NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-5660-14T4
NEW YORK-CONNECTICUT
DEVELOPMENT CORP.,
APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
Plaintiff-Respondent/ AS REDACTED
Cross-Appellant, April 10, 2017
v. APPELLATE DIVISION
BLINDS-TO-GO (U.S.) INC.,
Defendant/Third-Party
Plaintiff-Appellant/
Cross-Respondent,
v.
ANTHONY NARDOZZI; CHRIS YEATES;
JM HALEY CORP.; BRAVANTE
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER CORP.;
COUNTY GLASS & METAL INSTALLERS,
INC.; THYSSENKRUPP ELEVATOR
CORPORATION; JUSTAN ELECTRICAL
CONTRACTING, INC.; CURTI &
ASSOCIATES, LTD.; UNIQUE
MECHANICAL SERVICES, LLC; WHALEN
BEREZ GROUP, LLC,
Third-Party Defendants-
Respondents.
___________________________________
UNIQUE MECHANICAL SERVICES, LLC,
Second Third-Party Plaintiff-
Respondent,
v.
NEW YORK-CONNECTICUT
DEVELOPMENT CORP.,
Second Third-Party Defendant-
Respondent.
___________________________________
COUNTY GLASS & METAL INSTALLERS,
INC.,
Fourth-Party Plaintiff-
Respondent,
v.
NEW YORK-CONNECTICUT
DEVELOPMENT CORP., and
ANTHONY NARDOZZI, JR.,
Fourth-Party Defendants-
Respondents.
___________________________________
Argued February 13, 2017 – Decided April 10, 2017
Before Judges Sabatino, Haas, and Currier.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New
Jersey, Law Division, Bergen County, Docket
No. L-5440-12.
David R. King argued the cause for
appellant/cross-respondent Blinds-To-Go
(Herrick, Feinstein LLP, attorneys; Mr.
King, K. Heather Robinson, and Chantelle L.
Aris, on the briefs).
Jessica L. Rothman (Ingram Yuzek Gainen
Carroll & Bertolotti, LLP) of the New York
bar, admitted pro hac vice, argued the cause
for respondent/cross-appellant New York-
Connecticut Development Corp. (Ingram Yuzek
Gainen Carroll & Bertolotti, LLP, attorneys;
Dean G. Yuzek and Kimberly L. Quintano, on
the briefs).
2 A-5660-14T4
Jonathan H. Krukas argued the cause for
respondent Unique Mechanical Services (Quinn
McCabe LLP, attorneys; Mr. Krukas, on the
brief).
Sean E. Regan argued the cause for
respondent Whalen Berez Group (Giordano,
Halleran & Ciesla, attorneys; Mr. Regan, of
counsel and on the brief).
Steven R. Rowland argued the cause for
respondent Justan Electrical Contracting
(Brown Moskowitz & Kallen, P.C., attorneys;
Mr. Rowland, of counsel and on the brief).
Christopher G. Fusco argued the cause for
respondent Bravante Automatic Sprinkler
Corp. (Callahan & Fusco, LLC, attorneys;
Matthew Szymczak, of counsel and on the
brief).
Kelly A. Zampino argued the cause for
respondent County Glass & Metal Installers,
Inc. (Hartmann, Doherty, Rosa, Berman,
Bulbulia, attorneys; Richard M. Rosa, on the
brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
CURRIER, J.A.D.
In this matter arising out of the construction of a
building, we address whether a verdict can be sustained where
the jury found that plaintiff, New York-Connecticut Development
Corp. (NYCT), breached the pertinent contract, but nevertheless,
awarded it damages under a quantum meruit theory. We conclude
that once the jury determined that an express contract existed
between the parties, it was erroneous for it to be directed to a
3 A-5660-14T4
consideration of quantum meruit. Consequently, we are
constrained to reverse and remand for a new trial.
I.
