TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
BILL LOCKYER
Attorney General
:
OPINION : No. 99-403
:
of : July 30, 1999
:
BILL LOCKYER :
Attorney General :
:
ANTHONY M. SUMMERS :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
THE HONORABLE GARY LIEBERSTEIN, DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF NAPA
COUNTY, has requested an opinion on the following questions:
1. May a person initiate and tape record a telephone call in an attempt to gain evidence
of child molestation alleged to have been committed by the person called?
2. If so, would such evidence be admissible in a subsequent civil or criminal proceeding?
CONCLUSIONS
1. A person may initiate and tape record a telephone call in an attempt to gain evidence
of child molestation alleged to have been committed by the person called.
2. Such evidence would be admissible in a subsequent civil or criminal proceeding.
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ANALYSIS
The California Privacy Act (Pen. Code, §§ 630-637.6; “Act”) 1 generally prohibits
“invasions of privacy,” including the recording of telephone conversations. In 80 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 342
(1997), we reviewed the provisions of the Act and concluded that telephone calls may not be recorded
“unless (1) such calls are not deemed to be confidential or (2) there is an exemption available . . . .” (Id.,
at p. 345.)
The two questions presented for resolution concern the recording of a telephone
conversation in order to obtain evidence of child molestation alleged to have been committed by the person
called. Does the Act authorize such a recording, and if so, would the evidence be admissible in a judicial
proceeding? We conclude that the recording would be authorized and the evidence would be admissible.
1. Recording to Obtain Evidence
In the circumstances under consideration, we may assume that the person called would
expect the call to be private and confidential. The Act is applicable to a confidential telephone call, and
prevents one party to a conversation from recording it without the other’s consent. (Ribas v. Clark (1985)
38 Cal.3d 355; Frio v. Superior Court (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 1480.)2
Hence, we must look to the Act’s exemptions to determine whether the call in question may
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be recorded. We find section 633.5 to be the governing statute. It provides:
“Nothing in Section 631, 632, 632.5, 632.6, or 632.7 prohibits one party to a
confidential communication from recording the communication for the purpose of obtaining
evidence reasonably believed to relate to the commission by another party to the
communication of the crime of extortion, kidnaping, bribery, [or] any felony involving
violence against the person. . . . Nothing in Section 631, 632, 632.5, 632.6, or 632.7
1
All references hereafter to the Penal Code are by section number only.
2
The Act allows law enforcement officers to record telephone conversations with the consent of only
one of the parties. (§ 633; People v. Blend (1981) 121 Cal.App.3d 215, 229; People v. Carbonie (1975)
48 Cal.App.3d 679, 684-685; People v. Caravella (1970) 5 Cal.App.3d 931, 933-934.)
3
Because the Act is more stringent than federal law (18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2520) with respect to the
issue presented (see People v. Otto (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1088, 1097), we need not examine the applicability of
the federal requirements.
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renders any evidence so obtained inadmissible in a prosecution for extortion, kidnaping,
bribery, [or] any felony involving violence against the person . . . .”
If child molestation constitutes a “felony involving violence against the person,” a telephone conversation
may be recorded in order to obtain evidence reasonably believed to relate to such crime. Is child
molestation a felony involving violence against the person?
In People v. Hetherington (1984) 154 Cal.App.3d 1132, the court answered that
question in a different context. There, the defendant had been the operator of a day care center, who “for
almost three years . . . molested children” (id., at p. 1136) and whose guilty plea included five counts of
violating section 288, subdivision (a). At the time, section 288 provided:
“(a) Any person who shall willfully and lewdly commit any lewd or lascivious act
including any of the acts constituting other crimes provided for in Part 1 of this code upon
or with the body, or any part or member thereof, of a child under the age of 14 years, with
the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of
such person or of such child, shall be guilty of a felony and shall be imprisoned in the state
prison for a term of three, six, or eight years.
“(b) Any person who commits an act described in subdivision (a) by use of force,
violence, duress, menace, or threat of great bodily harm, shall be guilty of a felony and shall
be imprisoned in the state prison for a term of three, six or eight years.
“(c) In any arrest or prosecution under this section the peace officer, the district
attorney, and the court shall consider the needs of the child victim and shall do whatever
is necessary and constitutionally permissible to prevent psychological harm to the child
victim.” (Stats. 1981, ch. 1064, § 1.)
The court found that a “violent felony” was described by the Legislature in subdivision (c) of section 667.5,
which now provides as follows:
“For the purpose of this section, ‘violent felony’ means any of the following:
“. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
“(6) Lewd acts on a child under the age of 14 years as defined in Section 288.
“. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
“(11) The offense defined in subdivision (a) of Section 289 where the act is
accomplished against the victim’s will by force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of
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immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person.
“. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
“(16) Continuous sexual abuse of a child, in violation of Section 288.5.
“. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
“The Legislature finds and declares that these specified crimes merit special
consideration when imposing a sentence to display society’s condemnation for these
extraordinary crimes of violence against the person.”4
The defendant argued that child molestation was a violent felony only as described in subdivision (b) of
section 288 (“by use of force, violence, duress, menace, or threat of great bodily harm”), and not as
described in subdivision (a). The court rejected the argument, explaining in part:
“Contrary to Hetherington’s presumption, section 288, subdivision (a) is not the
only ‘nonviolent’ felony remaining in section 667.5, subdivision (c). At least two other
felonies which, by definition, can be committed without causing physical injury to a person
(§§ 37, 218) are included in section 667.5, subdivision (c)(7). . . .
“. . . Section 667.5, subdivision (c) states: ‘The Legislature finds and declares that
these specified crimes merit special consideration when imposing a sentence to display
society’s condemnation for such extraordinary crimes of violence against the person.’
(Italics added.) We consider it significant that the statute refers simply to ‘violence’ rather
than to ‘physical violence,’ ‘physical injury’ or ‘bodily harm.’ The statute’s unadorned
language indicates the Legislature intended to impose increased punishment via section
667.5, subdivision (c) not only for certain felonies which are ‘violent’ in a physical sense
but also for other selected felonies which cause extraordinary psychological or emotional
harm. [Citation.] By adding subdivision (c) to section 288 in 1981 . . . the Legislature
recognized both subdivisions (a) and (b) violations often caused irreparable psychological
and emotional damage to child victims. Therefore, ‘to display society’s condemnation for
such extraordinary crimes of violence against the person,’ the Legislature included both
subdivisions (a) and (b) within section 667.5, subdivision (c)(6). The Legislature acted
within its discretion, based on its proper concern for the welfare of children, to include
subdivision (a) offenses . . . within the scope of section 667.5, subdivision (c).
Accordingly, we hold . . . section 288, subdivision (a) offenses are ‘violent felonies’ under
4
While the language quoted is the current version of the statute, subdivision (c)(6) has not been
materially amended since being examined in Hetherington.
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section 667.5, subdivision (c)(6) . . . .” (Id., at pp. 1139-1140; fn. omitted.)
In People v. Stephenson (1984) 160 Cal.App.3d 7, the court agreed with the reasoning
in Hetherington, stating in part:
“Granted, the Legislature did distinguish between ‘violent’ and ‘nonviolent’ section
288 offenses when it added subdivision (b) in 1979. [Citation.] . . . .
“As Hetherington notes, section 667.5, subdivision (c), also defines as ‘violent’
felonies other offenses (§§ 37, 218), which can be committed without causing physical
injury to a person. [Citation.] But even were this not the case, it would not follow the
Legislature did not intend to retain section 288, subdivision (a), as a ‘violent’ felony under
section 667.5, subdivision (c).
“. . . The legislative intent to encompass section 288, subdivision (a) within section
667.5, subdivision (c)(6), is buttressed by subdivision (c)’s declaration condemning
‘extraordinary crimes of violence against the person.’ The absence of specific reference
to physical injury, which the Legislature has done in many statutes, signifies to us, as it did
to the court in Hetherington, a recognition certain felonies, such as section 288,
subdivision (a), are ‘violent’ by virtue of the extreme psychological or emotional harm
caused by their commission. [Citation.]” (Id., at p. 10.)
Not only do lewd acts on a child (§ 288) constitute a “violent felony” under section 667.5,
so also do continuous sexual abuse of a child (§ 288.5) and penetration by a foreign or unknown object
(§ 289) by force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim
or another person. (§ 667.5, subd. (c)(11), (16).) Based upon Hetherington and Stephenson, we
believe that each of these forms of child molestation qualify as “any felony involving violence against the
person” (§ 633.5) as defined by the Legislature.
Finally, we note that even if the person making the recording does not accomplish the
objective of obtaining the evidence sought, there is no violation of the Act’s provisions if the recording is
made for a proper purpose. (Lubetzky v. State Bar of California (1991) 54 Cal.3d 308, 321; People
v. Parra (1985) 165 Cal.App.3d 874, 889-890.)
We conclude in answer to the first question that a person may initiate and tape record a
telephone call in an attempt to gain evidence of child molestation alleged to have been committed by the
person called.
2. Admissibility of Evidence
The second question posed is whether the tape recording of a conversation involving
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alleged child molestation may be admitted into evidence in a judicial proceeding. Section 633.5 is again
the controlling statute. It states, as noted above, that “[n]othing in Section 631, 632, 632.5, 632.6, or
632.7 renders any evidence so obtained inadmissible in a prosecution for . . . any felony involving violence
against the person . . . .” (See People v. Suite (1980) 101 Cal.App.3d 680; People v. Parra, supra,
165 Cal.App.3d 874; People v. Ayers (1975) 51 Cal.App.3d 370.)
It is to be recognized that exclusionary rules applicable to criminal proceedings are not
ordinarily applied in non-criminal matters unless the circumstances under which the proffered evidence was
obtained would result in a denial of due process. (See United States v. Janis (1976) 428 U.S. 433;
Emslie v. State Bar (1974) 11 Cal.3d 210.)
We conclude that where the recording of a telephone conversation is permitted under the
terms of section 633.5, it may subsequently be introduced into evidence in a civil or criminal proceeding.
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