REPORTED
IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 2158
September Term, 2015
ELIZABETH HARING COOMES
v.
MARYLAND INSURANCE
ADMINISTRATION
Berger,
Reed,
Salmon, James P.
(Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),
JJ.
Opinion by Berger, J.
Filed: March 30, 2017
This appeal arises from several decisions of the Maryland Insurance Commissioner
(“Commissioner”), including the Commissioner’s decision to: (1) grant summary
disposition in favor of the Maryland Insurance Administration (“MIA”) against Elizabeth
Coomes (“Coomes”); (2) affirm the MIA’s Amended Order revoking Coomes’s producer’s
license for violations of various provisions of the Insurance Article; and (3) assess an
administrative penalty of $1,250.00. The relevant facts in this case surround Coomes’s
“voluntary surrender” of her Virginia producer’s license and whether this “surrender”
constitutes an “adverse action” requiring Coomes to report the surrender to the MIA.
On appeal, Coomes presents five issues for our review, 1 which we rephrase as
follows:
1
Coomes presented the issues as follows:
1. Did the Hearing Officer commit reversible error when she
failed to rule upon Appellant’s objections to jurisdiction
and exercised jurisdiction over the Virginia matter?
2. Did the Hearing Officer violate petitioner’s procedural
rights and thus commit reversible error when she granted
the Agency’s Motion for Summary Disposition and
summarily affirmed the Agency’s Amended Order
summarily revoking Petitioner’s Maryland producer
license, finding that Petitioner had committed fraud or other
dishonest conduct, where the Commissioner made that
finding without the benefit of an evidentiary hearing to
determine whether Petitioner had the requisite intent to
commit the fraud or dishonest conduct alleged by the
Administration?
1. Whether the Commissioner erred as a matter of law by
finding that Coomes’s voluntary surrender of her Virginia
insurance producer’s license was an “adverse
administrative action” requiring her to report it to the
Maryland Insurance Administration.
2. Whether there is substantial evidence in the record to
support the Commissioner’s conclusion as a matter of law
that Coomes violated Md. Code (2002, 2011 Repl. Vol.),
§ 10-126(a)(1), (6), (12), (13), and (f) of the Insurance
Article (“I.A.”).
3. Whether Double Jeopardy applies to shield Coomes from
having her Maryland producer’s license revoked after
previously voluntarily surrendering her Virginia producer’s
license based on the same underlying set of facts.
4. Whether the circuit court abused its discretion under Md.
Code (1984, 2014 Repl. Vol., 2016 Supp.), § 10-222(f)(2)
of the State Government Article (“S.G.”) when it denied
3. Did the Hearing Officer commit reversible error when she
found in a case of first impression, without citation of
authority, that Petitioner’s voluntary surrender of her
Virginia producer’s license was an “adverse administrative
action,” despite the fact that the voluntary surrender was
not the result of any formal or informal, final Virginia
administrative agency proceeding that included fact finding
or resolution of disputed facts, administrative charges, any
action, admissions of guilt, findings of fact, conclusions of
law or Order?
4. Did the Hearing Officer commit reversible error when she
declined to apply the law of Double Jeopardy, the doctrine
of Merger or the Rule of Lenity to the Administrative
Proceeding?
5. Did the Circuit Court err when it denied the Appellant’s
Motion for Leave to Offer Additional Evidence?
2
Coomes’s motion to offer additional evidence on the basis
that the evidence was not material.
BACKGROUND
In 2004, Elizabeth Coomes became a licensed insurance producer in the
Commonwealth of Virginia. That same year, the State of Maryland issued a producer’s
license to Coomes as a nonresident producer. In September of 2011, the Virginia
Department of Insurance (“VDI”) began investigating Coomes for alleged acts of
misappropriating two checks sent to her in error by Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield of
Virginia (“Anthem”).
Prior to September 2011, Anthem mistakenly sent two checks totaling
approximately $20,000 to Coomes’s agency’s home office in Leesburg, Virginia. Both
checks were made out to “EBCA” (Employee Benefit Corporation of America). Coomes,
or a member of her staff, deposited the checks into her agency’s operating account. EBCA
and Anthem notified Coomes that the checks were sent to her agency in error on or around
August 18, 2011, and they requested the return of the money since the checks were
deposited.
Coomes testified at the hearing before the Commissioner that the agency routinely
received commission checks from Anthem and other insurers, and that by the time Anthem
demanded repayment for the checks sent in error, she had already spent the money on
various business expenses. She further testified that after she informed Anthem that she
was not able to repay the money in one lump sum, Anthem refused to take the money out
of her future commission payments. Thereafter, she and Anthem came to an agreement for
3
Coomes to repay Anthem immediately with approximately $6,000 to $10,000 cash on
hand, and the remainder with a small personal loan. A few days later, however, Anthem
filed a complaint with VDI and Coomes did not repay the money immediately.
The VDI began investigating Coomes’s conduct in September of 2011 based on
allegations that Coomes had misappropriated money through acts of fraud, deception, or
dishonesty. The investigation by the VDI addressed Anthem’s accusations that Coomes
had committed fraud, conversion and had forged endorsements on the checks. Thereafter,
Coomes repaid all but $2,000 of the money owed with a series of three checks sent in
February and March of 2012. Coomes, however, refused to repay the remaining $2,000,
averring that Anthem owed her the money for unrelated advertising co-op costs under her
contract with Anthem.