Plaintiff submitted a successful bid and was selected by
defendant, Blinds-To-Go (U.S.) Inc. (BTG), as the general
contractor to build its corporate headquarters. In February
2011, the parties signed a document entitled "GC [Guaranteed
Cost] Contract Cost Plus Fee with GMP." The agreement contained
the following language: "Based on the current set of drawings
and information received to this date NYCT will enter into a
contract with BTG with a Guaranteed Maximum Price, and a
completion date of September 15th 2011" subject to conditions
addressed within the agreement.
The agreement provided for a guaranteed price of $3,800,000
for the hard cost budget and a fixed GC fee of $200,000, setting
the project's total price at $4,000,000.
Prior to the start of the project, the parties agreed to
the use of change orders prepared by the contractor to advise
the owner of additional work that was required beyond what was
contained in the plans or the contract. Plaintiff was
instructed to submit the change orders to the architect, Peter
Wells. To request payment, plaintiff submitted a requisition to
defendant. The document listed the new contract price resulting
4 A-5660-14T4
from the addition of change orders and the payment due. As the
construction progressed, plaintiff submitted thirteen change
orders contained in ten requisitions totaling $461,000 for
defendant's review and approval. After several meetings to
discuss the orders, they were approved in August 2011.
Defendant advised plaintiff that as the scope of the project was
settled, the price should also be finalized as it considered the
approved requisitions to be a complete list of additional work.
The building was not delivered to defendant on September
15, 2011, as per the contract. Although several new deadlines
were set, it was not until March 16, 2012, that a certificate of
occupancy (CO) was delivered by plaintiff.
On March 6, plaintiff presented an additional requisition
(Requisition 11) for defendant's consideration. Defendant
informed that it would pay the requisition upon receipt of the
CO, the release of liens and the completion of the punch list.
In response, plaintiff told defendant it did not intend to
return to the job site. Although the requisition was paid
several days later, plaintiff did no further work and failed to
complete the punch list.
Plaintiff submitted a final requisition (Requisition 12) in
June 2012 containing seventeen additional unapproved change
orders with charges in excess of $1,000,000. Defendant offered
5 A-5660-14T4
to compromise the requested amount, but received no response.
Plaintiff filed this action in July 2012.
II.
Plaintiff's complaint alleged a breach of contract or, in
the alternative, a claim for quantum meruit against defendant.
Defendant filed an answer and counterclaim for plaintiff's
failure to complete the work in accordance with the contract,
and a third party complaint against several subcontractors. The
subcontractors in turn counterclaimed against defendant for the
establishment of a lien fund and filed fourth party complaints
against plaintiff for breach of contract.
[At the court's direction, the published
version of this opinion omits the remainder
of Section II concerning pre-trial
procedural facts; Sections III(E) and (F)
concerning the Prompt Payment Act and an
attorney's charging lien, N.J.S.A. 2A:13-5;
Sections IV(C), (D), and (E) regarding a
lien fund, a discovery issue, and expert
testimony dispute; and Sections V(A) and (B)
concerning the PPA and attorney's charging
lien. R. 1:36-2(a).]
III.
A.
Prior to trial, defendant presented a summary judgment
motion to dismiss the quantum meruit claim. The motion was
denied as untimely under Rule 4:46-1 as the return date was less
than thirty days prior to the trial date. On the first day of
6 A-5660-14T4
trial, defendant advised the judge it had filed an in limine
motion to dismiss the quantum meruit claim. The judge told
defendant that he would not entertain an in limine motion that
should have been presented as a summary judgment motion; under
Rule 4:37-2(b), the application should be made at the end of
plaintiff's case.
Trial commenced on March 16, 2015 and continued through
April 2. During the jury charge conference on March 31,
plaintiff's counsel queried whether it was necessary for the
jury to be instructed on the various types of contracts because
"whether there's a contract and what the contract is, is not in
dispute." She said: "I don't know that it's disputed . . .
that's the contract document." Defense counsel responded: "I'll
accept . . . that, this is the contract and there was a
contract." He then reiterated his argument, in light of the
parties' agreement, that plaintiff was not entitled to quantum
meruit.
