MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any May 31 2017, 10:58 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Braden J. Dean Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Hillis, Hillis, Rozzi & Achey Attorney General of Indiana
Logansport, Indiana
Frances Barrow
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Termination May 31, 2017
of the Parent-Child Relationship Court of Appeals Case No.
of I.S. (Child), 79A05-1611-JT-2743
and Appeal from the Tippecanoe
Superior Court
M.B. (Mother),
The Honorable Faith A. Graham,
Appellant-Respondent, Judge
v. Trial Court Cause No.
79D03-1602-JT-21
The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner
Vaidik, Chief Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 1 of 12
Case Summary
[1] M.B. (“Mother”) has abused drugs for years. The Department of Child
Services (DCS) intervened when her daughter, I.S., who has special medical
needs, was about one month old and later filed a petition to terminate Mother’s
parental rights when she stopped participating in services. Mother now appeals
the termination of her parental rights, arguing that the evidence is insufficient.
Finding the evidence sufficient, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Mother has a history of substance abuse dating back to 2011. She tested
positive for cocaine in July 2014, when she was pregnant with I.S.1 I.S. was
then born on September 19, 2014. C.S. (“Father”) is the father of I.S.2 At birth,
I.S. was diagnosed with cloverleaf skull syndrome, which is a subset of
craniosynostosis, and underwent corrective surgery; I.S. has special medical
needs and will require additional surgeries as well.3
1
At this time, Mother had a pending CHINS case in another county regarding two of her children who had
been removed from her care due to her drug use. The White Circuit Court terminated Mother’s parental
rights to these children on March 31, 2015. Ex. Vol. 3, Ex. 19 & 20.
2
Although Father’s parental rights were also terminated below, he is not a party to this appeal. Accordingly,
this opinion mainly discusses those facts relevant to Mother.
3
The juvenile court explained that I.S.’s developmental delays have become more apparent as she has grown
and noted that she specifically struggles with hearing and speech.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 2 of 12
[3] In October 2014, DCS received a report that Mother and I.S. were at a gas
station; Mother appeared impaired, and I.S. was not appropriately dressed for
the weather. In December, DCS filed a petition alleging that I.S. was a child in
need of services (CHINS). Mother and Father were ordered to submit to drug
screens, maintain communication with DCS, and allow DCS to make
unannounced visits to their home.
[4] In January 2015, while the CHINS petition was pending, DCS requested to
take I.S. into custody based on Mother’s and Father’s unwillingness to
communicate with DCS regarding I.S.’s medical needs, their failure to submit
to drug screens, and their failure to cooperate with home visits to assess I.S.’s
safety. The juvenile court authorized DCS to take temporary custody of I.S.
[5] In February 2015, the juvenile court held a fact-finding hearing and found that
I.S. was a CHINS. The court placed I.S. in foster care. A dispositional hearing
was then held, following which the court ordered I.S. to remain in foster care
and entered a parental-participation decree that required Mother to, among
other things: (1) not consume drugs or alcohol; (2) submit to random drug
screens upon request of DCS, CASA, or other service providers; (3) complete a
mental-health assessment and follow all recommendations; (4) notify DCS of
any prescriptions and take all medications as prescribed; (5) participate in case
management and follow all recommendations; (6) participate in visitation
pursuant to agreement by the parties; and (6) continue NA/AA meetings and
provide verification to DCS.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 3 of 12
[6] The juvenile court found Mother in contempt in April 2015 for failing to attend
scheduled case-management appointments and failing to submit to drug
screens. To purge the contempt, Mother was remanded to the Tippecanoe
County Jail, to be released upon admission to Home with Hope or another
inpatient treatment facility.
[7] Mother was again found in contempt in July 2015. The juvenile court found
that Mother had a diluted drug screen on June 7, was unsuccessfully discharged
from Home with Hope on June 11, did not attend a scheduled visit with I.S. on
June 15 and was unsuccessfully discharged from visitation services because it
was her third missed visit, and tested positive for drugs on June 16. To purge
the contempt, Mother was ordered to complete the Lighthouse Recovery
program. In the event Mother did not successfully complete the program, the
court ordered Mother to serve thirty days in jail.
[8] At a permanency-planning hearing in mid-September 2015, the juvenile court
noted that Mother was twenty-six weeks pregnant. The court ordered Mother
to immediately obtain prenatal care and follow her provider’s
recommendations. The court admonished Mother that continued drug use
during her pregnancy may result in a contempt finding and incarceration.
[9] About ten days later, the juvenile court found Mother in contempt—for a third
time—for failing a drug screen and being discharged from Lighthouse
Recovery. The court sentenced her to the Tippecanoe County Jail for forty-five
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 4 of 12
days, pending early release if she was admitted directly into a residential
treatment program.