The VDI’s investigation ultimately was resolved without a hearing when Coomes
agreed to a “voluntary surrender” of her Virginia producer’s license. Coomes executed the
voluntary surrender agreement with the VDI on or around December 10, 2012, to be
effective March 11, 2013. 2 In the agreement, Coomes acknowledged that she voluntarily
surrendered her Virginia producer’s license “in lieu of a hearing before the State
Corporation Commission, which [Coomes] understand[s] may result in revocation or
suspension of [Coomes’s] authority as an insurance agent or consultant, as well as possible
2
The date on the “Voluntary Surrender of Insurance Agent or Consultant License
Authority” agreement read “to be effective March 11, 2013.” Both parties agree that
Coomes signed the agreement on December 10, 2012.
4
monetary penalty.” (Emphasis added). Coomes voluntarily surrendered “all authority . . .
to conduct the business of insurance or insurance consulting in the Commonwealth of
Virginia.” The agreement further provided that “[i]n consideration of the Commission’s
acceptance of [the] voluntary surrender of [her] license authority in lieu of a hearing before
the Commission . . .” Coomes agreed not to apply to “transact the business of insurance in
Virginia for a period of one year” from the date of the agreement, and only after she had
resolved all of her “financial obligations resulting from [her] insurance activities.” Further,
the language of the agreement refers to the agreement as an “action . . . taken of [Coomes’s]
own volition.” (Emphasis added).
Finally, Coomes acknowledged that she
under[stood] that notification of this matter, which may include
personal information about [Coomes] including, but not
limited to [Coomes’s] name, residence address, social security
number . . . , date of birth, license and appointment status, and
investigation or disciplinary action summary data, may be
reported to the National Association of Insurance
Commissioners and to other state insurance regulatory
authorities or other interested parties.
Thereafter, in March of 2013, Coomes requested through a letter to the MIA that
her residential address be updated and that her Maryland license be changed from
nonresident producer to resident producer. In the letter, Coomes stated “I have notified the
Virginia Insurance Bureau of my address change and have requested a voluntary surrender
of my Virginia resident license.” Coomes did not include in the letter any indication of an
investigation by the VDI into her mishandling of money, nor did Coomes disclose that she
had agreed to voluntarily surrender her license in lieu of facing a hearing to contest the
5
allegations arising from Anthem’s complaint. Coomes testified that she did not understand
the voluntary surrender to be an “adverse violation” and did not know that there was a
requirement that she inform the MIA of the VDI’s actions.
Procedural History
Pursuant to a revised order issued June 30, 2014, 3 the Maryland Insurance
Commissioner (“the Commissioner”) issued an order finding the voluntary surrender
agreement constituted an “adverse administrative action” that was taken against Coomes.
The Commissioner found Coomes to be in violation of I.A. §§ 10-126(a)(1), (6), (12), (13),
and (f), and therefore, subject to discipline. The Commissioner revoked Coomes’s license
to act as an insurance producer in the State of Maryland and ordered her to pay an
administrative penalty of $1,250.00 within 30 days. The pertinent provisions of I.A.
§ 10-126 are as follows:
(a) The Commissioner may deny a license to an applicant under
§§ 2-210 through 2-214 of this article, or suspend, revoke, or
refuse to renew or reinstate a license after notice and
opportunity for hearing under §§ 2-210 through 2-214 of this
article if the applicant or holder of the license:
(1) has willfully violated this article or another law of
the State that relates to insurance;
...
3
The Commissioner issued the original order on November 25, 2013, which
revoked Coomes’s license and assessed an administrative penalty of $500.00. In the
original order, the Commissioner found that Coomes violated I.A. §§ 10-126(a)(13) and
10-126(f). The June 30, 2014 Order added I.A. § 10-126(a)(1), (6) and (12).
6
(6) has committed fraudulent or dishonest practices in
the insurance business;
...
(12) has failed or refused to pay over on demand money
that belongs to an insurer, insurance producer, or other
person entitled to the money;
...
(13) has otherwise shown a lack of trustworthiness or
competence to act as an insurance producer;
...
(f)(1) Within 30 days after the final disposition of the matter,
an insurance producer shall report to the Commissioner any
adverse administrative action taken against the insurance
producer:
(i) in another jurisdiction; or
(ii) by another governmental unit in this State.
(2) The report shall include a copy of the order, consent
order, and any other relevant legal documents.
I.A. § 10-126(a)(1), (6), (12), (13) and (f) (emphasis added).
Coomes requested a hearing on the Commissioner’s order, pursuant to I.A. § 2-210
and COMAR 31.02.01.03. Coomes appeared before a Commissioner on November 5, 2014
on the MIA’s Motion for Summary Disposition, during which Coomes testified but did not
call any other witnesses. On December 9, 2014, the Commissioner issued a revised final
order granting the MIA’s Motion for Summary Disposition, and finding that Coomes
violated I.A. §§ 10-126(a)(1), (6), (12), (13), and (f). The Commissioner ordered that
Coomes’s license be revoked and that she pay an administrative penalty of $1,250.00
within forty-five days of the order.
7
On January 7, 2015, Coomes filed a petition for judicial review in the Circuit Court
for Baltimore City. A hearing was held before the circuit court on November 9, 2015, and
on November 30, 2015, the circuit court affirmed the decision of the MIA.