THE COURT: I agree. The jury is going
to be charged in the alternative. If you
find that it's a contract, then this is the
relationship between the parties - -
. . . .
THE COURT: If there was no contract
and this contractor just did the work under
the expectation, reasonably, that it wasn't
done as charity and he'd be paid, then he's
entitled to Quantum Meruit. It's an
7 A-5660-14T4
alternative cause of action, you don't get
both.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Right but the
problem with that is, the plaintiff has
taken the position and we agree that there
is a contract.
THE COURT: Okay but they can argue in
the alternative . . . .
. . . .
THE COURT: He can disagree and he can
say, ladies and gentlemen, I'm convinced
it's a contract and I think you're going to
find that it's a contract but if I'm wrong
and you don't believe there was a meeting
of the minds I want you to know, my
contractor did the work, it wasn't for free,
they have a building, he deserves to be
paid.
. . . .
THE COURT: Isn't that a reasonable
alternative?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I don't agree but I
- - I - - that's not what the law says in
my opinion but that's - -
THE COURT: Really?
. . . .
THE COURT: So you've never seen
Quantum Meruit pled as an alternative to a
bre[a]ch of contract claim?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I don't believe,
when you get to the trial and the plaintiff
takes the position there is a contract, they
get to plead in the alternative.
8 A-5660-14T4
On April 1, defense counsel again raised the issue during a
discussion of the proposed verdict form; we include the
finalized verdict sheet for the reader's ease and clarity.
Breach of Contract
1. Do you find that the parties
entered into a binding Contract with terms
and conditions governing performance and
payment obligations for work on the Project?
____ Yes ____ No Vote Count ____
If you answered "Yes" proceed to Question 2.
If you answered "No" proceed to Question 11.
2. Do you find that NYCT performed
it[s] obligations under the Contract?
____ Yes ____ No Vote Count ____
If you answered "Yes" proceed to Question 3.
If you answered "No" proceed to Question 11.
3. Do you find that BTG failed to
satisfy its obligations under the Contract
by: failing to pay NYCT for the work
described in Change Order Nos. 14 through
30?
____ Yes ____ No Vote Count ____
If you answered "Yes" proceed to Question 4.
If you answered "No" proceed to Question 11.
4. Do you find that BTG failed to
satisfy its obligations under the Contract
by failing to pay NYCT the remaining
$200,000 balance of retainage?
____ Yes ____ No Vote Count ____
If you answered "Yes" proceed to Question 5.
If you answered "No" proceed to Question 11.
9 A-5660-14T4
5. Do you find that NYCT was damaged
by BTG's breach, or failure to satisfy its
obligations under the Contract?
____ Yes ____ No Vote Count ____
If you answered "Yes" proceed to Question 6.
If you answered "No" proceed to Question 11.
6. What amount of damages, if any, do
you award to NYCT to compensate NYCT for BTG
breaching the Contract by failing to pay
NYCT for the work described in Change Order
Nos. 14 through 30?
$________________ Vote Count ____
Proceed to Question 7.
7. What amount of damages, if any, do
you award to NYCT to compensate NYCT for BTG
breaching the Contract by failing to pay
NYCT the remaining $200,000 balance of
retainage?
$_________________ Vote Count ____
Proceed to Question 8.
Building Contracts – Substantial Performance
8. Do you find that there has been
such an approximation to complete
performance by NYCT that the owner (BTG)
obtains substantially what is called for by
the Contract?
____ Yes ____ No Vote Count ____
If you answered "Yes" proceed to Question 9.
If you answered "No" proceed to Question 11.
9. Do you find that the defects in the
performance by NYCT are not so serious as to
10 A-5660-14T4
deprive the owner (BTG) of the intended use
of the building?
____ Yes No____ Vote Count ____
If you answered "Yes" proceed to Question
10.
If you answered "No" proceed to Question 11.
10. What is the amount you find is the
fair allowance for defective work or
omissions, if any, for which the owner (BTG)
is entitled to credit?
$________________ Vote Count ____
Proceed to Question 11.
