Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
December 13, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 47873-1-II
Respondent,
v.
GARY LEE NOBLE, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
WORSWICK, P.J. — Gary Lee Noble appeals his convictions for possession of a controlled
substance (methamphetamine) and first degree criminal trespass. Noble argues that (1) the trial
court erred in sentencing him for possession of a controlled substance following his guilty plea
when a subsequently amended information excluded the offense, (2) the trial court erred by
refusing to instruct the jury that abandonment is a defense to residential burglary, and (3) trial
counsel was ineffective by failing to request a jury instruction on the abandonment defense to
first degree criminal trespass. We review only the ineffective assistance of counsel issue, and we
affirm Noble’s convictions.
FACTS
Ruban Allen purchased a mobile home from a neighbor’s estate sometime between 2009
and 2010. The mobile home needed substantial repairs, and Allen purchased it to make
improvements and sell it. Although no one lived in the home, Allen maintained the yard and
continued power and gas utilities. In addition, Allen removed the carpet, repaired appliances,
and purchased paint for the walls.
No. 47873-1-II
On May 10, 2015, Gary Lee Noble discovered Allen’s mobile home while waiting for a
bus. Noble entered the home. After examining the property, he decided to sleep in the home
until his bus arrived the next morning.
Later that day, a neighbor notified Allen that he heard hammering coming from inside the
mobile home. Allen called police and decided to inspect the property. Allen noticed that
someone had broken the handle off the door to a shed, lifted the gate over a doggy door, and
hung curtains over the windows. After hearing noise on the other side of the mobile home, Allen
discovered Noble and told him to leave. Police arrested Noble soon after. Police conducted a
search of Noble’s person incident to arrest and discovered a “baggie” of methamphetamine.
On May 11, the State charged Noble with second degree burglary and possession of a
controlled substance. On July 7, the State filed a first amended information and charged Noble
with one count of residential burglary,1 one count of possession of a controlled substance,2 and
one count of third degree possession of stolen property.3 Noble was then arraigned on the first
amended information and pleaded guilty to one charge—possession of a controlled substance.
On the day he pleaded guilty, Noble signed a “Statement of Defendant on Plea,” which
stated: “I Have Been Informed and Fully Understand That: . . . (b) I am charged with: Count 2:
Possession of a Controlled Substance. The elements are: as contained in the [first amended]
INFORMATION filed in Superior Court.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 13-14 (alteration in original).
1
RCW 9A.52.025(1).
2
RCW 69.50.4013(1).
3
RCW 9A.56.170(1). The jury found Noble guilty of third degree possession of stolen property,
and this charge is not at issue in this appeal.
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No. 47873-1-II
The trial court asked Noble if he read and signed the Statement of Defendant on a Plea of Guilty,
whether he understood the rights he was giving up, and whether the plea was made of Noble’s
own free will. Noble affirmatively answered the court’s questions and entered a guilty plea. The
trial court accepted the plea.
After the trial court accepted Noble’s guilty plea, the State filed a second amended
information that charged second degree burglary and third degree possession of stolen property;
the second amended information omitted the controlled substance charge. Noble did not object.
Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine to exclude any discussion of abandonment
as a defense to residential burglary during voir dire. The trial court granted the State’s motion,
stating: “I won’t allow either side to argue their case to the jury [during voir dire]. . . . But if you
want to argue your abandonment defense in opening, I’m not going to allow it unless you have
some legal authority to allow to [sic] you do that.” 1 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 92. The trial
court continued, “State vs. Jensen[4] says it’s not a defense to burglary. And consistent with State
vs. Olson[5] saying residential burglary. And both cases indicate that the defense of abandonment
only applies for criminal trespass. So based on law, I can’t allow you to argue abandonment.” 1
RP at 95.
At trial, witnesses testified to the above facts. Noble also testified in his defense. Noble
stated that Allen’s mobile home looked dilapidated and condemned. He also noted that the
mobile home “smelled bad. There was no carpets. There was no furniture. There was an old
fridge that was not plugged in in the center of what would have been the living room.” 3 RP at
4
149 Wn. App. 393, 203 P.3d 393 (2009).
5
182 Wn. App. 362, 329 P.3d 141 (2014).
3
No. 47873-1-II
433. Noble then proposed a jury instruction on first degree criminal trespass as a lesser included
offense of residential burglary. The court instructed the jury on the lesser included offense of
first degree criminal trespass.
