Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
January 18, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48118-9-II
Respondent,
v.
DARIAN DEMETRIUS LIVINGSTON, PART PUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
JOHANSON, J. — Darian Demetrius Livingston appeals his bench trial convictions for three
counts of unlawful possession of a controlled substance and one count each of first degree unlawful
possession of a firearm and bail jumping. He argues that the trial court erred (1) by denying his
motion to suppress the evidence discovered during the search of his vehicle following his arrest
on a Department of Corrections (DOC) warrant and (2) by concluding that he did not establish that
uncontrollable circumstances caused his failure to appear. In the published portion of this opinion,
we agree with State v. Jardinez,1 which requires that a nexus between the community custody
violation and the searched property must exist before a search under RCW 9.94A.631(1) is proper.
Because the trial court did not apply this law when it considered Livingston’s suppression motion,
we reverse the order denying the motion to suppress and remand. In the unpublished portion of
1
184 Wn. App. 518, 338 P.3d 292 (2014).
No. 48118-9-II
this opinion, we hold that the trial court did not err when it concluded that Livingston failed to
establish that uncontrollable circumstances prevented his appearance at the court date he missed
because he was in custody on another matter. Finally, we decline to address the issues Livingston
raises in his statement of additional grounds for review2 (SAG). Accordingly, we affirm the bail
jumping conviction and the unlawful possession of a controlled substance conviction charged as
count II3 and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
FACTS
I. BACKGROUND
ARREST AND SEARCH4
On May 29, 2014, DOC Officer Thomas Grabski observed a person, later identified as
Livingston, who he recognized as having an outstanding DOC arrest warrant; Livingston was
washing a vehicle alone at a car wash. Officer Grabski called for assistance, and two more officers
arrived to assist him.
When the additional officers arrived, Livingston was talking with a person on a motorcycle.
The person on the motorcycle drove away when the officers approached. Livingston was the only
2
RAP 10.10.
3
Count II, the conviction for unlawful possession of cocaine, was based on the discovery of
additional controlled substances on Livingston’s person during the booking process and was not
related to the vehicle search that he is challenging on appeal. Although Livingston does not
distinguish this conviction from his other convictions and asks that all of his convictions be
reversed, none of the arguments he raises on appeal relate to this conviction, and we affirm it.
4
Unless otherwise noted, the facts in this subsection are based on the unchallenged findings of
fact and conclusions of law from the suppression hearing. See State v. Rooney, 190 Wn. App. 653,
658, 360 P.3d 913 (2015) (“Unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal.”), review denied,
185 Wn.2d 1032 (2016).
2
No. 48118-9-II
person near the vehicle. After confirming Livingston’s identity and the warrant, the officers
arrested Livingston.
The officers then asked Livingston about the vehicle he had been washing. Livingston first
told them that it belonged to his girlfriend who had gone to a nearby store, but he later admitted
that his girlfriend was in Seattle and could not pick up the vehicle. Livingston also admitted that
he regularly drove the vehicle and that he had placed the key on the motorcycle when he first saw
the officers.
At the time of his arrest, Livingston was on active DOC probation. The DOC warrant
issued in his name stated that there was “reasonable cause to believe [Livingston] ha[d] violated a
condition of community custody.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 113. The trial court made no finding as
to the nature of the violation that the warrant was based on. Nor, based on the record before us,
was there any evidence presented at the suppression hearing establishing what the violation was.
DOC Officers Grabski and Joshua Boyd conducted a “compliance search” of the vehicle.5 CP at
113. When they conducted the search of the vehicle, the officers did not have any information
about the nature of the violation that triggered the issuance of the DOC warrant.
Inside the vehicle, the officers found mail and other documents with Livingston’s name on
them, a single pill, and a prescription bottle containing eight pills. In the vehicle’s trunk, the
officers found a black backpack containing scented oils, a loaded .40 caliber handgun, a box of
5
Livingston assigns error to the trial court’s finding that this was a “compliance search,” but he
does so in the context of arguing that the search was not a lawful search because it was not related
to the alleged violation that resulted in the arrest warrant. Thus, we do not address this assignment
of error separately as a challenge to the trial court’s finding of fact.
