1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number:
3 Filing Date: February 13, 2017
4 NO. 34,245
5 JUAN ANTONIO OCHOA BARRAZA,
6 Petitioner-Appellant,
7 v.
8 STATE OF NEW MEXICO TAXATION
9 AND REVENUE DEPARTMENT,
10 MOTOR VEHICLE DIVISION,
11 Respondent-Appellee.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
13 Stan Whitaker, District Judge
14 Ben A. Ortega
15 Albuquerque, NM
16 for Appellant
17 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
18 Taxation and Revenue Department, Legal Services Bureau
19 Gabrielle Dorian, Special Assistant Attorney General
20 Diana Martwick, Special Assistant Attorney General
21 Santa Fe, NM
22 for Appellee
1 OPINION
2 VIGIL, Judge.
3 {1} The New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department, Motor Vehicle Division
4 (MVD), revoked Driver Juan Antonio Ochoa Barraza’s license under the Implied
5 Consent Act, NMSA 1978, §§ 66-8-105 to -112 (1978, as amended through 2015),
6 and Driver appealed to the district court. Instead of hearing the case in its appellate
7 capacity, the district court, on its own motion converted the case into a petition for
8 writ of mandamus, arising under its original jurisdiction, and denied mandamus relief.
9 We conclude that the district court erred in converting the appeal into a petition for
10 writ of mandamus, and remand the case to the district court to decide the case as an
11 appeal.
12 BACKGROUND
13 {2} Bernalillo County Sheriff’s Deputy Jason Foster stopped Driver for failing to
14 maintain a traffic lane. Upon seeing that Driver had bloodshot, watery eyes, and
15 smelling the odor of an alcoholic beverage coming from the vehicle, Deputy Foster
16 told Driver to exit the vehicle, whereupon he noted an odor of alcohol coming from
17 Driver’s person. Driver told Deputy Foster that he spoke Spanish, and Deputy Foster
18 called for a Spanish-speaking deputy before giving Driver field sobriety tests. Deputy
19 Jareno responded and translated the instructions given by Deputy Foster to Driver.
1 Driver failed the field sobriety tests, and Deputy Foster arrested Driver for driving
2 while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs (DWI). NMSA 1978, § 66-8-
3 102 (2010, amended 2016).
4 {3} Although Deputy Jareno was present, Deputy Foster read the implied consent
5 advisory to Driver in English. Deputy Foster informed Driver that he was under arrest
6 for DWI and that the Implied Consent Act required him to submit to a breath or blood
7 test, or both, to determine the alcohol or drug content of his blood. Deputy Foster
8 further informed Driver that if he took the test, he had a right to take an additional test
9 of his choosing, together with the right to a reasonable opportunity to arrange for a
10 physician, licensed nurse, laboratory technician or technologist employed by a
11 hospital or physician to perform the additional test, the cost of which would be paid
12 by the law enforcement agency. Deputy Foster then asked Driver if he agreed to a
13 breath test, and Driver said, “No.” Deputy Foster then advised Driver that if he
14 refused, he would lose his driver’s license for one year and that, if he was convicted,
15 he could receive an enhanced sentence due to the refusal. Deputy Foster asked Driver,
16 having that in mind, did he now agree to take the tests, and Driver again answered,
17 “No.”
18 {4} Deputy Foster issued Driver a notice of revocation of his driver’s license for
19 one year, and of his right to an administrative hearing before MVD to contest the
2
1 revocation. Sections 66-8-111(B) and 66-8-111.1. Driver’s request for an
2 administrative hearing was granted. The notice of the hearing specified that one of
3 the issues to be decided was whether Driver “refused to submit to requested breath
4 and/or blood testing, after having been advised that failure to submit could result in
5 revocation of [Driver’s] privilege to drive[.]”
6 {5} A hearing was held before MVD hearing officer Jane Kircher pursuant to
7 Section 66-8-112. After considering the testimony, Kircher set forth the evidence in
8 detail to support her factual determination that Driver spoke English and understood
9 the implied consent advisory given in English by Deputy Foster, including the
10 consequences of refusing the requested tests. Kircher therefore rejected Driver’s
11 argument that the due process protected by Article II, Section 18 of the New Mexico
12 Constitution and cases addressing the giving of Miranda warnings in Spanish to a
13 Spanish-speaker required Deputy Foster to read or give the implied consent advisory
14 to Driver in Spanish. Kircher found that Driver “refused to submit to a requested
15 chemical test after he was properly advised that he would lose his privilege to drive
16 if he refused the test[,]” and entered an order sustaining the revocation of Driver’s
17 license for one year. Driver was advised of his right to appeal and seek review of the
18 revocation in the district court.
19 {6} Driver appealed MVD’s revocation of his driver’s license to the district court.
