Court’s later decision in Huddleston. There the Court seemed to allow a
prosecutor to introduce evidence whose admissibility depended on foundational
proof that the prosecutor in good faith promised to produce later in the
proceedings. 485 U.S. at 690-91 & n.7. The Ninth Circuit’s decision in
Davenport predates Huddleston and does not attempt to account for its seeming
approval of this procedure. Neither, for that matter, has this court ever gone quite
as far as the Ninth Circuit, either before or after Huddleston. In Silverstein we
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said only that the government, acting in good faith, must be prepared to prove —
not that it has to prove — a foundational fact before asking a question. And,
indeed, some other circuits eschew Davenport in favor of this very approach.
See, e.g., United States v. Malik, 928 F.2d 17, 24 (1st Cir. 1991). Given the
current state of the law, then, we simply cannot say the district court plainly
erred, if it erred at all, by permitting the government’s question based on a good
faith promise to provide foundational evidence later instead of demanding an
immediate break in the trial proceedings to consider foundational evidence first.
Second, the factual. On the record before us, we don’t see how any
putative error here could have affected Mr. Rivera’s “substantial rights” and thus
qualify as plain. Before posing its question the government presented video
evidence of inmate bystanders calmly continuing their workouts during the killing
— evidence tending to suggest the killing wasn’t spontaneous but instead gang-
approved. The government also presented testimony that inmates can spread
“green lights” through even highly secure prisons using drain pipes, sign
language, and other means. And the government presented testimony that, if his
killing of a gang member like Mr. Torrez wasn’t gang-approved, Mr. Rivera
himself would have faced immediate and serious gang retaliation. Yet nothing of
the sort occurred. After posing its question, the government produced yet further
evidence of its theory, even during the defendant’s case-in-chief. For example,
Mr. Rivera’s own expert admitted that when a “green light” is ordered, it is
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carried out as soon as possible. And the facts revealed that Mr. Rivera killed Mr.
Torrez almost immediately after his arrival at ADX. Mr. Rivera himself testified,
too, that ADX prisoners were “starved” for information from the outside when he
arrived. Testimony, which considered together with the inmate bystanders’ calm
reaction to the killing, tends to support the inference that Mr. Rivera arrived at
ADX with word of a “green light” that inmates hadn’t known about previously.
In combination, these facts suffice to establish at least a good faith, if not
unassailable, basis for the government’s question. True, some of the factual
predicate came after rather than before the question. But so long as a good faith
predicate is eventually presented it’s hard to see how a defendant’s substantial
rights might be affected. After all, even under Davenport no more than a good
faith predicate is ever required for a cross-examination question. And so the fact
that the predicate may have come (partly) after — rather than before — the
question can be no more than a harmless error. To hold otherwise would be to
elevate form over substance.
Affirmed.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Neil M. Gorsuch
Circuit Judge
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