3
No. 48118-9-II
ammunition, and more mail addressed to Livingston. During booking, Livingston revealed that
he was also carrying a baggie of cocaine on his person.
II. PROCEDURE
SUPPRESSION MOTION
The State filed an amended information charging Livingston with first degree unlawful
possession of a firearm6 (count I), unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to
deliver (cocaine)7 (count II), bail jumping8 (count III), unlawful possession of a controlled
substance (oxycodone)9 (count IV), and unlawful possession of a controlled substance
(hydrocodone/dihydrocodeinone)10 (count V). Before trial, Livingston moved to suppress the
evidence discovered during the vehicle search.
Livingston argued, in part, that the existence of the DOC warrant did not “give[ ] rise to
reasonable suspicion justifying a search of a vehicle they believed him to have control over” and
that the officers had to have a well-founded suspicion that a violation had occurred that justified
this search. CP at 67. The State argued that the search was lawful because the officers had
reasonable cause to believe that Livingston had violated a condition or requirement of his sentence
because of the DOC warrant.
6
RCW 9.41.040(1)(a).
7
RCW 69.50.401(1), (2)(a). This charge relates to the drugs discovered when the officers were
booking Livingston.
8
RCW 9A.76.170(1), (3)(c).
9
RCW 69.50.4013(1).
10
RCW 69.50.4013(1).
4
No. 48118-9-II
The trial court denied the motion to suppress. Its findings of fact are described above.
Based on these facts and the parties’ arguments, the trial court concluded that the vehicle search
was proper because (1) Officer Grabski had reasonable cause to believe that Livingston had
“violated a condition or requirement of his or her sentence,” (2) the search of the vehicle was
therefore authorized under RCW 9.94A.631, and (3) the search was “a true probationary search
and not an investigatory search.” CP at 116.
ANALYSIS
DENIAL OF SUPPRESSION MOTION
Livingston first argues that the trial court erred when it concluded that the vehicle search
was lawful under RCW 9.94A.631(1) because the officers had a reasonable belief that he had
violated a community custody condition or sentencing requirement. He asks that we follow the
decision of Division Three of this court in Jardinez and hold that to justify such a search, the
property searched must relate to the violation that the community custody officer (CCO) believed
had occurred. The State argues that we should decline to follow Jardinez and, instead, hold that
the plain language of RCW 9.94A.631(1) does not impose a nexus requirement and follow our
prior decision in State v. Parris, 163 Wn. App. 110, 259 P.3d 331 (2011). We agree with
Livingston and hold that for the warrantless search to be valid under RCW 9.94A.631(1), the State
had to establish that there was a relationship between the alleged violation and the searched
property.
5
No. 48118-9-II
A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
We review a trial court’s conclusions of law de novo. State v. Rooney, 190 Wn. App. 653,
658, 360 P.3d 913 (2015), review denied, 185 Wn.2d 1032 (2016). This issue requires us to
construe RCW 9.94A.631(1).
In construing a statute, our objective is to determine the legislature’s intent. State v. Jacobs,
154 Wn.2d 596, 600, 115 P.3d 281 (2005). “‘[I]f the statute’s meaning is plain on its face, then
[we] must give effect to that plain meaning as an expression of legislative intent.’” Jacobs, 154
Wn.2d at 600 (first alteration in original) (quoting Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC,
146 Wn.2d 1, 9-10, 43 P.3d 4 (2002)). We discern the “plain meaning” of a statutory provision
from the ordinary meaning of the language and from the context of the statute in which that
provision is found, related provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole. Jacobs, 154 Wn.2d at
600. If a statute is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, it is ambiguous. Five
Corners Family Farmers v. State, 173 Wn.2d 296, 305, 268 P.3d 892 (2011). We may resort to
legislative history for guidance in discerning legislative intent. Anthis v. Copland, 173 Wn.2d 752,
756, 270 P.3d 574 (2012).