11. If you decide that there was no
binding contract between NYCT and BTG, but
that BTG has retained the value of the work
on NYCT or the work of its subcontractors
under circumstances where one could not
conclude the work was done for free, what
amount do you award to NYCT as the
reasonable value of the items of work
described in Change Order Nos. 14 through 30
that were not included within the terms of
the basic Contract between the owner (BTG)
and NYCT?
$________________ Vote Count ____
This colloquy followed:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, just
one issue [about the jury verdict sheet]. I
feel number one should only be pointed to
[11] if they answer no. . . . [Y]ou're
giving the option to go to [11] - -
THE COURT: No. If they answer - - it
says under number one. . . .
If you answered no, proceed to question
[11].
11 A-5660-14T4
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Right. For two,
three, four, and five . . . they also get to
go to [11]. You should only go to [11] if
you answered no for number one.
THE COURT: Well, what about number
two? . . .
Well, if the plaintiff did not perform
its obligations under the contract then it
can't recover under the contract. And does
it have any other avenue of recovering? . .
.
Yes. Quantum meruit. . . .
Therefore go to [11].
. . . .
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: But . . . they
already agree that there is a contract. . .
.
[J]ust note our disagreement with this,
Judge. I don't believe they get to do both.
I've said that from the beginning. . . .
THE COURT: [A]nd your record is
clear. And they only get to go to [11] if a
jury concludes there's no contract. There's
no meeting of the minds. . . .
I don't know what you people are
talking about. This building got put up.
And, you know, and extra were done. But
there was no true meeting of the minds. But
they were done. And, clearly, should
someone retain the value of it . . . or
should someone pay for it?
. . . .
I've heard your objection. But . . . I'm
going to leave it in there.
12 A-5660-14T4
B.
During trial defendant sought to call Robert Murray, its
facilities manager and Director of Construction, as a fact
witness. The proffer was that the witness would testify to
problems that he had observed in the building, specifically with
the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system.
He also examined parts of the building and found leaks in
outdoor balconies that needed repairs. Because there was no
expert report delineating damages caused by plaintiff or setting
forth necessary repairs, the trial judge found the testimony
lacked a causal nexus. He concluded that Murray's testimony
would not assist the trier of fact in reaching any material
issue and therefore barred the testimony.
During a preliminary conversation regarding the proposed
jury verdict sheet on March 31, plaintiff's counsel advised the
judge that the parties had agreed that the jury should answer
questions regarding defendant's counterclaim for plaintiff's
breach of contract. Defendant stated its counterclaim was for
plaintiff's failure to deliver an LEED certified1 building as
1 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a
building certification process that uses a point system to
evaluate the environmental merits of a building, with the goal
of encouraging the design and construction of water and energy
(continued)
13 A-5660-14T4
promised in the contract. Defendant was not seeking money
damages on its counterclaim but was asserting it as a defense to
plaintiff's damage claim. Defense counsel stated:
[T]here are obligations under the contract
and even if the jury were to find that
they're owed x dollars . . . they can
certainly find that they failed to fulfil
their obligations under the contract and the
law is, if you don't fulfill your
obligations under the contract, you may
forfeit what you're owed under the contract
. . . there's plenty of testimony about what
the obligations were and some of the things
that weren't done.
He continued:
[T]he contract here says it's going to be a
LEED building. The testimony is uncontra-
dicted that it's not and I have plenty of
testimony about why and I'm certainly
entitled to argue to this jury that the
plaintiff failed to hold up its end of the
bargain and that's why it's not LEED now
. . . and the jury can certainly make their
own decisions on whether that should cost
the plaintiff.
The judge determined that since defendant did not present a
monetary amount of damages he had no proofs to present on the
subject, and therefore, he did not have a substantiated breach
of contract claim.
(continued)
efficient structures, while using sustainable materials and
resources.
14 A-5660-14T4
The following day, defense counsel queried of the trial
judge why he had removed the proposed jury questions regarding
its counterclaim. The judge responded:
Because there are no proofs on the damages.
