[Cite as State v. Bowshier, 2016-Ohio-8184.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
CLARK COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
: Appellate Case No. 2016-CA-17
Plaintiff-Appellee :
: Trial Court Case No. 2015-CR-383
v. :
: (Criminal Appeal from
HEATHER BOWSHIER : Common Pleas Court)
:
Defendant-Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 16th day of December, 2016.
...........
MEGAN M. FARLEY, Atty. Reg. No. 0088515, Clark County Prosecutor’s Office, 50 East
Columbia Street, Suite 449, Springfield, Ohio 45502
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
CHARLES W. SLICER, III, Slicer Law Office, 111 West First Street, Suite 518, Dayton,
Ohio 45402
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
FAIN, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Heather Bowshier appeals from her conviction for
Burglary and Aggravated Burglary. She contends that her conviction is against the
manifest weight of the evidence, and that the State failed to present evidence sufficient
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to sustain the conviction. She further claims that she was denied the effective assistance
of counsel. Finally, Bowshier contends that the trial court abused its discretion in
imposing sentence.
{¶ 2} We conclude that Bowshier has not demonstrated ineffective assistance of
counsel. However, we conclude that her convictions for Aggravated Burglary, and for
Burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(1), are not supported by sufficient evidence, because
there is no evidence in the record that someone other than Bowshier or her accomplice
was present in the premises at the time of the offense. Finally, we conclude that any
alleged error in Bowshier’s sentence is moot.
{¶ 3} Accordingly, that part of the judgment of the trial court convicting Bowshier
of Aggravated Burglary and of Burglary in violation of R.C. 2911.12 (A)(1) is Reversed,
that part of the judgment of the trial court convicting Bowshier of Burglary in violation of
R.C. 2911.12(A)(2) is Affirmed, and this cause is Remanded for re-sentencing in
accordance with this opinion.
I. Trespass leads to Burglary Conviction
{¶ 4} On July 1, 2015, Bowshier and her friend, Cheri Farmer, entered the
apartment of Saira House. Upon returning from shopping, House immediately noticed
that the front door was open, but the security chain was fastened inside the apartment,
preventing her from entering. House left the door ajar, and went down a flight of stairs
to the second floor of the building, where she used her cellular telephone to call her
neighbor, Jeremy Denny.
{¶ 5} Denny went down to the second floor hallway to check on House, and told
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her to remain there. He then went back up to the third floor where he observed that
House’s apartment door was open about two inches. He observed the door shut, and
heard what he believed to be the dead bolt being operated. About two minutes later,
Denny observed two women exiting the apartment. He grabbed a black bookbag being
carried by one woman, later identified as Bowshier, in an attempt to stop her from leaving.
Denny told Bowshier that he knew she did not live there, and that the police were on their
way. At that point, Bowshier punched Denny in the face, at which time he “knee’d her
out of instinct.” Tr. p. 195. According to Denny, Bowshier then told him she had a gun,
so he backed away.
{¶ 6} In the meantime, House had called 911, and was speaking with the
dispatcher. She returned to the stairwell off the third floor, where she observed the back
of a woman running down the hall. She also observed Denny confront Bowshier.
House recognized Bowshier, who was dating House’s ex-boyfriend. Denny then
returned to the stairwell where House was standing. House remained on the phone with
a dispatcher while she and Denny went to Denny’s apartment where they were able to
observe Bowshier running out of the building. They then observed a vehicle leave the
complex parking lot.
{¶ 7} Following an investigation, Bowshier and Farmer were identified as the
perpetrators.
II. The Course of Proceedings
{¶ 8} Bowshier was indicted on one count of Aggravated Burglary (Physical Harm)
in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1); one count of Aggravated Burglary (Deadly Weapon) in
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violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(2); one count of Burglary in violation of R.C. 2911.12(A)(1);
and one count of Burglary in violation of R.C. 2911.12(A)(2). Following a jury trial, she
was convicted on all counts except Aggravated Burglary (Deadly Weapon).
{¶ 9} The trial court merged the three convictions, and the State elected to have
Bowshier sentenced for the conviction of Aggravated Burglary. After considering a pre-
sentence investigation report and conducting a sentencing hearing, the trial court
sentenced Bowshier to a five-year term of imprisonment.
{¶ 10} From the judgment of the trial court, Bowshier appeals.