B. NEXUS REQUIRED
Both article I, section 7 of the Washington Constitution and the Fourth Amendment to the
United States Constitution prohibit warrantless searches unless an exception exists. Rooney, 190
Wn. App. at 658. Washington law recognizes, however, that probationers and parolees have a
diminished right of privacy that permits warrantless searches based on reasonable cause to believe
that a violation of probation has occurred. State v. Winterstein, 167 Wn.2d 620, 628, 220 P.3d
1226 (2009); Jardinez, 184 Wn. App. at 523.
6
No. 48118-9-II
This reduced expectation of privacy is recognized in RCW 9.94A.631(1), which states,
If there is reasonable cause to believe that an offender has violated a condition or
requirement of the sentence, a [CCO] may require an offender to submit to a search
and seizure of the offender’s person, residence, automobile, or other personal
property.
(Emphasis added.) The question we must answer here is the scope of RCW 9.94A.631(1)—
specifically whether the statute’s reference to a violation of “a” condition or requirement of the
sentence allows officers to conduct searches regardless of whether there is any nexus between the
violated condition and the searched property.
In Jardinez, Division Three examined this issue and held that RCW 9.94A.631(1) was
ambiguous because it could be read to allow either “an unlimited scope of the search” or “to limit
the search to areas or property about which the [CCO] has reasonable cause to believe will provide
incriminating evidence.” 184 Wn. App. at 526. We agree with the Jardinez court that the phrase
“has violated a condition or requirement of the sentence” is ambiguous.11 RCW 9.94A.631(1)
(emphasis added). Because this statute is ambiguous, we next examine the legislative history of
this statute to determine the legislative intent.
In Jardinez, Division Three examined the following official comment from the Sentencing
Guidelines Commission (Commission) on RCW 9.94A.631(1):
“The Commission intends that [CCOs] exercise their arrest powers sparingly, with
due consideration for the seriousness of the violation alleged and the impact of
confinement on jail population. Violations may be charged by the [CCO] upon
notice of violation and summons, without arrest.
The search and seizure authorized by this section should relate to the
violation which the [CCO] believes to have occurred.”
11
Furthermore, if the legislature had intended to allow any violation to justify a search of any
property, the legislature could have referred to the violation of any condition or requirement, which
it did not do.
7
No. 48118-9-II
Jardinez, 184 Wn. App. at 529 (quoting David Boerner, Sentencing in Washington: A Legal
Analysis of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, at app. 1-13 (1985)). Noting that Washington
courts “have repeatedly relied on the Commission’s comments as indicia of the legislature’s
intent,” Division Three concluded that the italicized portion of this comment “demands a nexus
between the searched property and the alleged crime.” Jardinez, 184 Wn. App. at 529-30.
We agree with Division Three’s conclusion that the Commission’s comment is strong
evidence that the legislature intended that there must be a nexus between the suspected violation
and the searched property. Accordingly, we adopt the approach in Jardinez and hold that a valid
search under RCW 9.94A.631(1) requires that there be a nexus between the alleged violation and
the searched property.
The State argues that we should instead adopt the approach we previously took in Parris.
We disagree.
In Parris, our focus was on a probationer’s reasonable expectation of privacy in personal
property and not on whether RCW 9.94A.631(1) was ambiguous or the legislative intent
underlying RCW 9.94A.631(1). See Parris, 163 Wn. App. at 123. We held that Parris did not
have a reasonable expectation of privacy in his effects and personal property because, as a
probationer and sex offender, his belongings and effects were “continuously subject to searches
and seizures under RCW 9.94A.631(1).” Parris, 163 Wn. App. at 123. And we further stated that
“RCW 9.94A.631(1) operates as a legislative determination that probationers do not have a
reasonable expectation of privacy in their residences, vehicles, or personal belongings (including
closed containers) for which society is willing to require a warrant. The statute itself diminishes
the probationer’s expectation of privacy.” Parris, 163 Wn. App. at 123 (footnotes omitted).