[10] Mother gave birth on November 27, 2015. Mother was living in a homeless
shelter at the time. The child was immediately placed in a guardianship with
the paternal grandmother.
[11] In December 2015, Mother and Father moved into an apartment in Lafayette.
Mother started missing scheduled appointments and visits around this time,
too. By January 2016, Mother tested positive for methamphetamine. In order
to ensure I.S.’s safety during visits, Mother was ordered to submit to drug
screens before each scheduled visit. Mother did not submit to such drug screens
and has not seen I.S. since January 2016.
[12] On February 22, 2016, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s and Father’s
parental rights to I.S. Shortly thereafter, Mother and Father were evicted from
their apartment. Father then moved in with his father in Chicago; Mother
joined them at the end of May.
[13] A two-day termination hearing was held in June and August 2016. Mother
testified that since moving to Chicago, she had been employed full time at a
restaurant, sober, and attending AA/NA meetings five times a week. The
court-appointed special advocate (CASA) Suzanne Magnante, who had been
involved in the case since December 2014 when the CHINS petition was filed,
testified that Mother was “unsuccessfully discharged from every service that she
began” and “did not complete any of her services.” Tr. p. 168. The CASA said
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 5 of 12
that sobriety was “absolute[ly] paramount” to Mother’s success, yet Mother did
not successfully complete any such program. Id. The CASA noted that Mother
stopped submitting records, including proof that she had been attending
AA/NA meetings in Chicago, to DCS in February 2016. Id. Accordingly, the
CASA testified that despite Mother’s testimony, she had “no evidence” that
Mother was now sober or had appropriate housing. Id. at 172. The CASA also
discussed I.S.’s “very serious” condition and her belief that Mother could not
meet I.S.’s needs in a safe and healthy fashion. Id. at 170. Finally, the CASA
testified that it was in I.S.’s best interests for Mother’s parental rights to be
terminated and for I.S. to be adopted by her current foster parents. The DCS
family case manager, Sara Atchison, likewise believed that it was in I.S.’s best
interests for Mother’s parental rights to be terminated. Id. at 150.
[14] The juvenile court issued an order terminating Mother’s parental rights to I.S.
in November 2016. The court found:
20. Although Mother produced several negative samples during
the CHINS proceeding, Mother tested positive for the presence of
drugs on 07/18/2014 (cocaine), 01/21/2015 (dilute sample),
01/21/2015 (dilute sample), 02/05/2015 (opiates-
hydrocodone/EtG), 04/07/2015 (opiates-dilute sample),
04/07/2015 (opiates-dilute sample), 06/07/2015 (dilute sample),
06/16/2015 (opiates), 08/27/2015 (tramadol), 09/15/2015
(opiates-hydrocodone/hydromorphone), 01/04/2016 (opiates-
6MAM/morphine), 02/08/2016 (amphetamine/
methamphetamine/opiates-morphine), and 04/25/2016
(cocaine/oxycodone).
*****
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 6 of 12
27. . . . Neither parent has visited the child since January 2016.
Both parents were discharged from visitation services due to
cancellation. . . .
*****
31. Mother’s history of employment has been sporadic. Mother
reports employment at a restaurant in Chicago making
approximately $480.00 per week. Mother reports paying rent to
Paternal Grandfather in the sum of $100.00 per week. Mother’s
driver’s license is suspended. Mother reports she is unable to
travel to Lafayette from Chicago and admits failing to maintain
contact with DCS.
*****
33. Neither parent is enrolled in treatment in Chicago other than
attending AA/NA meetings. Neither parent has a sponsor.
Mother reports working on Step Three (3) but is unable to define
it. . . . Mother reports remaining sober while in Chicago.
34. During separate periods of the CHINS case, each parent
demonstrated short-term periods of sobriety and began to
approach stability. However, consistent with prior history,
neither parent was able to sustain progress. The recent and short
period of reported employment, housing, and limited drug use
does not outweigh a lengthy history of instability. Every child
born of these parents has been exposed to parental substance use.
...
35. As of the termination hearing in August 2016, neither parent
was attempting to engage in services and had maintained only
limited contact with DCS. Neither parent provided verification
regarding reported housing, employment, or Twelve (12) Step
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 7 of 12
Meetings. Both parents failed to make arrangements for the
collection of court-ordered drug screens.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II pp. 11-13 (emphases added). Accordingly, the court
concluded:
1. There is a reasonable probability the conditions that resulted in
removal of the child from the home or the reasons for continued
placement outside the home will not be remedied. Neither
parent has demonstrated the ability or willingness to make
lasting changes from past behaviors. There is no reasonable
probability that either parent will be able to maintain stability
in order to care and provide adequately for the child.