For the reasons explained below, we affirm the Circuit Court for Baltimore City.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
When we review the decision of an administrative agency, such as the MIA, “we
assume the same role as the [c]ircuit [c]ourt . . . , and ‘limit our review to the agency’s
decision.’” McClanahan v. Washington Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 445 Md. 691, 699 (2015)
(quoting Cosby v. Dep’t of Human Res., 425 Md. 629, 637 (2012)); see also People’s
Counsel for Baltimore Cty. v. Surina, 400 Md. 662, 681 (2007) (“When . . . any appellate
court reviews the final decision of an administrative agency . . . the court looks through
the circuit court’s . . . decisions, although applying the same standards of review, and
evaluates the decision of the agency.”) (citing Mastandrea v. North, 361 Md. 107, 133
(2000)). In reviewing administrative adjudicatory decisions, our task
is limited to determining if there is substantial evidence in the
record as a whole to support the agency’s findings and
conclusions, and to determine if the administrative decision is
premised upon an erroneous conclusion of law.
...
[A] court’s task on review is not to substitute its judgment for
the expertise of those persons who constitute the administrative
agency. Even with regard to some legal issues, a degree of
deference should often be accorded the position of the
administrative agency. Thus, an administrative agency’s
8
interpretation and application of the statute which the agency
administers should ordinarily be given considerable weight by
reviewing courts. Furthermore, the expertise of the agency in
its own field should be respected.
Maryland Aviation Admin. v. Noland, 386 Md. 556, 571-72 (2005).
Even if we grant some degree of deference to the agency’s legal interpretations, we
must correct a legal conclusion that is erroneous. McClanahan, 445 Md. at 700 (citing
Cosby, 425 Md. at 639). Notwithstanding “some deference” to “an agency’s legal
interpretation of the statute it administers,” Taylor v. Harford Cnty. Dep’t of Social Servs.,
384 Md. 213, 222 (2004), issues of statutory interpretation are legal issues for which the
standard of review is de novo. Falls Road Community Ass’n v. Baltimore Cnty., 437 Md.
115, 134 (2014).
Pursuant to COMAR 31.02.01.07.G, which regulates the hearing procedure within
the MIA, “[a] party may move for summary decision on any appropriate issue in the case.”
COMAR 31.02.01.07(G). Like summary judgment, “[a] hearing officer may grant a
proposed or final summary decision if the hearing officer finds that: (a) There is no genuine
issue of material fact; and (b) [a] party is entitled to prevail as a matter of law.” Id.; cf. Md.
R. Civ. Proc. 2-501(f). “For summary judgment purposes, ‘[a] material fact is a fact the
resolution of which will somehow affect the outcome of the case.’” Rogers v. Home Equity
USA, Inc., 228 Md. App. 620, 635 (2016) (quoting Pence v. Norwest Bank Minn., N.A.,
363 Md. 267, 279 (2001)). In this case, there were no issues of material fact in dispute.
9
II. The Commissioner Did Not Err as a Matter of Law by Finding that Coomes’s
Voluntary Surrender of her Producer’s License was an “Adverse
Administrative Action” and Failure to Report the Action Violated I.A. § 10-
126(a)(13) and (f).
The Commissioner found that Coomes “failed to report to the Commissioner [an]
adverse administrative action taken against” her when she did not report her agreement to
voluntarily surrender her license in lieu of a hearing before the State Corporation
Commission within 30 days. As a result, Coomes violated I.A. § 10-126(f). By failing to
report the administrative action to the MIA, the Commission found that Coomes also
violated I.A. § 10-126(a)(13), which provides that a license may be revoked if the license
holder “has otherwise shown a lack of trustworthiness or competence to act as an insurance
producer.”
In this appeal, Coomes raises several arguments. The question we must answer,
however, is whether the Commissioner’s conclusion that Coomes failed to report an
“adverse administrative action” in violation of I.A. § 10-126(f) was based on an erroneous
conclusion of law. In other words, we examine whether the VDI’s investigation and
Coomes’s acceptance of the voluntary surrender agreement in lieu of a hearing constitutes
an “adverse action” for purposes of I.A. § 10-126(f). If so, she was required to report the
action and submit relevant legal documents; therefore, a failure to do so would constitute
a violation of I.A. § 10-126(f).
For the reasons explained herein, the investigation and subsequent voluntary
surrender agreement in Virginia constitutes an “adverse administrative action” such that
Coomes was required to report it, as well as submit a copy of the voluntary surrender
10
agreement to the MIA. Further, substantial evidence of Coomes’s actions leading to the
Commissioner’s finding that Coomes violated I.A. § 10-126(f) also supported the
Commissioner’s finding that Coomes had violated I.A. § 10-126(a)(13) -- i.e., that Coomes
“otherwise show[ed] a lack of trustworthiness or competence to act as an insurance
producer.” I.A. § 10-126(a)(13).
A. The Voluntary Surrender Agreement with the Virginia Department of
Insurance Constituted an “Adverse Administrative Action” under I.A.
§ 10-126(f).
In the Final Revised Order, the Commissioner concluded that there was “no genuine
dispute as to the material facts relating to whether [Coomes] failed to report the Virginia
Bureau action to the Commissioner as required by § 10-126(f).” As the Commissioner
aptly framed the issue:
[T]here is no factual dispute regarding whether [Coomes]
reported the Virginia action to the Commissioner at any time;
she did not. Thus, the question is whether the Virginia action
was an adverse administrative action such that Respondent had
an obligation to comply with § 10-126(f), which is a question
of law.
Coomes’s arguments that her voluntary surrender of her producer’s license in
Virginia was not an “adverse administrative action” revolve around two main points: (1)
The plain language of the statute indicates that an evidentiary proceeding is required to
constitute an “adverse administrative action”; and (2) the structure of I.A. § 10-126 and
“the context of procedural due process jurisprudence” in which these terms are situated
require a formal evidentiary proceeding to constitute an “adverse administrative action.”