8
No. 48118-9-II
But at no point did we examine whether RCW 9.94A.631(1) was ambiguous or, if it was,
whether the legislative history supported such a broad reading of the statute. Parris, 163 Wn. App.
at 123. And our sole supporting citation was to United States v. Conway, 122 F.3d 841, 843 (9th
Cir. 1997), a case that merely, without citation to authority or any analysis of RCW 9.94A.631(1),
stated that CCOs did not have to have a reasonable belief that they would find evidence related to
Conway’s violation in the searched property. Thus, our decision in Parris does not persuade us
that Jardinez was incorrectly decided.
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred when it failed to consider whether there was
a nexus between the violation and the searched property, and we reverse the ruling denying
Livingston’s motion to suppress and remand for further proceedings.
C. PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE GROUNDS AND REMAND
In the alternative, the State argues for the first time that the vehicle search was valid as a
good faith inventory search following a lawful impoundment of the vehicle, and it asks us to affirm
the trial court on this basis. Remand is appropriate. For two reasons, through no fault of the State,
it had no incentive to establish the existence of a lawful alternative basis for the vehicle search.
See State v Bliss, 153 Wn. App. 197, 207-08, 222 P.3d 107 (2009). First, the trial court agreed
with the State’s original argument and denied Livingston’s suppression motion. Second, the State
reasonably believed that they stood on solid legal ground in defending the suppression motion as
they did because it is only now that we clarify for the first time that a nexus between the violation
and the searched property is required. Because the State reasonably did not present this argument
in the trial court, the record before us is insufficiently developed to allow review of the State’s
alternative argument. Thus, remand is appropriate.
9
No. 48118-9-II
Should the trial court find that the search was proper, the convictions on counts I, IV, and
V, which are based on the drugs and firearm discovered in the vehicle, will stand. If, on the other
hand, the trial court determines that this was not a proper search, the trial court should vacate and
dismiss those convictions.12
We affirm Livingston’s bail jumping conviction, count III, and his unlawful possession of
a controlled substance conviction charged as count II. But we reverse the order denying
Livingston’s motion to suppress the evidence discovered in the vehicle search and remand for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion will
be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for public record
in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.
ADDITIONAL FACTS
I. BAIL JUMPING CONVICTION
A. FAILURE TO APPEAR
The State initially charged Livingston with first degree unlawful possession of a firearm
and unlawful possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver (heroin). At a preliminary
hearing, Livingston signed a scheduling order setting an August 25 omnibus hearing and advising
him that he was required to be present at this hearing. When he failed to appear on August 25, the
trial court entered a bench warrant. On August 27, Livingston signed a scheduling order for a
hearing to quash the bench warrant. The bench warrant quashed on September 4.
12
We note that the remaining drug conviction and the bail jumping conviction were entirely
independent of the vehicle search.
10
No. 48118-9-II
B. BENCH TRIAL
Livingston waived his right to a jury trial. At the bench trial, Officer Grabski testified that
DOC documentation showed that Livingston had been in custody for failing to report to the DOC
from August 6 to August 26, 2014. Officer Grabski also testified that it was Livingston’s failure
to report that caused him to be taken into custody during that time period.
Livingston testified that on August 25, he was in custody in another jurisdiction because
he had reported to the DOC late. He testified that he was booked into the custody facility at 12:38
PM on August 6, that he had received a 20-day sanction, and that he was not released until 8:26 AM
on August 26. He also testified that although he was released on August 26, the DOC actually
held him an “extra day” because he had to be transferred to another facility before he was released.