The jury found Noble not guilty of residential burglary but guilty of the lesser included
offense of first degree criminal trespass. Noble appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE INFORMATION
Noble argues, for the first time on appeal, that the trial court erred in sentencing him for
possession of a controlled substance because the second amended information, filed after he
pleaded guilty, did not charge him with the essential elements of the offense. We do not review
this claim of error.
Generally, we will not consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal. RAP 2.5(a);
State v. Gordon, 172 Wn.2d 671, 676, 260 P.3d 884 (2011). A defendant may, however, raise a
claim of error for the first time on appeal if it is a manifest error affecting a constitutional right.
RAP 2.5(a)(3); Gordon, 172 Wn.2d at 676. To demonstrate manifest error, the defendant must
show actual prejudice by identifying a constitutional error and showing that the alleged error
actually affected his rights at trial. 172 Wn.2d at 676. If we determine the claim raises a
manifest constitutional error, it may be subject to harmless error review. 172 Wn.2d at 676. To
determine if the defendant claims a manifest constitutional error, we preview the merits of the
defendant’s claim to see if it would succeed. State v. Kirwin, 165 Wn.2d 818, 823, 203 P.3d
1044 (2009).
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No. 47873-1-II
Due process requires that a defendant’s guilty plea be knowing, voluntary, and
intelligent. State v. Weyrich, 163 Wn.2d 554, 556, 182 P.3d 965 (2008). In order for a guilty
plea to be voluntary, the defendant must be informed of the nature of the charged offense. State
v. Holsworth, 93 Wn.2d 148, 153, 607 P.2d 845 (1980). The defendant is sufficiently informed
of the nature of the charged offense if the charging document includes the offense’s essential
elements. 93 Wn.2d at 153. We review challenges to the sufficiency of a charging document de
novo. State v. Lindsey, 177 Wn. App. 233, 244, 311 P.3d 61 (2013), review denied, 180 Wn.2d
1022 (2014).
The State originally charged Noble with second degree burglary and possession of a
controlled substance. On July 7, the State filed a first amended information charging Noble with
residential burglary, possession of a controlled substance, and first degree possession of stolen
property. Noble was arraigned on the first amended information, and he pleaded guilty that same
day to possession of a controlled substance. Noble does not argue that the first amended
information was insufficient.
As part of his guilty plea, Noble agreed that he had been informed and fully understood
that he was charged with possession of a controlled substance. He further agreed that the
elements of that charge were contained in the first amended information. The trial court
accepted Noble’s plea, finding he made it knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.6 Later that
day, the State filed a second amended information that omitted the controlled substance charge.
6
At oral argument, Noble conceded that his plea was voluntarily made.
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No. 47873-1-II
Noble argues for the first time on appeal that the trial court erred in sentencing him for
possession of a controlled substance after his guilty plea because the second amended
information omitted the essential elements of the offense. Noble requests that we dismiss his
possession of a controlled substance conviction without prejudice.
By framing his argument as one of an insufficient information, Noble attempts to portray
his claim as a constitutional error. Despite this, Noble fails to show that his claim raises a
manifest constitutional error. The first amended information notified Noble of the essential
elements of the possession of a controlled substance charge. Noble then pleaded guilty to
possession of a controlled substance as charged in the first amended information. Accordingly,
Noble was informed of the nature of the charged offense when he pleaded guilty and, therefore,
made a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent guilty plea.
Noble is unable to demonstrate actual prejudice because he does not show how his rights
were actually affected. Because Noble’s guilty plea was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent,
Noble’s rights were not actually affected by any alleged error. While the second amended
information may have been ill-conceived, its omission of the possession of a controlled
substance charge is of no consequence because the trial court accepted Noble’s guilty plea before
the State filed the second amended information. As a result, Noble cannot show actual prejudice.
Therefore, Noble fails to raise a manifest error affecting a constitutional right, and we do not
review his claim of error.7
7
While Noble raises the issue of subject matter jurisdiction, he appears to concede that the State
was not divested of its subject matter jurisdiction. We agree. State v. Franks, 105 Wn. App.
950, 957, 22 P.3d 269 (2001) (“An information that fails to state the essential elements of the
charged crime raises an issue . . . [of] lack of due process, not lack of jurisdiction.”).
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No. 47873-1-II
II. ABANDONMENT DEFENSE FOR RESIDENTIAL BURGLARY
Noble argues that the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury that abandonment is
a defense to residential burglary. We do not address this issue because it is moot.
Generally, we do not review a question that is moot. Citizens for Financially Responsible
Gov’t v. City of Spokane, 99 Wn.2d 339, 350, 662 P.2d 845 (1983). A case is moot “when it
involves only abstract propositions or questions, the substantial questions in the trial court no
longer exist, or a court can no longer provide effective relief.” Spokane Research & Def. Fund v.