III. Bowshier Was Not Denied the Effective Assistance of Counsel
{¶ 11} Bowshier’s Second Assignment of Error states:
COUNSEL FOR THE DEFENDANT WAS INEFFECTIVE AS SHE
DID NOT ADVISE HER CLIENT OF HER RIGHT TO TESTIFY IN HER
OWN DEFENSE AND FURTHER, COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT DID NOT
ADEQUATELY OBJECT TO THE IN-COURT IDENTIFICATION.
{¶ 12} Bowshier contends that her counsel was ineffective by failing to advise her
of the right to testify in her own defense, and by failing to make proper objections to her
in-court identification by the victim, House.
{¶ 13} “Ineffective assistance of counsel allegations are reviewed de novo to
determine if the counsel's deficient performance prejudiced the outcome. To reverse a
decision based on ineffective assistance, the record must support a finding that defense
counsel's performance was deficient, and that a reasonable probability exists that, but for
counsel's omissions, the resulting outcome would have been different.” State v. Williams,
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2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26369, 2016-Ohio-322, ¶ 20.
{¶ 14} We have recognized that “the right to testify is an inherently personal right
and is exercised or waived by the client, not the attorney.” State v. Copeland, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 18711, 2002 WL 63161, *2 (Jan. 18, 2002). We recently addressed
such a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel by stating that “[a]lthough the ultimate
decision whether to testify rests with the defendant, when a tactical decision is made not
to have the defendant testify, the defendant's assent is presumed.” State v. Matzdorff, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 26370, 2015-Ohio-901, ¶ 23.
{¶ 15} We have also stated that “a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel does
not lie in a direct appeal from a criminal conviction ‘where the allegations of
ineffectiveness are based on facts not appearing of record.’ ” State v. Kumpfel, 2d Dist.
Clark No. 11-CA-45, 2012-Ohio-1980, ¶16 (Grady P.J., concurring), citing State v.
Cooperrider, 4 Ohio St.3d 226, 228, 448 N.E.2d 452 (1983). “Absent evidence to the
contrary, the appellate court must presume that a defendant-appellant's failure to testify
was the result of his knowing and intelligent decision.” Copeland, supra at *3, citing State
v. Carter, 115 Ohio App.3d 770, 776, 686 N.E.2d 329 (7th Dist.1996).
{¶ 16} Since Bowshier has presented no evidence to counter the presumption that
her failure to testify was the result of her own knowing and intelligent decision, we
presume that Bowshier was appropriately counseled by her attorney, that she made the
decision not to testify, and that her trial counsel was not ineffective for complying with her
client's election not to testify.
{¶ 17} With regard to the in-court identification, both House and Denny identified
Bowshier as the person they saw outside of House’s apartment. Bowshier complains
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that the State asked House leading questions regarding the identification of Bowshier.
However, identification of Bowshier was also supported by the testimony of the
investigating officers who prepared and administered an identification process through
the use of a standard six-person photo array shown to House and Denny. Both positively
identified Bowshier on the photo arrays as the person seen in their apartment building.
No objection was made to the photo-array identification process, and no error regarding
that process has been asserted on appeal.
{¶ 18} “The law is clear, however, that where the in-court identification is based
upon independent recollection and observation rather than the suggestive procedure, it
is proper for the court to allow the in-court identification.” State v. Jones, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 38333, 1979 WL 209948, *3 (Feb. 8, 1979), citing State v. Jackson, 26
Ohio St.2d 74, 269 N.E.2d 118 (1971); Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct.
967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968). “The test to be used in determining the ‘independent
recollection’ of the observer is to consider the total circumstances surrounding the
observation.” Id.
{¶ 19} In the case before us, the totality of the circumstances demonstrates that
House already knew Bowshier because of Bowshier’s relationship with House’s former
boyfriend. House recognized Bowshier when she saw her outside of the apartment, and
she identified Bowshier during the investigation from a photo array. Based upon these
facts, we conclude that Bowshier has not shown that she was prejudiced by her counsel’s
failure to object to House’s in-court identification.
{¶ 20} We conclude that the record does not establish that Bowshier received
ineffective assistance of counsel. Her Second Assignment of Error is overruled.
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IV. Bowshier’s Aggravated Burglary Conviction Is Not Supported
by Sufficient Evidence
{¶ 21} Bowshier’s Third Assignment of Error states:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FOUND APPELLANT
GUILTY OF AGGRAVATED BURGLARY AS SUCH A FINDING IS
AGAINST THE MANIFEST AND/OR SUFFICIENT WEIGHT OF THE
EVIDENCE AND THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED WAS INSUFFICIENT TO
SUPPORT THE CONVICTION.
{¶ 22} Bowshier contends that the conviction for Aggravated Burglary must be
vacated because it is not supported by sufficient evidence.
