Petition for Writ of Mandamus Conditionally Granted and Memorandum
Opinion filed December 13, 2016.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-16-00677-CV
IN RE TEXAS WINDSTORM INSURANCE ASSOCIATION, Relator
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING
WRIT OF MANDAMUS
122nd District Court
Galveston County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 12-CV-2013
MEMORANDUM OPINION
On August 30, 2016, relator Texas Windstorm Insurance Association filed a
petition for writ of mandamus in this court. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 22.221
(West 2004); see also Tex. R. App. P. 52. In the petition, Texas Windstorm asks
this court to compel the Honorable Lonnie Cox, presiding judge of the 122nd
District Court of Galveston County, to set aside his (1) August 25, 2016 order
granting the motion to compel production, or alternatively, motion to exclude the
testimony of Paul Strickland, filed by the City of Dickinson; and (2) August 25,
2016 order denying Texas Windstorm’s motion to withdraw Exhibit 3-A to its
response to the motion to compel. We conditionally grant the petition.
BACKGROUND
Texas Windstorm issued a commercial windstorm policy to the City of
Dickinson. The parties dispute the amount Texas Windstorm owed the City under
the policy for property damage caused by high winds during Hurricane Ike. The
City sued Texas Windstorm for breach of contract, fraud, violations of the Texas
Insurance Code, and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, and
requested a declaratory judgment regarding certain items under Chapter 541 of the
Insurance Code.
The City filed a traditional motion for summary judgment on causation.
Texas Windstorm filed a response, which included an affidavit of its corporate
representative, Paul Strickland, who also opined as a non-retained expert. During
Strickland’s deposition, the City learned that Strickland’s affidavit had been
revised in a series of emails between Strickland and Texas Windstorm’s counsel.
The City filed a motion to compel all communications between Strickland and
Texas Windstorm’s counsel, or in the alternative, a motion to exclude Strickland as
an expert.
A series of clerical errors and miscommunications occurred when Texas
Windstorm prepared its response to the motion to compel. As a result of those
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errors and miscommunications, fifty-five pages of documents, which Texas
Windstorm claimed were protected under the attorney-client and attorney work
product privileges and intended to be tendered physically to the court in camera in
a sealed envelope, were inadvertently e-filed as Exhibit 3-A to Texas Windstorm’s
response to the motion to compel.
Between the evening of August 8, 2016, when Exhibit 3-A was e-filed, and a
hearing on the motion to compel set for August 9, 2016, Texas Windstorm’s
counsel discovered the filing error. Texas Windstorm’s counsel sent an email to
the City’s counsel, requesting an agreement on an emergency motion to withdraw
the documents in Exhibit 3-A (“snap-back” motion). The City’s counsel
responded, “Opposed.” Texas Windstorm also sent a letter to the City’s counsel,
invoking the snap-back provision of the Rule 193.3(d) of the Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure and requesting that the City delete or destroy all copies of the
documents in Exhibit 3-A. Texas Windstorm also filed an emergency snap-back
motion.
The trial court heard the motion to compel and the snap-back motion at the
August 9, 2016 hearing. Texas Windstorm presented the inadvertently disclosed
documents under seal for in camera review. The trial court did not rule on the
parties’ respective motions at that time.
On August 10, 2016, Texas Windstorm’s counsel emailed the City’s
counsel, asking him to agree to a motion to seal the record and not to disseminate
the documents pending a final resolution of the privilege issue. The City’s counsel
agreed, and Texas Windstorm filed the motion to seal. On August 11, 2016, the
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trial court signed an order, directing the Galveston County District Clerk to place
any copies of Exhibit 3-A under seal, and the City not to disseminate Exhibit 3-A
until final resolution of Texas Windstorm’s motion to withdraw Exhibit 3-A.
The trial court held another hearing on August 25, 2016. The trial court
denied Texas Windstorm’s motion to withdraw Exhibit 3-A, and granted the City’s
motion to compel, ordering Texas Windstorm to produce the items provided to,
reviewed by, or prepared by or for Strickland in anticipation of his testimony as an
expert, “including all e-mails and drafts he exchanged with TWIA’s counsel to
prepare his Affidavit.”
The trial court also granted the motion to seal the record as to the emails and
the drafts of the affidavit in Exhibit 3-A and prevent their dissemination for ten
days unless Texas Windstorm filed a petition for writ of mandamus in ten days, in
which case the order would continue in effect.