City of Spokane, 155 Wn.2d 89, 99, 117 P.3d 1117 (2005).
Noble argues the trial court erred by refusing to allow him to argue an abandonment
defense to the charge of residential burglary. The jury, however, entered its verdict finding
Noble not guilty of residential burglary. Because Noble was found not guilty, we cannot provide
effective relief. Therefore, Noble’s claim is moot, and we do not address it.
III. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Noble also argues that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to request a jury instruction
on the abandoned property defense to first degree criminal trespass. We disagree.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of the
Washington Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant’s right to effective assistance of
counsel. State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 32, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011). We review ineffective
assistance of counsel claims de novo. State v. Binh Thach, 126 Wn. App. 297, 319, 106 P.3d 782
(2005). To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the defendant must show that
defense counsel’s representation was deficient and that the deficient representation prejudiced
him. Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 32-33.
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No. 47873-1-II
Failure to request an instruction on a potential defense can constitute ineffective
assistance of counsel. See State v. Thomas, 109 Wn.2d 222, 229, 743 P.2d 816 (1987). “Where
the claim of ineffective assistance [of counsel] is based upon counsel’s failure to request a
particular jury instruction, the defendant must show he was entitled to the instruction, counsel’s
performance was deficient in failing to request it, and the failure to request the instruction caused
prejudice.” State v. Thompson, 169 Wn. App. 436, 495, 290 P.3d 996 (2012). A defendant is
entitled to a jury instruction supporting his theory of the case if there is substantial evidence in
the record to support it. State v. Werner, 170 Wn.2d 333, 336, 241 P.3d 410 (2010).
Criminal trespass is a lesser included offense of residential burglary, and it is a statutory
defense to criminal trespass that a building involved was abandoned. RCW 9A.52.090(1); State
v. J.P., 130 Wn. App. 887, 895, 125 P.3d 215 (2005). The statutory defenses to criminal trespass
negate the unlawful presence element of the offense. State v. Olson, 182 Wn. App. 362, 376,
329 P.3d 121 (2014). As a result, the statutory defenses are not affirmative defenses. 182 Wn.
App. at 376. When a defendant argues that his presence on property was lawful, the State must
prove the absence of his defense. 182 Wn. App. at 376.
RCW 9A.52.090(1) does not define the term “abandoned.” In State v. J.P., Division
Three of this court recognized that “abandon” means “‘to cease to assert or exercise an interest,
right, or title to esp[ecially] with the intent of never again resuming or reasserting it’ and ‘to give
up . . . by leaving, withdrawing, ceasing to inhabit, to keep, or to operate often because unable to
withstand threatening dangers or encroachments.’” 130 Wn. App. at 895-96 (alterations in
original) (quoting WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 2 (1993)). Accordingly,
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No. 47873-1-II
Division Three held that testimony showing that an owner was preparing a vacant home for sale
was sufficient to show that the home was not abandoned by that owner. 130 Wn. App. at 896.
At trial, Noble testified that Allen’s mobile home “looked . . . like a very dilapidated,
condemned place. It smelled bad. There was no carpets. There was no furniture. There was an
old fridge that was not plugged in in the center of what would have been the living room.” 3 RP
at 433. Allen testified that although no one lived in the mobile home, he purchased it in order to
fix it up and sell it. In an effort to restore the home, he removed the carpets and turned off the
water to fix an appliance.
Noble was not entitled to a jury instruction on the abandonment defense to first degree
criminal trespass because there is not substantial evidence in the record to support Noble’s
abandonment theory. While Allen’s mobile home was uninhabited and in a state of disrepair,
there is no evidence that Allen intended to give it up or rid himself of his right in the home.
Instead, Allen testified he was slowly repairing the mobile home and had an interest in selling it.
Despite Noble’s testimony that he believed the mobile home was dilapidated and condemned, his
subjective belief does not entitle him to a jury instruction on the abandonment defense because
the home was not in fact abandoned. Accordingly, there is not sufficient evidence in the record
to support Noble’s theory that the mobile home was abandoned, and the State proved the absence
of the abandonment defense. Because Noble was not entitled to a jury instruction on the
abandonment defense to first degree criminal trespass, trial counsel was not ineffective for
failing to request the instruction.
We affirm Noble’s convictions.
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No. 47873-1-II
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
Worswick, P.J.
We concur:
Lee, J.
Sutton, J.
10