Well, actually that's not fair. [T]here is
a question on this verdict sheet dealing
with an allowance. So to the extent that
your counterclaim encompasses a claim . . .
for the deductions for the retainage . . . .
So I guess, they can accept that.
C.
During the trial judge's instructions to the jury, he
included detailed charges on the elements of a contract, and
defined express and implied contracts. After explaining the
breach of contract concept, he stated:
[Defendant] had a counterclaim. . . . In
this case there is a limited counterclaim
filed by the defendant against the plaintiff
with regard to the retainage. And it is for
you to determine on instructions that we'll
give you in a few minutes and upon the jury
verdict sheet to determine if . . . the
defendant is entitled to a credit based on
the retainage for punch list items that
weren't done . . . . [T]hat's the extent to
which . . . I am permitting the defendant to
have a counterclaim.
D.
In his instructions to the jury regarding the verdict sheet
the trial judge stated:
So, we know in this case there's a
breach of contract claim. And, therefore,
question number one asks you all to decide,
15 A-5660-14T4
based on the law I gave you and all of the
evidence that you'll have with you, do you
find that the parties entered into a binding
contract with terms and conditions governing
performance and payment obligations for work
on the project? So, the answer to that is
either yes or no.
Remember I gave you the law about
contracts. They can be written. They can
be oral. They can be written and oral.
They can be, partly, based on conduct. So,
you have to sift through that evidence in
the book and through the testimony to
determine whether there was a contract. And
you answer that yes or no.
. . . .
So, you come to [question] number one. You
discuss it. You then answer the question.
Do you find the parties entered into a
binding contract with terms and conditions
governing performance and payment
obligations for the worker on the project;
yes or no? And the vote count; either 6/1
or 7/0.
So, you answer it yes, you're going to
go to question two. Because this is on a
breach of contract claim. What happens if
you answer no? Well, if you answer no you
[the jury], basically, found there was no
contract. There was no agreement between
the parties on the material terms that made
up this deal.
Then what would you do? Well, it says
go to 11. And why do we ask you to go to
11? That's because the plaintiff, in this
case, has in its pleadings said we contend
and allege there's a contract. But,
alternatively, if for some reason a jury who
is going to hear this case doesn't believe
there's a contract then we're entitled to
recover based on the reasonable value of the
16 A-5660-14T4
services we rendered. That's in Latin
called quantum meruit. What is it worth?
So, that's why the question and the
directions under question number one say,
well, if you answer yes you've answered the
first part of the question about whether
there's a contract positively so go to two.
But if you answer it no, you've found there
isn't a contract and the plaintiff may only
recover, if it recovers at all, based on
quantum meruit. What's the value of the
services[?]
Let's assume you answered it yes. So,
you go to question two. Do you find that
the New York/Connecticut performed its
obligations under the contract; yes or no?
. . . If you answer yes you go to three.
But, again, you're finding the elements if
you answer yes to one and two, which are
necessary to find there's a contract.
If you say it didn't perform its
contract obligation, obviously and logically
under the law I gave you, someone who
doesn't perform its contract obligations is
not entitled to recovery under the contract.
That doesn't mean they - - the entity may
not be entitled to recover under the
alternate theory of what's the value of my
services worth.
So, if you answer yes to question
number two you go to question number three.
If you answer no you go to question number
11 again. Because, again, you're finding,
if you answer it no, that they haven't done
what they're supposed to do under the
contract and, therefore, not entitled to
recover under the contract. But they may be
entitled to recover under quantum meruit.
After discussing the next several questions, the judge
stated:
17 A-5660-14T4
And then, lastly, there's question 11.
Which you only reach if under the first set
of questions you've determined there's no
contract or one of the necessary elements of
the contract claim have not been met.
Again, the plaintiff can only recover in
this case, if it recovers at all, under two
theories; breach of contract or quantum
meruit.
He's entitled to a recovery under
breach of contract if he proves all the
elements of the contract. And that they're
entitled to recover under the contract for
the extras. And if you find that is not the
case then your consideration can be you have
determined, well, what value, if any, are
they entitled to recover under a quantum
meruit theory or an alternative theory.