When Texas Windstorm did not produce the documents, the City’s counsel,
on August 30, 2016, wrote Texas Windstorm’s counsel asking that he advise of the
status of the production no later than the close of the day, or the City would move
forward for sanctions. Texas Windstorm filed its petition for writ of mandamus in
this court the same day.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
To be entitled to mandamus relief, a relator must demonstrate (1) the trial
court clearly abused its discretion; and (2) the relator has no adequate remedy by
appeal. In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d 360, 364 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding). A trial
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court abuses its discretion if it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as
to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law or if it clearly fails to analyze the
law correctly or apply the law correctly to the facts. In re Cerberus Capital Mgmt.
L.P., 164 S.W.3d 379, 382 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam). The scope
of discovery is within the discretion of the trial court. In re Mem’l Hermann Hosp.
Sys., 464 S.W.3d 686, 698 (Tex. 2015) (orig. proceeding). Appeal is not an
adequate remedy when the trial court has erroneously ordered the production of
privileged documents. In re Christus Santa Rosa Health Sys., 492 S.W.3d 276,
279 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding).
ANALYSIS
I. Abuse of Discretion
A. The City’s Motion to Compel
In its petition, Texas Windstorm asserts that the attorney-client privilege and
the attorney work product privilege protect the emails and drafts of Strickland’s
affidavit from discovery. The City contends that neither the attorney-client
privilege nor the work-product privilege applies to testifying experts, even if the
expert is an employee of the client.
The City sought to compel all communications between Strickland and
Texas Windstorm’s counsel pursuant to Rules 194.2(f)(4) and 192.3(e)(6) of the
Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 192.3(e)(6) provides that a party may obtain
the following items, which have been provided to, reviewed by, or prepared by or
for an expert in anticipation of testifying:
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(e) Testifying and Consulting Experts. The identity, mental
impressions, and opinions of a consulting expert whose mental
impressions and opinions have not been reviewed by a testifying
expert are not discoverable. A party may discover the following
information regarding a testifying expert or regarding a consulting
expert whose mental impressions or opinions have been reviewed by a
testifying expert:
* * *
(6) all documents, tangible things, reports, models, or data
compilations that have been provided to, reviewed by, or prepared by
or for the expert in anticipation of a testifying expert’s testimony[.]
Tex. R. Civ. P. 192.3(e)(6). “[I]nformation discoverable under rule 192.3
concerning experts, trial witnesses, witness statements, and contentions” are not
work product protected from discovery. Tex. R. Civ. P. 192.5(c)(1); see also In re
Christus Spohn Hosp. Kleberg, 222 S.W.3d 434, 445 (Tex. 2007) (orig.
proceeding) (holding that the work-product privilege did not protect documents
provided to the relator’s testifying expert from discovery pursuant to rule
192.3(e)(6)).
Rule 194.2(f)(4) provides that a party may request disclosure of any or all of
the following “for any testifying expert,” including an expert who is also an
employee of the client:
(4) if the expert is retained by, employed by, or otherwise subject to
the control of the responding party:
(A) All documents, tangible things, reports, models, or data
compilations that have been provided to, reviewed by, or prepared by
or for the expert in anticipation of the expert’s testimony[.]
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Tex. R. Civ. P. 194.2(f)(4). The work-product privilege is not applicable to
requests for disclosure pursuant to rule 194.2(f)(4). See Tex. R. Civ. P. 194 cmt. 1
(providing that a party may assert any applicable privileges to written discovery
except for the work-product privilege). Thus, Texas Windstorm’s assertion of
attorney work-product privilege does not protect the emails and drafts from
discovery pursuant to rules 194.2(f)(4) and 192.3(e)(6).
However, even though the work-product privilege does not protect
documents and other items from disclosure, the attorney-client privilege generally
protects attorney-client communications from discovery. See Tex. R. Civ. P.
193.3(c) (exempting attorney-client communications from discovery). The
attorney-client privilege is “the oldest of the privileges for confidential
communications known to the common law.” In re XL Specialty Ins. Co., 373
S.W.3d 46, 49 (Tex. 2012) (orig. proceeding) (internal quotations and citations
omitted). The privilege ensures “the free flow of information between an attorney
and client, ultimately serving the broader societal interest of effective
administration of justice.” Ford Motor Co. v. Leggat, 904 S.W.2d 643, 647 (Tex.
1995) (orig. proceeding).
The attorney-client privilege protects from disclosure confidential
communications between the client or the “client’s representative” and counsel
made for the purpose of facilitating the rendition of legal services to the client.
Tex. R. Evid. 503(b)(1)(A); see also In re Hicks, 252 S.W.3d 790, 794 (Tex.
App.—[14th Dist.] 2008, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]) (“The [attorney-client]
privilege covers not only direct communications between lawyer and client but
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also communications involving the client’s representatives and the lawyer’s
representatives so long as they were made for the purpose of facilitating legal
services to the client.”). Rule 503(a)(2) defines “client representative” as “a person
having authority to obtain professional legal services, or to act on advice thereby
rendered, on behalf of the client,” or “any other person who, for the purpose of
effectuating legal representation for the client, makes or receives a confidential
communication while acting in the scope of employment for the client.” Tex. R.