4 Report of Proceedings at 396.
The trial court found Livingston guilty of first degree unlawful possession of a firearm,
three counts of unlawful possession of a controlled substance (cocaine, oxycodone, and
hydrocodone/dihydrocodeinone), and bail jumping. As to the bail jumping charge, the trial court
entered the following findings of fact:
10. Defendant was able to secure his release by posting a bail bond on July 3,
2014.
11. On July 29, 2014, defendant signed a Scheduling Order, which set an
Omnibus Hearing for August 25, 2014 at 8:45 a.m. The document ordered
the defendant to be present at the hearing and informed the defendant that
failure to appear will result in a warrant being issued for his arrest. The
Order also provided the address of the courthouse and particular courtroom
where defendant was to appear.
12. Defendant did not appear in court as ordered on August 25, 2014 and a
warrant was issued for his arrest.
13. Defendant was incarcerated from August 6 until August 26, 2014 at the
SCORE jail due to violations of the conditions of his community custody
with the Department of Corrections.
11
No. 48118-9-II
CP at 104-05.
The trial court rejected Livingston’s uncontrollable circumstances defense, concluding that
[d]efendant has not shown that his incarceration in the SCORE jail for violating his
conditions of DOC supervision meets the definition of uncontrollable
circumstances. The probation violation which resulted in defendant’s incarceration
was not an act of God. Defendant’s own actions resulted in the probation violation
which caused him to be incarcerated and thus fail to personally appear in court.
CP at 108.
Livingston appeals the denial of his suppression motion and his convictions.
Livingston argues that the trial court erred when it concluded that he failed to establish his
uncontrollable circumstances defense to the bail jumping charge. We disagree.
To establish this defense, Livingston had to prove that (1) “uncontrollable circumstances
prevented [him] from appearing or surrendering,” (2) he “did not contribute to the creation of such
circumstances in reckless disregard of the requirement to appear or surrender,” and (3) he
“appeared or surrendered as soon as such circumstances ceased to exist.” RCW 9A.76.170(2).
Livingston now contends that (1) the facility that was holding him released him a day late, (2) he
did not contribute to the creation of these circumstances in reckless disregard of the requirement
to appear because he “had every reason to believe that he would be released in time to attend the
scheduled hearing,” and (3) he appeared as soon as circumstances allowed. Br. of Appellant at
18-19.
As to his contention that he was released a day late, suggesting that he had expected to be
released on August 25 and, therefore, did not contribute to the creation of the circumstances that
caused him to miss his court date, his own testimony belies this assertion. Although Livingston
12
No. 48118-9-II
testified that he was released a day late, he also testified that he was booked on August 6 and that
he received a 20-day sanction. His release on August 26 is consistent with the 20-day sanction.
As to his assertion that he appeared in court as soon as circumstances allowed, we need not
address this element because the trial court properly concluded that Livingston failed to establish
the other elements of this defense. Accordingly, Livingston does not show that the trial court erred
in concluding that he failed to establish the uncontrollable circumstances defense, and we affirm
his bail jumping conviction.
II. SAG
Livingston also filed a SAG. His SAG contains no argument and identifies no issues. It
consists entirely of a list of citations to case law related to (1) sufficiency of evidence of
constructive possession, (2) unwitting possession, and (3) warrantless searches.
Because Livingston was convicted of four possessory offenses, the citations relating to
constructive possession and unwitting possession are not specific enough to inform us of the nature
and occurrence of any specific errors. RAP 10.10(c). Accordingly, we do not address the cases
relating to constructive possession or unwitting possession. And because Livingston’s appellate
counsel has challenged the vehicle search and Livingston does not present any additional search-
related issues that justify independent review, we do not address the search-related cases that
Livingston cites.
In summary, we affirm Livingston’s bail jumping conviction and his unlawful possession
of a controlled substance conviction charged as count II. But we reverse the order denying
13
No. 48118-9-II
Livingston’s motion to suppress the evidence discovered in the vehicle search and remand for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
JOHANSON, J.
We concur:
BJORGEN, C.J.
MELNICK, J.
14