3
1 See § 66-8-112(H); Rule 1-074(A) NMRA (setting forth the procedure for an appeal
2 from an administrative agency to the district court “when there is a statutory right of
3 review to the district court”). In his statement of issues on appeal, Driver argued that
4 even if he spoke English at some level, there was no way to gauge his actual
5 understanding of what Deputy Foster told him, and because Deputy Jareno was
6 present and able to translate, the implied consent advisory should have been given to
7 him in Spanish, his native language. Driver also argued that Deputy Foster’s failure
8 to give the implied consent advisory in Spanish violates the due process protected by
9 Article II, Section 18 of the New Mexico Constitution. MVD responded that the
10 evidence supported the hearing officer’s finding that Driver understood English and
11 the implied consent advisory.
12 {7} The district court recognized that the case before it was an appeal from MVD’s
13 decision revoking Driver’s license. However, because the district court ruled that
14 MVD had no jurisdiction to rule on Driver’s due process argument, the district court
15 also concluded it had no jurisdiction to decide the appeal. In making this
16 determination, the district court referred to our decision in Maso v. New Mexico
17 Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, 2004-NMCA-025, 135 N.M. 152, 85 P.3d 276, affirmed,
18 2004-NMSC-028, 136 N.M. 161, 96 P.3d 286. Without notice to the parties and on
19 its own motion, the district court then construed the appeal as a petition for writ of
4
1 mandamus, and, finding no basis to issue a writ of mandamus, denied relief. Driver
2 appeals.
3 ANALYSIS
4 {8} This case requires us to determine whether the relevant portion of Section 66-8-
5 112 grants authority to MVD to decide Driver’s due process claim in an
6 administrative hearing under the Implied Consent Act. This is a question of law that
7 we review de novo. See Schuster v. N. M. Dep’t of Taxation & Revenue, 2012-
8 NMSC-025, ¶ 9, 283 P.3d 288 (stating “[w]hether MVD must conclude that the arrest
9 of a driver for DWI is constitutional before revoking a driver’s license requires” that
10 Section 66-8-112 be interpreted, and that ‘statutory interpretation’ presents a question
11 of law that is reviewed de novo); Martinez v. N.M. State Eng’r Office, 2000-NMCA-
12 074, ¶ 20, 129 N.M. 413, 9 P.3d 657 (stating that determining what issues may be
13 decided by the state personnel board under the applicable statutory scheme presents
14 a question of law). “When reviewing a statute, [appellate courts] must give effect to
15 the Legislature’s intent by first looking at the plain language of the statute, giving the
16 words their ordinary meaning, unless the Legislature indicates a different one was
17 intended.” Schuster, 2012-NMSC-025, ¶ 9 (internal quotation marks and citation
18 omitted).
19 {9} A person whose license is revoked under the Implied Consent Act may contest
5
1 the revocation by requesting a hearing within ten days after receiving the notice of
2 revocation. Section 66-8-112(B). Section 66-8-112(E) provides that the hearing “shall
3 be limited” to consideration of five issues. See id. (“The hearing shall be limited to
4 the issues: (1) whether the law enforcement officer had reasonable grounds to believe
5 that the person had been driving a motor vehicle within this state while under the
6 influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs; (2) whether the person was arrested; (3)
7 whether this hearing is held no later than ninety days after notice of revocation; and
8 either (4) whether: (a) the person refused to submit to a test upon request of the law
9 enforcement officer; and (b) the law enforcement officer advised that the failure to
10 submit to a test could result in revocation of the person’s privilege to drive; or (5)
11 whether: (a) the chemical test was administered pursuant to the provisions of the
12 Implied Consent Act; and (b) the test results indicated an alcohol concentration in the
13 person’s blood or breath of eight one hundredths or more if the person is twenty-one
14 years of age or older, four one hundredths or more if the person is driving a
15 commercial motor vehicle or two one hundredths or more if the person is less than
16 twenty-one years of age”). Sections 66-8-112(F) and (G) provide that the revocation
17 may be sustained only if the hearing officer makes an affirmative finding as to each
18 issue. A person adversely affected by a decision of MVD may then seek review in the
19 district court. Section 66-8-112(H).
6
1 {10} As discussed above, the district court relied upon Maso in arriving at its ruling.
