United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 15-3744
___________________________
United States of America,
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
Steven A. Hudson,
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant.
____________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri - Cape Girardeau
____________
Submitted: September 19, 2016
Filed: March 21, 2017
____________
Before COLLOTON, MELLOY, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
____________
COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
Steven Hudson pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a firearm as a
previously convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). The district court1
increased Hudson’s base offense level under USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) after finding
1
The Honorable Ronnie L. White, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
that Hudson had sustained a prior conviction for a “crime of violence.” The court
cited Hudson’s conviction for unlawful use of a firearm under Mo. Rev. Stat.
§ 571.030.1(4) and this court’s holding in United States v. Pulliam, 566 F.3d 784 (8th
Cir. 2009), that a violation of the same Missouri statute is a “violent felony” for
purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Hudson appeals, arguing that Pulliam is no longer
good law in light of intervening Supreme Court decisions. We conclude that Pulliam
controls and therefore affirm.
The sentencing guidelines provide that when a person is sentenced for unlawful
possession of a firearm, the base offense level is 20 if “the defendant committed any
part of the instant offense subsequent to sustaining one felony conviction of either a
crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.” USSG § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A).
Without a qualifying prior conviction, the base offense level is lower. The guidelines
define “crime of violence” to include an offense that “has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.”
USSG § 4B1.2(a)(1). This text is described as the “force” clause of the definition.
Hudson was convicted in 2010 for unlawful use of a weapon under Mo. Rev.
Stat. § 571.030.1(4). A person violates that subdivision if he knowingly “[e]xhibits,
in the presence of one or more persons, any weapon readily capable of lethal use in
an angry or threatening manner.”
In Pulliam, we held that § 571.030.1(4) is a “violent felony” under the Armed
Career Criminal Act (ACCA). Like the term “crime of violence” under the
guidelines, the definition of “violent felony” under the statute includes an offense that
“has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against
the person of another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). Pulliam addressed a prior
conviction under § 571.030.1(4) and said that “[i]t goes without saying that
displaying an operational weapon before another in an angry or threatening manner
-2-
qualifies as threatened use of physical force against another person.” 566 F.3d at 788.
Accordingly, the conviction qualified as a violent felony.
Hudson does not contend, in evaluating his prior conviction, that there is any
material difference between the “force” clauses in the respective definitions of
“violent felony” under § 924(e) and “crime of violence” under the guidelines. He
argues, however, that Pulliam has been superseded by recent Supreme Court
decisions. He cites three principal authorities: Samuel Johnson v. United States, 135
S. Ct. 2551 (2015), Curtis Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133 (2010), and
Descamps v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2276 (2013).
In Samuel Johnson, the Court held that a portion of the definition of “violent
felony” in the ACCA known as the “residual clause,” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii),
was unconstitutionally vague. 135 S. Ct. at 2563. That decision has no application
here. Although the definition of “crime of violence” under the guidelines until
recently included an identically-worded residual clause, the guidelines are not subject
to constitutional vagueness challenges. Beckles v. United States, No. 15-8544, 2017
WL 855781, at *11 (U.S. Mar. 6, 2017). More to the point, Pulliam did not rely on
the residual clause. Pulliam held that Mo. Rev. Stat. § 571.030.1(4) is a violent
felony under the “force” clause of § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). Therefore, nothing in Samuel
Johnson calls into question the reasoning of Pulliam.
Curtis Johnson did address the “force” clause of § 924(e), but it does not
undermine Pulliam. Curtis Johnson held that slight unwanted touching of another
person does not constitute “physical force” under the statute, because the statute
requires the use, attempted use, or threatened use of “violent force—that is, force
capable of causing physical pain or injury to another person.” 559 U.S. at 140
(emphasis in original). The Missouri statute under which Hudson was convicted
requires exhibiting a weapon that is “readily capable of lethal use in an angry or
threatening manner.” “Lethal” means “[c]apable of causing death,” Black’s Law
-3-
Dictionary (10th ed. 2014), so threatening use of such a weapon necessarily involves
a threatened use of violent force, not merely an unwanted physical touching. Pulliam,
therefore, is consistent with Curtis Johnson.
Hudson’s third offering, Descamps v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2276 (2013),
addressed when a sentencing court may apply the so-called “modified categorical
approach” to determine whether a prior offense is a violent felony under the ACCA.
This approach allows courts, when confronted with state statutes that define multiple
alternative offenses, to consult a limited class of judicial records to determine under
which alternative the defendant was convicted. Id. at 2281. Mathis v. United States,
136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016), clarified that the modified categorical approach applies only
when a statute sets forth alternative elements that define multiple offenses, not when
a statute articulates multiple means of committing a single offense. Id. at 2252-53.
Neither Descamps nor Mathis affects the vitality of Pulliam. Section 571.030.1
of the Missouri statutes enumerates multiple offenses pertaining to the unlawful use
of a weapon. Yates v. State, 158 S.W.3d 798, 801-02 (Mo. Ct. App. 2005). Hudson
was convicted under subdivision (4). That subdivision is phrased in the alternative,
applying to exhibition of a weapon in an “angry or threatening manner.” Pulliam,
however, reasoned that a violation of subdivision (4) categorically is a violent felony:
“displaying an operational weapon before another in an angry or threatening manner
qualifies as threatened use of physical force against another person.” 566 F.3d at 788.
Thus, assuming for the sake of analysis that subdivision (4) defines a single offense,
Pulliam already concluded that both means of committing the offense (an angry
display or a threatening display) involve the requisite threatened use of force. The
Supreme Court’s refinement of the categorical analysis under § 924(e) therefore does
not affect our circuit precedent in Pulliam.
Hudson also seems to suggest that Pulliam conflicts with United States v.
Fields, 167 F.3d 1189 (8th Cir. 1999), and United States v. Jackson, 462 F.3d 899
-4-
(8th Cir. 2006), because those earlier decisions held that § 571.030.1(4) constitutes
a “crime of violence” under the residual clause of the guidelines. Jackson, 462 F.3d
at 901; Fields, 167 F.3d at 1191. The residual clause followed a list of several
enumerated offenses and encompassed any offense that “otherwise involves conduct
that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” USSG
§ 4B1.2(a)(2) (2015). Fields and Jackson do not conflict with Pulliam; they simply
address a different issue. Under circuit precedent, Hudson’s prior conviction
qualified as a crime of violence under both the force clause of USSG § 4B1.2(a)(1)
(Pulliam) and the residual clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2) (Fields and Jackson). The district
court here relied on the force clause, and that decision was correct in light of Pulliam.
Hudson has not identified any developments in Missouri law after 2009 that
undermine the court’s conclusion in Pulliam. Although this court in United States
v. Dixon, 822 F.3d 464 (8th Cir. 2016), construed Missouri law to mean that the State
need not prove that a weapon is “functional” to satisfy the elements of § 571.030.1(4),
the weapon that is exhibited in an angry or threatening manner must be “readily
capable of lethal use.” Id. at 466; cf. id. at 467 (Kelly, J., concurring). Thus, even if
“functional” is deemed synonymous with “operational,” such that Pulliam’s
assumption about an offender displaying an “operational weapon” could be
questioned in light of Dixon, see 566 F.3d at 788, the Pulliam court’s ultimate
conclusion remains sound in light of the statutory elements: Displaying a weapon
that is “readily capable of lethal use” before another in an angry or threatening
manner qualifies as threatened use of physical force against another person.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
______________________________
-5-