11
Coomes maintains that, based on the plain language, “where the revocation of an
insurance producer’s license is involved, only a formal or informal proceeding that includes
fact-finding and dispute resolution and results in an Order” constitutes an adverse action.
Thus, because “[a] voluntary surrender of a license does not involve either fact-finding or
dispute resolution,” it must not be an “adverse administrative action” such that Coomes
was required to report it. Coomes provides no authority, however, to support her
contention that the terms “adverse” and “action” imply a fact-finding, evidentiary
proceeding.
When the General Assembly does not define precisely “a particular statutory term,
we first look to the plain meaning of the term, and give that language its ‘ordinary and
natural meaning [without] resort to subtle or forced interpretations’ . . . .” Bennett v. State
Dep’t of Assessments & Taxation, 143 Md. App. 356, 368 (2001) (citing Maryland–Nat’l
Capital Park & Planning Comm’n v. Dep’t of Assessments & Taxation, 110 Md. App. 677,
689 (1996), aff’d, 348 Md. 2 (1997)) (alterations in original). Our interpretation of statutes
often requires that we consider “the consequences resulting from one meaning rather than
another, and adopt that construction which avoids an illogical or unreasonable result, or
one which is inconsistent with common sense.” Bennett, supra, 143 Md. App. at 369
(quoting Chesapeake Charter, Inc. v. Anne Arundel Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 358 Md. 129, 135
(2000)). The ordinary meaning of the term “adverse administrative action” would
encompass the facts of this case, namely Coomes’s agreement with the VDI to voluntarily
12
surrender her producer’s license to end the investigation into her conduct and avoid a
hearing that could result in the revocation of her license and other penalties.
Even assuming the term “adverse administrative action” is ambiguous, we interpret
the statute as a whole in a way that “avoids an illogical or unreasonable result, or one which
is inconsistent with common sense.” Id. at 368. The Commissioner rejected Coomes’s
interpretation of I.A. § 10-126(f) in holding that:
On a practical note, under Respondent’s theory, a producer
with a Maryland license could always avoid regulatory
oversight in Maryland for improper activities done in every
other state by voluntarily giving up her license in that other
state.
Coomes’s agreement to voluntarily surrender her producer’s license in lieu of a
hearing for a minimum of one year and until she had repaid the money to Anthem clearly
falls within the meaning of “adverse” as the word is used in the statute. The Commissioner
highlighted a similar point:
Applying the ordinary, popular understanding of the English
language word “adverse,” [Coomes] giving up her producer’s
license, a key requirement in her employment, for a year was
adverse to her interests, and the Voluntary Surrender
Agreement with the Virginia Bureau was a relevant legal
document relating to that transaction under § 10-126(f).
Notably, Coomes agreed to voluntarily surrender her license in lieu of a hearing,
which could have resulted in the revocation of her Virginia license in addition to Coomes
incurring fines. Within the agreement, Coomes acknowledged that, as a result of the
surrender of her license, the VDI or others could notify “the National Association of
13
Insurance Commissioners and other state insurance regulatory authorities or other
interested parties” of the “investigation or disciplinary action summary data.” The
reasonable interpretation of the terms of the agreement as a whole is that it was adverse in
nature. The agreement benefitted Coomes by allowing her to avoid hearings on her
conduct, which could have resulted in the revocation of her license, rather than her
agreement not to reapply for one year, as well as other fines and penalties. The
Commissioner, therefore, found that Coomes “was required to report the matter to the
Commissioner within 30 days of its final disposition under § 10-126(f).” We agree.
Coomes’s additional reasons supporting her contention that the facts in the instant
case did not constitute an “adverse administrative action” are equally unavailing. Coomes
asserts that “the structure and context of Section § 10-126 supports the conclusion that the
General Assembly intended to require the licensee to report only adjudicated ‘adverse
administrative actions’ that include fact-finding and dispute resolution and result in an
Order.” In the same vein, Coomes argues that the phrase “‘adverse administrative action’
arises in the context of procedural due process jurisprudence” and therefore requires an
evidentiary proceeding. Again, however, Coomes points to no legal authority for this
contention, whether in the context of administrative proceedings or otherwise.
Coomes does cite to a myriad of United States Supreme Court and out-of-state court
cases in an attempt to support her contention that “the more significant the private interest
involved, such as loss of livelihood, the more likely only a pre-deprivation, evidentiary
hearing incorporating dispute resolution and [fact-finding] will be required to satisfy
14
procedural due process . . . .” Further, Coomes adds, “the failure to provide the requisite
standard of procedural due process results in the invalidation of the administrative action
revoking the license.” She continues, “[b]alancing the due process factors, it would appear
that Petitioner’s interest in her livelihood is a paramount . . . consideration . . . , warranting
not only a hearing prior to deprivation but also an adjudicatory hearing prior to
deprivation.”
As much emphasis as Coomes places on the importance of an evidentiary hearing,
it is unclear whether Coomes is concerned with the lack of an evidentiary hearing in the
instant case below, or rather, as a result of Coomes’s agreement to voluntarily surrender
her license in Virginia, which Maryland’s statute required Coomes to report to the MIA.
Regarding the Virginia events, after the investigation began, Coomes was given the option
to voluntarily surrender her license for a minimum of one year in lieu of a hearing on
charges that the VDI could otherwise bring against her. Coomes, therefore, cannot now
argue that because Coomes chose to bypass an evidentiary hearing in Virginia, “the
administrative action revoking the license” is now “invalid.” Moreover, to the extent that
Coomes, in this appeal, refers to the Commissioner’s revocation of Coomes’s Maryland
license upon Summary Disposition in this case, Coomes had the opportunity and did
participate in an evidentiary hearing before the Commissioner.