After completing its deliberations, the jury returned its
verdict:
1. Do you find that the parties
entered into a binding Contract with terms
and conditions governing performance and
payment obligations for work on the Project?
X Yes ____ No Vote Count 7
If you answered "Yes" proceed to Question 2.
If you answered "No" proceed to Question 11.
2. Do you find that NYCT performed it[s]
obligations under the Contract?
___ Yes X No Vote Court 6-1
If you answered "Yes" proceed to Question 3.
If you answered "No" proceed to Question 11.
. . . .
18 A-5660-14T4
11. If you decide that there was no binding
contract between NYCT and BTG, but that BTG
has retained the value of the work of NYCT
or the work of its subcontractors under
circumstances where one could not conclude
the work was done for free what amount do
you award to NYCT as the reasonable value of
the items of work described in Change Order
Nos. 14 through 30 that were not included
within the terms of the basic Contract
between the owner BTG and NYCT?
$791,046.7 Vote Count 6-1
IV.
Defendant appeals both the jury verdict rendered on April
2, 2015 awarding plaintiff damages under the theory of quantum
meruit, and the final order and judgment entered by the trial
court on July 10, 2015, as well as several discovery orders and
rulings. Plaintiff cross-appeals the dismissal of its claim
under the PPA and the subordination of its attorney's lien to
the lien claims of the third-party defendant sub-contractors.
Third-party defendants oppose the defendant's appeal of the
verdict and final judgment as well as plaintiff's cross-appeal
regarding the lien claims.
A.
We review a jury verdict with a deferential standard.
"However, when the facts are not contested and the trial court's
decision turns on a question of law, the 'trial court's
interpretation of the law and the legal consequences that flow
19 A-5660-14T4
from established facts are not entitled to any special
deference.'" Dempsey v. Alston, 405 N.J. Super. 499, 509 (App.
Div. 2009) (quoting Manalapan Realty v. Manalapan Twp. Comm.,
140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)). In these circumstances, our review
is de novo. Toll v. Twp. of W. Windsor, 173 N.J. 502, 549
(2002) (citing Balsamides v. Protameen Chem., 160 N.J. 352, 372
(1999)).
Defendant contends that the trial court erred when it (1)
permitted plaintiff to seek recovery under the theory of quantum
meruit, and (2) instructed the jury to consider this quasi-
contract claim when the parties' relationship was governed by an
express contract. We agree.
Quantum meruit is a form of quasi-contractual recovery and
is "wholly unlike an express or implied-in-fact contract in that
it is 'imposed by the law for the purpose of bringing about
justice without reference to the intention of the parties.'"
St. Barnabas Med. Ctr. v. Cnty. of Essex, 111 N.J. 67, 79 (1988)
(citations omitted). The equitable remedy is applicable only
"when one party has conferred a benefit on another, and the
circumstances are such that to deny recovery would be unjust."
Weichert Co. Realtors v. Ryan, 128 N.J. 427, 437 (1992).
It has long been recognized, however, "that the existence
of an express contract excludes the awarding of relief regarding
20 A-5660-14T4
the same subject matter based on quantum meruit." Kas Oriental
Rugs v. Ellman, 394 N.J. Super. 278, 286 (App. Div. 2007). "An
implied contract cannot exist when there is an existing express
contract about the identical subject. The parties are bound by
their agreement, and there is no ground for implying a promise."
E. Paralyzed Veterans Assoc. v. City of Camden, 111 N.J. 389,
410 (1988) (Clifford, J., dissenting) (quoting Moser v. Milner
Hotels, 6 N.J. 278, 280 (1951)).
Here, the parties signed an agreement in preparation for
the building project. There was a "'meeting of the minds'
between the parties evidenced by a written offer and an
unconditional, written acceptance." Morton v. 4 Orchard Land
Trust, 180 N.J. 118, 129-30 (2004) (citing Johnson & Johnson v.