{¶ 23} To determine whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the
evidence, an appellate court reviews the evidence to “determine whether the jury clearly
lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must
be reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678
N.E.2d 541 (1997). In contrast, when determining whether a conviction is supported by
the sufficiency of the evidence, “the relevant inquiry is whether any rational factfinder
viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the state could have found the essential
elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Dennis, 79 Ohio St.3d
421, 430, 683 N.E. 2d 1096 (1997), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct.
2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
{¶ 24} In her brief, Bowshier makes a general assertion, without argument, that
her conviction for Aggravated Burglary, in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1), is not supported
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by the evidence. That statute provides that “[n]o person, by force, stealth, or deception,
shall trespass in an occupied structure or in a separately secured or separately occupied
portion of an occupied structure, when another person other than an accomplice of the
offender is present, with purpose to commit in the structure or in the separately secured
or separately occupied portion of the structure any criminal offense, if * * * the offender
inflicts, or attempts or threatens to inflict physical harm on another.” Similarly, the
offense of Burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(1), also requires proof of a trespass in an
occupied structure, “when another person other than an accomplice of the offender is
present.” By contrast, the offense of Burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(2), requires merely
proof of a trespass in an occupied structure, “when any person other than an accomplice
of the offender is present or likely to be present.” (Emphasis added). The difference
between proving that someone is present or likely to be present is significant, and requires
different evidence.
{¶ 25} An “occupied structure” is defined as any house or building that is
maintained as a permanent or temporary dwelling or habitation whether or not any person
is actually present. R.C. 2909.01(C).
{¶ 26} As noted by the Eighth District Court of Appeals, in State v. Butler, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 97649, 2012-Ohio-4152, ¶ 8:
The unlawful-entry-in-a-dwelling offenses – aggravated burglary,
burglary, and breaking and entering – prohibit the same conduct
(trespassing in a structure with the intent to commit a criminal offense) and
differ only on the risk of harm the actions pose. The most serious of the
offenses – aggravated burglary – requires the offender to be armed or
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requires that he inflicts, attempts to inflict, or threatens to inflict harm on
another. See R.C. 2911.11. The intermediate offense – burglary – presents
a less serious scenario than aggravated burglary because it does not entail
the use of a weapon or threat or infliction of harm, yet can still pose a risk
of harm when a person is present or likely to be present. See Committee
Comment to R.C. 2911.12 (burglary “is viewed as serious, because of the
higher risk of personal harm involved in maliciously breaking and entering
an occupied, as opposed to an unoccupied, structure.” Breaking and
entering is the least serious in the hierarchy because a trespass in an
unoccupied structure carries a “comparatively low risk of personal harm[.]”
See Committee Comment to R.C. 2911.13.
{¶ 27} No one was in the apartment when Bowshier and Farmer entered it using
the key that House testified she had given to her ex-boyfriend. When House arrived at
her apartment and realized it was occupied, she retreated to another floor, and remained
away from the apartment until it was empty. At no time was anyone other than Bowshier
and Farmer present in the apartment while the trespass was occurring, thereby reducing
the risk of harm.1 Thus, the record contains facts sufficient to establish the trespass of
an occupied structure, but the facts do not support the element of a person’s presence in
the occupied structure during the trespass, required by R.C. 2911.11(A).
{¶ 28} The State argues that House was present at the time of the incident. Thus,
1
Denny’s decision to await the perpertrators in the hallway does not cause the offense
to escalate to the level of Aggravated Burglarly. It was his decision to place himself in
possible danger by confronting the defendants, rather than merely retreating and calling
the police. We do not suggest that House could not have been charged with a different
offense, such as Assault, against Denny.
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the question arises whether House’s presence in the hallway or stairwell inside the
apartment building during the trespass is sufficient to meet the elements of the two
offenses that require a person’s presence. One court in Ohio has held that, for purposes
of Burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(2) [present or likely to be present], the common area
between apartments, including a hallway, is a portion of the occupied structure or part of
a habitation, when the hallway is not open to the public, and only accessible by use of a
key. State v. Grant, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94220, 2010-Ohio-5483, ¶ 20. However, the
theft in that case involved items stored in the hallway. Id., ¶ 2. Furthermore, the case
suggests that the hallway was shared by only two apartments. Id. Grant was limited to
a violation of R.C. 2911.12(A)(2), which only requires the likelihood of another’s presence,
and was not extended to Aggravated Burglary. Therefore, we find Grant distinguishable
from the facts herein because, although House testified that the hallway of the apartment
complex could not be entered without the use of a key, the evidence also demonstrates
that the halls are accessible from each apartment located on every floor of the building.