Assuming Coomes is concerned with the lack of an evidentiary hearing in Virginia,
her contention is that, because Coomes opted to voluntarily surrender her license, the action
was not an “adverse action” such that she was not required report it. Simply put, Coomes’s
15
argument requires us to read more into the statute than is evident by its plain, ordinary
meaning. See Stickley v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 431 Md. 347, 359 (2013) (“In
construing the plain language, a court may neither add nor delete language so as to reflect
an intent not evidenced in the plain and unambiguous language of the statute; nor may it
construe the statute with forced or subtle interpretations that limit or extend its
application.”) (quoting Bowen v. City of Annapolis, 402 Md. 587, 613 (2007)). Nowhere
in the language of the statute does it explicitly or implicitly require that a hearing and final
order occur alongside an “adverse administrative action” in order for the action to
constitute one that the license-holder must report. Critically, Coomes provides no authority
to support this contention.
No dispute of material fact exists with regard to Coomes’s failure to report the
voluntary surrender agreement to the MIA. Coomes, herself, admits that she did not report
the investigation or her agreement to surrender her Virginia producer’s license as a result
of her handling of the two checks sent to her in error. The Commissioner did not err in
finding that the voluntary surrender of Coomes’s license in Virginia constitutes an “adverse
administrative action” under I.A. 10-126(f). Substantial evidence within the record
supports the Commissioner’s conclusion that Coomes failed to report “an adverse
administrative action” within 30 days and failed to include with the report a copy of the
voluntary surrender agreement as a “relevant legal document.” I.A. § 10-126(f).
16
To be sure, the MIA could clarify its standards for determining whether a particular
event is an “adverse action” such that it must be reported under I.A. § 10-126(f). As
Coomes points out, counsel for the agency noted,
[i]n Virginia, a licensee whose license is not under
investigation by the Bureau may simply withdraw from the
business of insurance . . . Such an action is not adverse to the
licensee . . . . However, because her license was under
investigation, Ms. Coomes was not given the option of license
withdrawal.
In her reply, Coomes presents us with a Maryland case in which the Commissioner
found that a withdrawal was, in fact, an “adverse administrative action” such that the
producer in that case was required to report the withdrawal. Although it is unclear why the
MIA maintains two different positions regarding the effect of how a termination of a
license is titled for purposes of reporting adverse administrative actions, that is not a
question we must answer. Instead, we focus on whether the facts of this case constitute an
adverse administrative action. That task involves taking into account the language of the
statute as a whole as well as the specific facts of this case, including the language and
practical effect of the voluntary surrender agreement.
Regardless of how the termination of Coomes’s license was entitled, the language
and consequences of the voluntary surrender agreement demonstrate that Coomes agreed
to the surrender as a way to avoid further investigation into her conduct and avoid even
greater consequences if she were to pursue a hearing. Nevertheless, the agreement had a
detrimental impact on her Maryland license authority. The Commissioner, therefore, did
not err in his interpretation and application of the term “adverse administrative action,” nor
17
in his finding that Coomes was required to report the Virginia action under these
circumstances.
B. Substantial Evidence Supports the Commissioner’s Finding that
Appellant Failed to Report the “Adverse Administrative Action” and
Submit “Relevant Legal Documents” in Violation of I.A.
§§ 10-126(a)(13) and (f).
It is undisputed that Coomes did not notify the MIA of the voluntary surrender
agreement within 30 days, and that she did not submit a copy of the voluntary surrender
agreement to the MIA. To the extent Coomes argues that she notified the MIA of the
adverse administrative action through her letter requesting to update her status from
nonresident producer in Maryland to resident producer, we are unpersuaded.
Coomes’s letter, which she sent to the MIA on March 27, 2013, requested that her
business address and residential addresses be updated and that her Maryland producer
license’s status be updated to resident producer. Within the letter, however, Coomes stated,
“I have notified the Virginia Insurance Bureau of my address change and have requested a
voluntary surrender of my Virginia resident license.” Coomes did not otherwise report any
other aspect of the administrative action against her within 30 days of signing the voluntary
surrender agreement. She further did not report the administrative action within 30 days
of the initial effective date of the agreement (March 11, 2013), or within 30 days of the
final effective date (April 1, 2013). Further, Coomes did not provide a copy of the
voluntary surrender agreement, which may have communicated the adverse nature of the
surrender.
18
As the Commissioner notes, we affirmed the MIA’s decision to revoke an insurance
producer’s license for violating I.A. § 10-126(f) where the attorney/insurance producer had
informed the MIA that an attorney misconduct investigation was underway, merely
directed the MIA to the Attorney Grievance Commission for further details, and failed to
update the MIA on the disposition of the case. See Culver v. Md. Ins. Comm’r, 175 Md.
App. 645, 541 (2007). The Commissioner explained the following:
[Coomes] . . . was even less forthcoming than the producer in
the Culver case. There, the producer at least mentioned the
body that was investigating him. Here, Ms. Coomes
downplayed the information about the voluntary surrender of
her Virginia license by slipping that information [in] the
middle of a letter primarily about changing her addresses, with
no reference to the Virginia Bureau. That did not meet the
standard of a report to the Commissioner about an adverse
administrative action.
In this appeal, Coomes reasons, “[i]f a ‘voluntary surrender’ is such an obvious
‘adverse administrative action’ as is evidently believed, then the regulator surely should
have recognized the implication of the information that was being conveyed.” In this case,
however, the language and terms of the voluntary surrender agreement would have
indicated the adverse nature of the “voluntary surrender,” even if the title of the
administrative action would not make its adverse nature apparent in all circumstances. This
is particularly so because the adverse administrative action occurred in another state.