Evid. 503(a)(2)(A), (B).
Texas Windstorm attached the affidavit of its attorney, James R. Old, Jr., to
its response to the motion to compel in support of its attorney-client privilege. See
Christus Santa Rosa Health Sys., 492 S.W.3d at 279 (stating that the party
asserting the privilege must present testimony or evidence that establishes the
existence of the privilege). Old testified that Texas Windstorm designated
Strickland as its corporate representative, who “serves as [Texas Windstorm’s]
liaison with defense counsel in this lawsuit.” This evidence is sufficient to
establish that Strickland is a client representative under rule 503. See Tex. R. Evid.
503(a)(2).
Old further testified that the communications concerning Strickland’s
affidavit were made in “the course and rendition of legal services, including
advising” Texas Windstorm regarding its response the City’s motion for summary
judgment. See Tex. R. Evid. 503(b)(1)(A); see also Pittsburgh Corning Corp. v.
Caldwell, 861 S.W.2d 423, 424 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, orig.
proceeding) (holding that the relator established the attorney-client privilege
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through the uncontroverted affidavit of the relator’s counsel). Moreover, an in
camera review of the emails and the drafts of the affidavit in Exhibit 3-A reflects
that they are attorney-client communications. Therefore, we conclude that Texas
Windstorm met its burden to establish that the emails in Exhibit 3-A are attorney-
client communications. See Mem’l Hermann Hosp. Sys., 464 S.W.3d at 698
(stating that the party seeking to avoid discovery has the burden to establish the
existence of the privilege).
The City does not dispute that the email exchanges and drafts of Strickland’s
affidavit in Exhibit 3-A are attorney-client communications. The City, however,
contends that the attorney-client privilege does not protect those communications
pursuant to rules 194.2(f)(4) and 192.3(e)(6) because Strickland is a testifying
expert.
Rules 192.3(e)(6) and 194.2(f)(4) contain identical language allowing for
discovery or disclosure of “all documents, tangible things, reports, models, or data
compilations that have been provided to, reviewed by, or prepared by or for the
expert in anticipation of a testifying expert’s testimony.” See Tex. R. Civ. P.
192.3(e)(6), 194.2(f)(4). Nothing in rule 192 or its comments address the
applicability of privileges. Given the identical language found in rules 192.3(e)(6)
and 194.2(f)(4), it would be inconsistent to allow a party to claim the attorney-
client privilege under rule 194.2(f)(4) but not under 192.3(e)(6).
The Dallas Court of Appeals addressed the assertion of the attorney-
privilege in response to a request for the disclosure of documents provided to the
expert, who was also a “client representative.” See In re Segner, 441 S.W.3d 409
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(Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]). After observing that
the current rules protect attorney-client communications from discovery and that
courts have a duty to balance the interest of discovery of relevant evidence against
the interest of “‘full and frank communications between attorneys and their
clients,’” the Segner court specifically held that rules 192.3(e) and 194.2(f) did not
provide for discovery of communications protected by the attorney-client privilege.
Id. at 413 (quoting XL Specialty Ins. Co., 373 S.W.3d at 56).
We agree with Segner, and conclude that the email exchanges and the
accompanying drafts of Strickland’s affidavit between Texas Windstorm’s counsel
and Strickland are protected by the attorney-client privilege and are not subject to
discovery. Our analysis, however, does not end here because Texas Windstorm
produced the drafts. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by granting the
City’s motion to compel depends on whether the trial court abused its discretion by
denying Texas Windstorm’s snap-back motion.
B. Texas Windstorm’s Snap-Back Motion
Texas Windstorm contends that the trial court also abused its discretion by
denying its snap-back motion because it complied with procedures of the snap-
back provision found in rule 193.3(d). See Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.3(d). The purpose
of the snap-back rule is to protect the inadvertent disclosure of privileged material
to reduce the cost and risk involved in document production. Christus Spohn
Hosp. Kleberg, 222 S.W.3d at 438–39 (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 193 cmt. 4). “The
snap-back provision has typically been applied when a party inadvertently
produces privileged documents to an opposing party.” Id. at 439. Rule 193.3(d)
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provides the following procedure for requesting the return of documents
inadvertently produced:
(d) Privilege Not Waived by Production. A party who produces
material or information without intending to waive a claim of
privilege does not waive that claim under these rules or the Rules of
Evidence if—within ten days or a shorter time ordered by the court,
after the producing party actually discovers that such production was
made—the producing party amends the response, identifying the
material or information produced and stating the privilege asserted. If
the producing party thus amends the response to assert a privilege, the
requesting party must promptly return the specified material or
information and any copies pending any ruling by the court denying
the privilege.
Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.3(d). “The rule is focused on the intent to waive the privilege,
not the intent to produce the material or information.” Christus Spohn Hosp.
Kleberg, 222 S.W.3d at 439.
Texas Windstorm’s counsel emailed the City’s counsel the day following the
disclosure, asking the City to destroy Exhibit 3-A without review or inspection,
and advising the City that it was filing a snap-back motion. The City opposed the
snap-back motion. That same day, Texas Windstorm also sent a letter to the City’s
counsel and filed a motion to withdraw Exhibit 3-A and to amend its response to
the City’s motion to compel.
Texas Windstorm timely amended its response and asserted the attorney-
client privilege within the ten-day period in rule 193.3(d). See Tex. R. Civ. P.
193.3(d); cf. In re Samson Lone Star, LLC, No. 06-10-00050-CV, 2010 WL
3008670, at *3 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Aug. 3, 2010, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.)
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(holding that the trial court acted within its discretion by denying untimely filed
snap-back motion). At that point, the City was required to return the fifty-five
pages in Exhibit 3-A to Texas Windstorm, pending a ruling by the court denying
the privilege, but the City did not do so. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.3(d).
In support of its snap-back motion, Texas Windstorm submitted the affidavit
of its counsel, James. R. Old, Jr., explaining the circumstances surrounding the
inadvertent production of the documents in Exhibit 3-A to the City. Old stated that
the in camera exhibit was not to be filed with Texas Windstorm’s response to the
motion to compel. Old directed his staff to assemble the exhibits for filing with the
response to the motion to compel and to set up an exhibit of the email
correspondence at issue to be included as part of an in camera tender to the trial
court. According to Old, he was not aware that the in camera documents had been
included with the exhibits to be e-filed.
Windstorm also submitted the affidavits of Old’s legal assistant and legal
secretary, explaining their roles in the disclosure and that the disclosure was a
mistake. In light of the immediate actions taken by Texas Windstorm after it
discovered the inadvertent production of Exhibit 3-A and the explanations
provided in the affidavits, and in the absence of any contrary evidence, Texas
Windstorm did not intend to waive its attorney-client privilege.
Texas Windstorm’s counsel complied with the procedures found in rule
193.3(d). Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion by denying Texas
Windstorm’s snap-back motion. See In re Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s
London, 294 S.W.3d 891, 907 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2009, orig. proceeding
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[mand. denied]) (holding trial court abused its discretion by denying snap-back
motion because the documents were privileged, relator properly requested their
return, and the request was timely).
As addressed above, the emails and accompanying drafts of Strickland’s
affidavit between Texas Windstorm’s counsel and Strickland in Exhibit 3-A are
protected by the attorney-client privilege and are not subject to disclosure.
Therefore, the trial court also abused its discretion by granting the City’s motion to
compel.
Because the trial court abused its discretion by granting the City’s motion to
compel and by denying Texas Windstorm’s snap-back motion, we must determine
whether Texas Windstorm has an adequate remedy by appeal.
II. No Adequate Remedy by Appeal
The trial court abused its discretion by ordering Texas Windstorm to
produce documents protected from disclosure by the attorney-client privilege. This
discovery error cannot be cured on appeal. Therefore, Texas Windstorm does not
have an adequate remedy by appeal. See Christus Santa Rosa Health Sys., 492
S.W.3d at 279 (stating that a party claiming a privilege does not have an adequate
remedy by appeal when the trial court erroneously orders the production of
privileged documents).
CONCLUSION
We hold that (1) the trial court abused its discretion by ordering Texas
Windstorm to produce the email exchanges and drafts of Strickland’s affidavit
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between Texas Windstorm’s counsel and Strickland and by denying Texas
Windstorm’s snap-back motion; and (2) Texas Windstorm does not have an
adequate remedy by appeal. Accordingly, we conditionally grant Texas
Windstorm’s petition for mandamus relief, and direct the trial court to set aside its
(1) August 25, 2016 order granting the City’s motion to compel production, or
alternatively, motion to exclude the testimony of Paul Strickland; and (2) August
25, 2016 order denying Texas Windstorm’s motion to withdraw Exhibit 3-A, and
grant the motion to withdraw Exhibit 3-A. See In re Living Ctrs. of Tex., Inc., 175
S.W.3d 253, 256 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding) (stating that mandamus is
appropriate to protect confidential documents from discovery). The writ will issue
only if the trial court does not act in conformity with this opinion. We further lift
our stay entered on September 9, 2016.
/s/ Marc W. Brown
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Busby and Brown.
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