2 In Maso, the driver conceded that he received the notice of revocation, but he failed
3 to make a timely request for a hearing. 2004-NMCA-025, ¶ 1. MVD denied his
4 request for a hearing. Id. ¶ 5; see § 66-8-112(B) (“Failure to request a hearing within
5 ten days shall result in forfeiture of the person’s right to a hearing.”). The driver
6 appealed to the district court asserting that, because the notice was in English, and he
7 only understood Spanish, the notice did not comport with due process, and he should
8 have been granted a hearing, notwithstanding his lack of timeliness. Maso, 2004-
9 NMCA-025, ¶¶ 1, 6. The district court rejected the driver’s due process argument, and
10 this Court granted the driver’s request for certiorari review of the district court
11 decision. Id. ¶ 6. We concluded that, because Section 66-8-112(E) provides that the
12 hearing “shall be limited” to the consideration of specific issues, and the driver’s
13 argument that due process required the notice of revocation to be given to him in
14 Spanish is not included in those issues, MVD had no jurisdiction to consider the
15 driver’s argument. Maso, 2004-NMCA-025, ¶ 12.1 We additionally concluded that
16 because MVD had no jurisdiction to decide the issue raised by the driver, the district
17 court had no appellate jurisdiction to decide the issue. Id. ¶ 13; see Nesbit v. City of
1
18 We also note here that whether a driver requests a timely hearing is not
19 included in the five issues that may be considered by a hearing officer under Sections
20 66-8-112(E) and (F).
7
1 Albuquerque, 1977-NMSC-107, ¶ 10, 91 N.M. 455, 575 P.2d 1340 (concluding that
2 a district court has no jurisdiction to consider an issue on appeal from an
3 administrative agency that decided the issue without jurisdiction to do so).
4 {11} However, we also noted in Maso that the district court had authority to consider
5 the driver’s due process argument under its original jurisdiction. 2004-NMCA-025,
6 ¶ 14. Invoking logic and principles of judicial economy, we construed the driver’s
7 appeal to the district court as in the nature of a petition for writ of mandamus, and the
8 appeal before us as an appeal from the denial of a petition for writ of mandamus. Id.
9 ¶ 15. We then affirmed the district court on the merits, concluding that due process
10 does not require that written notice of revocation be given to a Spanish-speaking
11 driver in Spanish. Id. ¶¶ 18-21. On certiorari, our Supreme Court affirmed the merits
12 of the due process issue without addressing any of the procedural or jurisdictional
13 issues we had decided. Maso, 2004-NMSC-028, ¶¶ 9, 13-15.
14 {12} Driver and MVD both ask us to consider the applicability of Schuster, 2012-
15 NMSC-025. One of the questions that must be affirmatively answered before MVD
16 can revoke a driver’s license under Section 66-8-112(E)(2) is whether “the person
17 was arrested.” Id. In Schuster, the issue before our Supreme Court was whether the
18 Legislature intended a finding that a driver was “arrested” to include a finding that
19 the driver’s arrest was constitutional. 2012-NMSC-025, ¶ 15. Our Supreme Court
8
1 answered the question in the affirmative, holding, “the plain meaning of the word
2 ‘arrest’ means an arrest that complies with the protections of the Fourth Amendment
3 to the United States Constitution, and Article II, Section 10 of the New Mexico
4 Constitution.” Schuster, 2012-NMSC-025, ¶ 18. It therefore concluded that “an arrest
5 and the underlying police activity leading to the arrest, must be constitutional before
6 a driver’s license can be revoked under the Implied Consent Act.” Id. The Court
7 recognized that to conclude otherwise, that the Implied Consent Act allows an
8 unconstitutional arrest to result in the revocation of a driver’s license, would call into
9 question the constitutionality of the Implied Consent Act. Id. ¶¶ 17-18.
10 {13} Referring to our decision in Maso, the driver in Schuster also argued that the
11 district court must consider the constitutionality of an arrest under its original
12 jurisdiction and not for substantial evidence under its appellate jurisdiction. Schuster,
13 2012-NMSC-025, ¶ 20. Our Supreme Court disagreed and held that because “MVD
14 must rule on the constitutionality of an arrest” before revoking a driver’s license
15 under the Implied Consent Act, Maso was not controlling. Schuster, 2012-NMSC-
16 025, ¶¶ 20, 22. Significantly, the Court noted that Maso “stands for the legal
17 proposition that any constitutional challenge beyond MVD’s scope of statutory
18 review is brought for the first time in district court under its original jurisdiction.”
19 Schuster, 2012-NMSC-025, ¶ 21.
9
1 {14} Both parties argue that Schuster is controlling in this case, and we agree. Prior
2 to revoking Driver’s license, Kircher was required to affirmatively answer whether
3 Driver “refused to submit to a test upon request” and whether Deputy Foster “advised
4 that the failure to submit to a test could result in revocation of [Driver’s] privilege to
5 drive[.]” Section 66-8-112(E)(4)(a), (b). Driver specifically argued that because his
6 primary language is Spanish, due process required that Deputy Foster give him the
7 implied consent advisory in Spanish to ensure that Driver understood the advisory
8 and validly refused to submit to the test.