Charmley Drug, 11 N.J. 526, 538-39 (1953)). Moreover, during
the charge conference both sides agreed there was a contract.
The judge, however, found there was "no meeting of the minds"
and left the determination of whether there was an enforceable
contract for the jury. This decision might have been harmless
had the next set of jury instructions not been flawed.
The jury was instructed that if they found there was a
binding contract they were then to determine whether there was a
breach of that contract, i.e., whether plaintiff performed its
21 A-5660-14T4
obligations under that contract. The jury answered that
question "no." The judge stated:
If you say it didn't perform its
contract obligations, obviously and
logically under the law I gave you, someone
who doesn't perform its contract obligations
is not entitled to recovery under the
contract. That doesn't mean they - - the
entity may not be entitled to recover under
the alternate theory of what's the value of
my services worth.
[(Emphasis added).]
This was error. Although a party may plead and pursue
alternative, and even inconsistent, theories, Kas, supra, 394
N.J. Super. at 287, a party is not entitled to recover on
inconsistent theories. Ibid. (emphasis added). Once the jury
found there was an enforceable contract between the parties,
plaintiff was not entitled to recover damages under quantum
meruit.2
The jury instructions and verdict sheet both misstated the
applicable legal principles of contract law. In answering
question eleven, the jury demonstrated it did not understand it
was prohibited from awarding damages under quantum meruit as a
2 We note the further confusion raised by the verdict sheet as
question 11 (quantum meruit) read: "If you decide that there was
no binding contract between [the parties]. (Emphasis added).
The jury had already determined there was a binding contract in
question 1 and yet were still instructed to proceed to question
11.
22 A-5660-14T4
result of finding the existence of a contract in question one.
The jury cannot be faulted; it was instructed to proceed to a
determination of quantum meruit despite having found that
plaintiff had breached the contract.
The failure to provide clear and correct jury charges and
instructions on the verdict sheet is error and requires a
reversal of the verdict in this case. "A charge is a road map
to guide the jury, and without an appropriate charge a jury can
take a wrong turn in its deliberations . . . . [T]he court must
explain the controlling legal principles and the questions the
jury is to decide." Das v. Thani, 171 N.J. 518, 527 (2002)
(alterations in original) (quoting State v. Martin, 119 N.J. 2,
15 (1990)). Therefore, "[e]rroneous instructions are poor
candidates for rehabilitation as harmless, and are ordinarily
presumed to be reversible error." State v. Afanador, 151 N.J.
41, 54 (1997) (citing State v. Brown, 138 N.J. 481 (1994)).
Although defendant sought the dismissal of the quantum
meruit claim in a summary judgment motion filed prior to trial,
and in an in limine motion presented at the commencement of the
trial, the judge declined to consider the argument on both
occasions. On remand, in the unlikely event the parties do not
enter a stipulation that there was a contract governing this
project, the trial judge should address defendant's motion. If
23 A-5660-14T4
the court determines there is a viable dispute as to the
existence of a contract, and leaves that determination to the
jury, the verdict sheet must reflect that if a jury finds a
contract, it may not proceed to a consideration of quantum
meruit.
B.
The flawed verdict sheet also foreclosed the jury from
considering defendant's counterclaim. The form included
question ten, which provided for a credit to defendant for
defective work or omissions of plaintiff as found by the jury.
However, the instructions directed the jurors to a consideration
of quantum meruit (number 11) after its finding that plaintiff
had breached the contract. The jury should have been directed
in the "road map" instructions to consider the counterclaim.
The jury instructions following a new trial must reflect this
correction.
In sum, the jury must consider whether defendant performed
its duties under the contract, and if not, whether that breach
caused a loss to plaintiff, and the appropriate reasonable
compensation. The jury should then consider whether plaintiff
performed its obligations under the contract. If not, the jury
must consider whether defendant is entitled to a credit as its
counterclaim.
24 A-5660-14T4
V.
We remand the matter for a new trial on all issues that the
parties have not resolved by agreement or stipulation.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial. We do not retain
jurisdiction.
25 A-5660-14T4