Coomes gave no indication that she surrendered her license in Virginia in lieu of a hearing,
that she would not be able to reapply for a license in Virginia for a minimum of one year
or until she had repaid money to an insurer, or that she was reporting an “adverse
19
administrative action” pursuant to I.A. § 10-126(f). We, therefore, agree with the
Commissioner’s finding that “[Coomes’s] cryptic mention of the voluntary surrender of
her Virginia license did not satisfy the requirements of I.A. § 10-126(f).” The
Commissioner’s decision was therefore supported by substantial evidence in the record
that Coomes violated I.A. § 10-126(f).
In addition to finding that Coomes violated I.A. § 10-126(f), the Commissioner
found that Coomes violated I.A. § 10-126(a)(13), which permits revocation if the license
holder “has otherwise shown a lack of trustworthiness or competence to act as an insurance
producer.” I.A. § 10-126(a)(13). There is no dispute as to the facts the Commissioner
relied upon to reach this conclusion -- Coomes did not report the investigation or voluntary
surrender agreement to the MIA or submit the required documents as required. Indeed, the
Commissioner suggested that Coomes may have attempted to lessen the significance of the
voluntary surrender agreement by mentioning its existence in the context of requesting to
update her residential and business addresses and her status as a resident producer in
Maryland. Further, the Commissioner noted that not only did Coomes fail to submit a copy
of the voluntary surrender agreement with notice of the adverse administrative action
within 30 days, she also failed to produce a copy of the agreement even after the MIA
requested relevant documents from the Virginia action. The Commissioner explained:
Respondent’s failure to report the Virginia Bureau matter to
the Commissioner in violation of § 10-126(a)(f) and her
attempt to downplay the Virginia action by disclosing the
surrender of her Virginia license in the middle of an otherwise
unrelated letter show a lack of trustworthiness to act as an
insurance producer, or at least a lack of competence. Further,
20
Respondent’s failure or refusal to provide a copy of the
Voluntary Surrender Agreement when asked by the MIA for
documents related to the Virginia action also shows
untrustworthiness or incompetence. The Respondent’s
uncontested actions and inactions support the MIA’s finding
that she lacks trustworthiness and/or competence to act as an
insurance producer in Maryland.
The Commissioner pointed to evidence in the record such as “[Coomes’s] own
words in her Affidavit, testimony and correspondence with regulators and with Anthem.”
Certainly, substantial evidence supported the Commissioner’s finding that Coomes
violated I.A. § 10-126(a)(13) based on her failure to notify the MIA of the adverse nature
of her voluntary surrender and to submit relevant legal documents associated with it. There
were no material facts in dispute regarding the Commissioner’s findings that Coomes
violated I.A. §§ 10-126(a)(13) and (f), and the MIA was entitled to summary disposition
as a matter of law.
C. Coomes’s Intent and Subjective Belief were Immaterial Regarding
I.A. §§ 10-126(a)(13) and (f).
Coomes makes several arguments that her subjective intent was a necessary element
for a finding that a violation occurred. With respect to I.A. § 10-126(f), nothing in the
statute requires that the license holder hold the subjective belief that the action in another
jurisdiction was “adverse”-- i.e., that the action must be reported to the MIA. The
Commissioner explained,
In her defense, [Coomes] argues that she did not believe that
the Virginia Bureau matter involved an adverse administrative
action . . . . However, [Coomes] presented no legal argument
supporting the theory that her subjective belief as to the nature
21
of the Virginia matter excuses her from complying with
§ 10-126(f).
Additionally, pursuant to I.A. § 10-126(a)(13), the Commissioner did not have to
find that Coomes intended to deceive the MIA by withholding information regarding the
adverse administrative action. As the Commissioner pointed out, in Culver, the former
insurance producer also argued that I.A. § 10-126(a)(13) requires a showing of willful or
intentional misconduct. See Culver, 175 Md. App. at 661. There, we explained that “the
adverb ‘willfully’ applies only to Section 10–126(a)(1) and not to the remainder of the
section.” Id. Moreover, we also reasoned that “it would be nonsensical to require a
showing of a ‘willful’ lack of competence as a basis for revocation.” Id.
III. The Commissioner’s Finding that Coomes Violated I.A. § 10-126(a)(1), (6) and
(12) is supported by Substantial Evidence in the Record.
The Commissioner’s finding that, in addition to I.A. § 10-126(a)(13) and (f),
Coomes’s license could also be revoked under I.A. § 10-126(a)(1), (6), and (12), was based
on evidence presented in the instant case relating to Coomes’s conduct in Virginia. All
three subsections are implicated by the same set of facts, namely Coomes’s handling of
Anthem’s checks, which she deposited in error, failed to immediately return, and for which
she ultimately surrendered her Virginia producer’s license. First, I.A. § 10-126(a)(12)
provides that the Commissioner may revoke a license after notice and the opportunity for
a hearing if the license holder “has failed or refused to pay over on demand money that
belongs to an insurer . . . or other person entitled to the money.” Next, subsection (a)(6)
allows revocation where the license holder “has committed fraudulent or dishonest
22
practices in the insurance business.” I.A. § 10-126(a)(6). Finally, subsection (a)(1) allows
revocation when the license holder “has willingly violated [the Insurance Article] or
another law of the State that relates to insurance.” I.A. § 10-126(a).