9 {15} In Schuster, our Supreme Court concluded that MVD was both authorized and
10 required to answer constitutional questions arising from the language of Section 66-8-
11 112(E)(2). 2012-NMSC-025, ¶ 19. We see no need to depart from that rationale. A
12 driver’s license is an “important, protectible right,” Stevens v. N.M.Transp. Dep’t,
13 1987-NMCA-095, ¶ 12, 106 N.M. 198, 740 P.2d 1182, subject to due process
14 protections. Maso v. N.M. Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, 2004-NMSC-028, ¶ 10, 136
15 N.M. 161, 96 P.3d 286 (“Due process requires notice and an opportunity for a hearing
16 before the State can suspend or revoke a person’s driver’s license.”). It appears an
17 open question whether due process requires that a non-English speaking driver fully
18 understand the implications of his or her refusal to submit to a breath- or blood-
19 alcohol test upon request. In accordance with Schuster, we conclude that MVD must
10
1 answer this constitutional question in determining whether it can answer the
2 questions posed by Section 66-8-112(E)(4) in the affirmative. Following MVD’s
3 ruling on the matter, the district court must, on appeal, hear and decide the question
4 in its appellate capacity and not under its original jurisdiction. Schuster, 2012-NMSC-
5 025, ¶ 22.
6 {16} Whether the district court is acting under its original jurisdiction in mandamus
7 or its appellate capacity, it has very real consequences. When the district court sits in
8 its appellate capacity, Section 66-8-112(H) directs that it is “to determine only
9 whether reasonable grounds exist for revocation [of the driver’s license] based on the
10 record of the administrative proceeding.” In its appellate capacity, the standard of
11 review that the district court applies is: (1) whether MVD acted fraudulently,
12 arbitrarily, or capriciously; (2) whether MVD’s decision is supported by substantial
13 evidence; (3) whether MVD’s action is outside the scope of its authority; or (4)
14 whether MVD’s action was otherwise not in accordance with law. Rule 1-074(R). On
15 the other hand, “[m]andamus lies only . . . where, on a given state of facts, [a] public
16 officer has a clear legal duty to perform the act and there is no other plain, speedy,
17 and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law.” Mimbres Valley Irrigation
18 Co. v. Salopek, 2006-NMCA-093, ¶ 11, 140 N.M. 168, 140 P.3d 1117. “The writ
19 applies only to ministerial duties and it will not lie when the matter has been entrusted
11
1 to the judgment or discretion of the public officer.” Id. Thus, very different
2 considerations and standards apply as to how a district court is to treat the law and
3 facts before it, depending on whether the district court is acting in its appellate
4 jurisdiction or in its original mandamus jurisdiction.
5 {17} There are also additional consequences. When the district court sits in its
6 appellate capacity and issues a final order in a MVD driver’s license revocation case
7 such as this, there is no right to a further appeal in this Court. Rather, a timely petition
8 for a writ of certiorari must be filed in this Court, which is granted or denied at the
9 discretion of the Court. Rule 1-074(V); Rule 12-505 NMRA. Driver did not file a
10 petition for certiorari, and even if we could consider Driver’s docketing statement as
11 such a petition, it was not timely, and we would not have jurisdiction. See Wakefield
12 v. N.M. Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, 2012-NMCA-025, ¶¶ 9, 16, 18, 274 P.3d 122
13 (stating that “the timely filing of a petition for a writ of certiorari” within thirty days
14 of the district court’s final order to be reviewed “is a mandatory precondition” to our
15 exercise of jurisdiction, and while a docketing statement can substitute for a petition
16 for writ of certiorari, it must also be filed within thirty days of the order to be
17 reviewed). On the other hand, when the district court acts under its original
18 jurisdiction, an aggrieved party has a right to appeal to this Court by filing a timely
19 notice of appeal in the district court and a timely docketing statement in this Court.
12
1 Rule 12-202 NMRA; Rule 12-208 NMRA. In fact, due to the confusion caused by the
2 district court’s action, and whether Driver was required to file a petition for writ of
3 certiorari or had properly filed a notice of appeal, we issued an order to show cause
4 why this appeal should not be dismissed. See Smith v. City of Santa Fe, 2007-NMSC-
5 055, ¶ 10, 142 N.M. 786, 171 P.3d 300 (stating that an appellate court may raise a
6 question of jurisdiction on its own motion, and lack of jurisdiction at any stage must
7 be resolved before proceeding further). The parties’ responses to the order to show
8 cause provided us with valuable insights in disposing of this appeal.
9 {18} We therefore conclude that the district court erred in converting the
10 administrative appeal before it into a petition for writ of mandamus arising under its
11 original jurisdiction and that the order of the district court must therefore be reversed.
12 We remand the case to the district court for consideration in its appellate capacity.
13 CONCLUSION
14 {19} The order of the district court is reversed, and the case is remanded to the
15 district court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
16 {20} IT IS SO ORDERED.
17 ___________________________________
18 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
13
1 WE CONCUR:
2 ____________________________
3 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
4 ____________________________
5 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
14