{¶ 29} We agree with the Eighth District, which stated in State v. Butler, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 97649, 2012-Ohio-4152, a case issued two years after Grant:
The state argues that the victim lived in a duplex that had a common
hallway with stairs going up to the door to the witness's apartment and that
Butler's entry into the victim's apartment would allow him access to the
common hallway and stairway leading to the witness's apartment. This
evidence, the state maintains, was sufficient to show that the witness was
present at the time of burglary and could have been the object of harm as
a result of the break-in.
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We have rejected this same argument as being too broad. To
highlight its fragility, in State v. Colon, 8th Dist. No. 61253, 1992 WL 389074
(Dec. 17, 1992), we gave as an example a high-rise apartment complex that
has shared common halls with doors to any number of individual
apartments. Taking the state's argument to its logical conclusion would
suggest that, as long as any person in the entire high-rise building was
present in his or her own apartment, a trespass in an apartment where a
person was not present or likely to be present would be sufficient to
establish the elements of burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(2).
Id., ¶ 13 – 14.
{¶ 30} Without sufficient evidence to prove all elements of the offenses of
Aggravated Burglary and Burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(1), we conclude that
Bowshier’s convictions for these two offenses must be reversed.
{¶ 31} The reversal of the convictions for the offenses of Aggravated Burglary, and
for Burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(1), does not affect the conviction for Burglary under
R.C. 2911.12(A)(2). The record does contain sufficient evidence to support all the
elements of Burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(2), including the element that the trespass
occurred when House was present or likely to be present. We have recognized that “the
‘likely to be present’ element is satisfied where the structure is a permanent dwelling
house which is regularly inhabited, the occupants were in and out of the house on the day
in question, and the occupants were temporarily absent when the burglary occurred.”
State v. Miller, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2006 CA 98, 2007-Ohio-2361, ¶ 16, citing State v. Kilby,
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50 Ohio St.2d 21, 23, 361 N.E.2d 1336 (1977); State v. Fowler, 4 Ohio St.3d 16, 19, 445
N.E.2d 1119 (1983). In the case before us, the evidence supported a finding that the
apartment was occupied as a principal dwelling, and that House was out shopping at the
time the trespass was initiated, and was not gone for any extended length of time.
{¶ 32} Based on the insufficiency of evidence, Bowshier’s Third Assignment of
Error is sustained, and the convictions for Aggravated Burglary and for Burglary under
R.C. 2911.12(A)(1) are reversed, resulting in a remand for the purpose of resentencing
on the remaining Burglary conviction.
V. Bowshier’s Assignment of Error Challenging her Sentence Is Moot
{¶ 33} Bowshier’s First Assignment of Error provides as follows:
THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ABUSE OF DISCRETION WHEN
IT IMPOSED A FIVE (5) YEAR SENTENCE, DID NOT
REVIEW/CONSIDER THE FACTORS CONTAINED IN O.R.C. 2929.11 OR
2929.12 AND DID NOT CONSIDER THE CO-DEFENDANT’S SENTENCE
OR COMMUNITY CONTROL.
{¶ 34} Bowshier contends that the trial court committed error when it imposed a
five-year sentence for Bowshier, while Farmer, who was tried jointly, only received a one-
year sentence.
{¶ 35} As explained above, Bowshier’s convictions for Aggravated Burglary, and
for Burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(1), are being reversed based on the insufficiency of
the evidence. Until Bowshier is resentenced based on her conviction for Burglary in
violation of R.C. 2911.12(A)(2), a second-degree felony, it is premature to address any
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error in sentencing. Should Bowshier choose to appeal after her resentencing, we can
then review the trial court’s application of all statutory sentencing guidelines.
{¶ 36} Bowshier’s First Assignment of Error is overruled as moot.
VI. Conclusion
{¶ 37} Bowshier’s Third Assignment of Error having been sustained, her Second
Assignment of Error having been overruled, and her First Assignment of Error having
been overruled, that part of the judgment of the trial court convicting Bowshier of
Aggravated Burglary and Burglary under R.C. 2911.12(A)(1), and sentencing Bowshier
for Aggravated Burglary is Reversed, Bowshier’s conviction for Burglary under R.C.
2911.12(A)(2) is Affirmed, and this cause is Remanded for resentencing in accordance
with this opinion.
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DONOVAN, P.J., and FROELICH, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Megan M. Farley
Charles W. Slicer, III
Hon. Douglas M. Rastatter