The underlying facts support the Commissioner’s finding that Coomes’s license was
liable for revocation on all three additional grounds. Moreover, the Commissioner
summarized the evidence relied upon as follows:
Ms. Coomes’[s] own words in her Affidavit, testimony and
correspondence show that the money belonged to EBCA
and/or Anthem and not to Ms. Coomes or her agency. She
further concedes that Anthem demanded the immediate
payment of the money and that she failed to pay the money
back on demand. In fact, she admits that she withheld $2000,
contending that Anthem otherwise owed her that amount
(Coomes Aff., ¶ 13.), and averred to the MIA that she will
never pay Anthem $900 that it seeks from her. (MIA Exh. 5.).
Clearly, the evidence is sufficient to establish that Coomes “failed [and] refused to
pay over on demand money that belongs to an insurer . . . or other person entitled to the
money.” I.A. §10-126(a)(12). The statute provides no exceptions for the license holder’s
state of mind, subjective belief, or for disputes over who is the rightful owner of the money.
There is no question as to whether the money from the two checks sent to Coomes in error
belonged to Anthem, that Coomes or one of her employees deposited the checks in error,
and that Coomes was not able to immediately return the money when Anthem demanded
its return. Coomes took six months to repay most of the money and kept approximately
$2,000 as money she believed to be owed to her in an independent matter. Even in a light
23
most favorable to Coomes, based only on these facts, the Commissioner had the authority
to revoke Coomes’s producer’s license pursuant to I.A. § 10-126(a)(12).
In addition to I.A. § 10-126(a)(12), these same facts provided the Commissioner
with a basis to revoke Coomes’s license under subsections (1) and (6), as well. The
Commissioner explained:
Even after acknowledging that the funds rightfully belonged to
Anthem, Ms. Coomes purposefully kept some of it because she
felt that Anthem owed it to her for an unrelated reason. That
undisputed fact supports the MIA’s findings that Ms. Coomes
willfully violated the Maryland Insurance Article in violation
of § 10-126(a)(1) and that she committed a fraudulent or
dishonest practice in the insurance business in violation of
§ 10-126(a)(6).
Coomes asserts, inaccurately, that “nearly all of the paragraphs or sub-paragraphs
of Section 10-126(a) require some finding of ‘willfulness’ or ‘intentionality,’” and lists as
examples subsections “10-126(a)(1) (‘[w]illfully’); (2) (‘intentionally’);
(5) ‘willfully . . .’); (7) (‘with actual intent . . .’) . . . etc.” “Thus,” as Coomes contends,
“the licensee’s subjective intent or understanding that she was violating the law is made
relevant by the statute itself,” and even for “paragraphs (a)(1), (6), (12) and (13) the
subjective intent or knowledge of the licensee that she was committing an act that was in
intentional disobedience to the law is a required finding to revoke the licensee’s license.”
Again, Coomes provides no legal authority in support of this contention. Indeed, Coomes’s
efforts to highlight the inclusion of explicit intent requirements in some paragraphs of the
24
statute (most of which are not relevant to this case) 4 merely demonstrates that, had the
General Assembly wanted to include an intent requirement in the other provisions, it could
have done so.
IV. The Law of Double Jeopardy Does Not Apply.
Although Coomes can point to no administrative case in Maryland in which a court
applied the law of double jeopardy to the revocation of a professional license, 5 Coomes
avers that the Commissioner should have applied the law of double jeopardy to this case.
Coomes argues, “[i]f the Virginia Voluntary Surrender Agreement was an adverse
administrative action (punishment)[,] Appellant cannot be punished twice for the same
alleged offense.” As the Commissioner notes, “[a]ny action in Virginia related to asserted
violation(s) of that state’s insurance laws” whereas “the violations at issue involve
4
One subpart of I.A. § 10-126 that the Commissioner relied on in revoking
Coomes’s license includes a specific intent requirement. See § 10-126(a)(1) (giving the
Commissioner authority to revoke a license if the licensee “has willfully violated this
article . . .”). It was established in the record, through Coomes’s own testimony, that
Coomes willfully withheld money owed to Anthem even after she was aware of the error,
in direct violation of § 10-126(a)(12). There is substantial evidence in the record to support
the Commissioner’s finding of Coomes’s violation of § 10-126(1) based on the facts
supporting her violation of § 10-126(a)(12)(giving the Commissioner authority to revoke
a license if the licensee “has failed or refused to pay over on demand money that belongs
to an insurer . . .”).
5
Based upon our review of Maryland caselaw, we were not able to find a single
case in which a petitioner was able to demonstrate that his or her professional license
suspension or revocation constituted a “criminal punishment” such that the law of Double
Jeopardy applied to shield the proponent from subsequent proceedings.
25
[Coomes’s] failure to comply with Maryland insurance law required as a holder of a
Maryland insurance license.”
Moreover, Coomes was never put in jeopardy of life or limb, and neither the loss of
her Virginia license, and here, her Maryland license, was a “criminal” punishment. In
Hudson v. United States, the Supreme Court of the United States provided some clarity on
this issue:
The Double Jeopardy Clause provides that no “person [shall]
be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of
life or limb.” We have long recognized that the Double
Jeopardy Clause does not prohibit the imposition of all
additional sanctions that could, “in common parlance,” be
described as punishment. [United States ex rel. Marcus v. Hess,
317 U.S. 537, 549 (1943)] . . . The Clause protects only against
the imposition of multiple criminal punishments for the same
offense, [Helvering v. Mitchell, 303 U.S. 391, 399 (1938);
Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 528, 95 S.Ct. 1779, 1785, 44
L.Ed.2d 346 (1975)] (“In the constitutional sense, jeopardy
describes the risk that is traditionally associated with a criminal
prosecution”), and then only when such occurs in successive
proceedings, see [Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 359, 366, 535
(1983)].