*****
4. [I]t is in the best interests of [I.S.] that the parental rights of
[Mother] . . . be terminated.
Id. at 14 (emphasis added).
[15] Mother now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[16] Mother contends that there is insufficient evidence to support termination of
her parental rights to I.S. When reviewing the termination of parental rights,
we do not reweigh the evidence or judge witness credibility. In re K.T.K., 989
N.E.2d 1225, 1229 (Ind. 2013). Rather, we consider only the evidence and
reasonable inferences that are most favorable to the judgment of the trial court.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 8 of 12
Id. When a trial court has entered findings of fact and conclusions, we will not
set aside the trial court’s findings or judgment unless clearly erroneous. Id. To
determine whether a judgment terminating parental rights is clearly erroneous,
we review whether the evidence clearly and convincingly supports the trial
court’s findings and whether the findings clearly and convincingly support the
judgment. In re V.A., 51 N.E.3d 1140, 1143 (Ind. 2016).
[17] A petition to terminate parental rights must allege, among other things:
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home of the parents will not be
remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
being of the child.
(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.
Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 9 of 12
I. Reasonable Probability That the Conditions Resulting
in Removal or the Reasons for Placement Outside the
Home Will Not Be Remedied
[18] Mother first argues that there is insufficient evidence to support the juvenile
court’s conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in I.S.’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home will not
be remedied.4 In determining whether the conditions that resulted in the child’s
removal will not be remedied, the juvenile court engages in a two-step analysis.
“The court first identifies the conditions that led to removal and then
determines whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions will
not be remedied.” In re A.W., 62 N.E.3d 1267, 1273 (Ind. Ct. App.
2016) (citing In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 643 (Ind. 2014)). A parent’s fitness is
measured at the time of the termination hearing and changed circumstances are
balanced against habitual conduct to see if there is a “substantial probability of
future neglect or deprivation.” Id.
[19] Mother argues that the juvenile court failed to take into account her “changed
circumstances at the time of the termination hearing,” specifically that she
“moved into a stable home environment, was employed with steady income,
4
Mother also argues that there is insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s conclusion that there is a
reasonable probability that continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to I.S.’s well-being.
Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive and requires clear and convincing
evidence of only one of the circumstances listed in subsection (B). See In re C.C., 788 N.E.2d. 847, 854 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2003), trans denied. Because we conclude that there is sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s
conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions resulting in I.S.’s removal will not be
remedied, we do not address this argument.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 10 of 12
and was addressing her drug addiction through weekly NA and AA meetings.”
Appellant’s Br. p. 12. To the contrary, the juvenile court specifically
acknowledged Mother’s testimony but noted that she did not provide
“verification” regarding her reported housing, employment, or twelve-step
meetings. Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 13 (Finding No. 35). And to the extent
Mother had improved her circumstances between the time she moved to
Chicago in late May 2016 and the August 2016 termination hearing, the court
found that “[t]he recent and short period of reported employment, housing and
limited drug use does not outweigh a lengthy history of instability.” Id.
(Finding No. 34). The juvenile court was within its discretion to disregard
efforts made only shortly before termination and to put more weight on
Mother’s history of conduct before those efforts were made. The evidence is
sufficient to support the juvenile court’s conclusion that there is a reasonable
probability that the conditions that resulted in I.S.’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home will not be remedied.
II. Best Interests
[20] Mother also argues that there is insufficient evidence to support the juvenile
court’s conclusion that termination of her parental rights is in the best interests
of I.S. To determine what is in a child’s best interests, the juvenile court must
look to the totality of the evidence. In re A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1158 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. In doing so, the court must subordinate the
interests of the parent to those of the child. Id. The court need not wait until a
child is irreversibly harmed before terminating the parent-child relationship. Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 11 of 12
[21] In support of her argument that termination is not in the best interests of I.S.,
Mother again points to her testimony that she has made “considerable strides”
since moving to Chicago. Appellant’s Br. p. 14. However, the
recommendation by both a case manager and a CASA to terminate parental
rights, in addition to evidence that the conditions resulting in removal will not
be remedied, is sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence that
termination is in the child’s best interests. A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d at 1158-59.
Here, both the CASA and the family case manager testified that termination is
in the best interests of I.S. And, as we have already addressed, the evidence is
sufficient to support the juvenile court’s conclusion that there is a reasonable
probability that the conditions that resulted in I.S.’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home will not be remedied. Accordingly, the evidence is
also sufficient to support the court’s conclusion that termination is in I.S.’s best
interests.
[22] Affirmed.
Bailey, J., and Robb, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1611-JT-2743 | May 31, 2017 Page 12 of 12