522 U.S. 93, 98–99 (1997) (some citations omitted).
The Court went on to explain that the administrative penalties, such as debarment
and money penalties are not criminally punitive such that they may not be imposed once
an individual has already been tried criminally for the same conduct:
[N]either money penalties nor debarment has historically been
viewed as punishment. We have long recognized that
“revocation of a privilege voluntarily granted,” such as a
debarment, “is characteristically free of the punitive criminal
element.” [Helvering, supra, 303 U.S. at 399 and note 2].
Similarly, “the payment of fixed or variable sums of money [is
26
a] sanction which ha[s] been recognized as enforceable by civil
proceedings since the original revenue law of 1789.” [Id. at
400].
Id. at 104.
In a case in which the Maryland State Board of Pharmacy, an administrative agency,
placed a pharmacist on probation and issued fines for her failure to submit renewal
paperwork and keep records of her continued education hours, the Court of Appeals held:
The Board’s enforcement of its licensing and disciplinary
requirements serve purposes essential to the protection of the
public, which are deemed remedial, rather than punitive, and
therefore are not subject to double jeopardy principles. See
[State v. Jones, 340 Md. 235 (1995)]; [Ward v. Dept. of Pub.
Saf. & Cor. Services, 339 Md. 343, 350 (1995)] (holding that
where the purpose of the penalty is remedial, it is not
punishment for double jeopardy purposes); [McDonnell v.
Comm’n on Medical Discipline, 301 Md. 426, 436 (1984)]
(noting that the “purpose of disciplinary proceedings against
licensed professionals is not to punish the offender but rather
as a catharsis for the profession and a prophylactic for the
public”).
Spencer v. Maryland State Bd. of Pharmacy, 380 Md. 515, 534–35 (2004) (emphasis
added).
Here, the MIA had the authority to revoke Coomes’s ability to act as an insurance
producer in the State of Maryland regardless of whether she had already experienced
consequences from her earlier actions in Virginia. 6 Even aside from Coomes’s handling
6
On a related note, Coomes’s contention that “the Commissioner lacked
jurisdiction because the violations charged in sections 10-126(a)(1), (6) and (12) did not
27
of the two checks in Virginia and subsequent dispute over the money owed, Coomes failed
to report the “adverse administrative action” to the MIA and submit relevant legal
documents – a clear violation of I.A. § 10-126(f), as well as I.A. § 10-126(a)(13). 7
V. The Circuit Court Did Not Err in Denying Coomes’s Motion for Leave to Offer
Additional Evidence.
The final question we must answer is whether the circuit court erred when it denied
Coomes’s motion for leave to offer additional evidence. The evidence Coomes sought to
have entered was an affidavit from a former insurance producer who testified that she was
allowed to surrender her license and wait five years to reapply for licensure. She also
described her impression of whether her voluntary surrender was treated as an “adverse
administrative action.” The circuit court found that even “assum[ing] there are good
reasons for failure to . . . offer the evidence in the proceeding below . . . . the evidence . . .
is not material.”
Subsection 10-222(f) of the State Government Article provides:
occur in Maryland” is without merit. Again, Coomes provides no legal authority for this
contention. Pursuant to I.A. § 10-126(a), “[t]he Commissioner may . . . revoke, or refuse
to renew or reinstate a license after notice and opportunity for hearing under § 2-210
through 2-214 of [the Insurance Article] if the . . . holder of the license” violates any of the
provisions listed under I.A. § 10-126(a)(1)-(23). I.A. § 10-126(a). Additionally, I.A.
§ 10-126(c) provides that “[i]nstead of or in addition to . . . revoking the license, the
Commissioner may impose on the holder of the license a penalty of not less than $100 but
not exceeding $500 for each violation of this article.” I.A. § 10-126(c).
7
For the same reasons, Coomes’s argument that the doctrine of merger should have
applied is equally unavailing.
28
(1) Judicial review of disputed issues of fact shall be confined
to the record for judicial review supplemented by additional
evidence taken pursuant to this section.
(2) The court may order the presiding officer to take additional
evidence on terms that the court considers proper if:
(i) before the hearing date in court, a party applies for
leave to offer additional evidence; and
(ii) the court is satisfied that:
1. the evidence is material; and
2. there were good reasons for the failure to offer
the evidence in the proceeding before the
presiding officer.
S.G. § 10-222 (emphasis added).
The statute clearly leaves within the discretion of the trial judge the decision whether
to order the presiding officer to take additional evidence that was not offered in the
proceedings below. The statute provides that the court “may order the presiding officer to
take additional evidence,” and only when certain conditions are met. S.G.
§ 10-222(f)(2)(ii). Those conditions are that “the evidence is material” and “there were
good reasons for the failure to offer the evidence in the proceeding before the presiding
officer.” Id. The circuit court announced its reasoning for denying the request -- that the
court was not satisfied that the evidence was material. Under these circumstances, we do
not find that the trial judge abused his discretion.
For all of these reasons, we hold that there was substantial evidence in the record to
support the Commissioner’s findings that Coomes violated I.A. § 10-126(a)(1), (6), (12),
29
(13) and (f). We further hold that Coomes failed to demonstrate that the Commissioner’s
decision was premised on an erroneous conclusion of law. We, therefore, affirm the
decision of the Circuit Court for Baltimore City.
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
BALTIMORE CITY AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE
PAID BY APPELLANTS.
30