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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
LIZA R. MOUSIOS : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
v. :
:
WEST END FAIR ASSOCIATION, :
ALAN GANNON, THOMAS HARTFORD :
AND VITO CUSUMANO :
:
Appellees : No. 3042 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Order August 8, 2016
In the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County
Civil Division at No(s): No. 6127-CV-2013
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., PANELLA, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.: FILED JULY 24, 2017
Appellant, Liza R. Mousios, appeals from the order entered in the
Monroe County Court of Common Pleas, which granted summary judgment
in favor of Appellee, Alan Gannon, and dismissed Appellant’s tort complaint
with prejudice. For the following reasons, we affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows.
On July 22, 2013, Appellant filed a complaint alleging West End Fair
Association (“West End”), Appellee, Thomas Hartford, and Vito Cusumano1
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1
Nothing in the certified record shows Appellant ever properly served her
complaint on Mr. Cusumano or made him a party to this action. Not every
name in the caption of a complaint is necessarily a “party” to the action;
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
_____________________________
*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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were liable for assault, battery, and malicious prosecution as the result of an
incident that occurred at the West End Fair on September 4, 2011. While at
the fair, Appellant broke into a vehicle she did not have permission to
access. Appellee and Mr. Hartford, who both served as fair security,
detained Appellant with handcuffs until police arrived. Appellant resisted,
kicked, screamed, and told the men they were going to paralyze her. When
police arrived, they told Appellant to leave the fair and cited her for
disorderly conduct. After leaving the fair, Appellant visited the emergency
room of a local hospital, complaining of pain from the alleged assault.
West End filed a motion for summary judgment on January 12, 2015,
which the court later granted on May 26, 2015. On May 13, 2015, both
Appellee and Mr. Hartford also filed motions for summary judgment.
Appellant responded to Appellee’s summary judgment motion and filed a
motion for recusal of the trial judge on June 1, 2016, arguing a lack of
fairness and impartiality. The court granted Appellee and Mr. Hartford’s
summary judgment motions and dismissed the case on June 6, 2016; the
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
parties to the action are those named in the record and who are served with
process or enter an appearance. Hill v. Ofalt, 85 A.3d 540, 546 n.5
(Pa.Super. 2014) (holding third defendant named in complaint did not
become “party to the action,” where appellant failed to serve original
process on that defendant and no attorney entered appearance on that
defendant’s behalf; order dismissing complaint against two remaining
defendants constituted final appealable order because it disposed of all
claims against only “parties to the action”). Thus, we have no jurisdictional
impediments to our review.
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court also denied Appellant’s recusal motion.
On June 16, 2016, Appellant filed a motion for reconsideration claiming
the court had not examined some of the exhibits Appellant had attached to
her response to Mr. Hartford’s motion only, but had not attached to her
response to Appellee’s motion. The court granted the motion to reconsider
on June 22, 2016, and vacated the prior summary judgment in favor of
Appellee and Mr. Hartford. After Appellee filed a response on July 5, 2016,
to Appellant’s motion for reconsideration, the court again entered summary
judgment in favor of Appellee and Mr. Hartford on August 8, 2016.
On September 6, 2016, Appellant timely filed a pro se notice of
appeal. On September 26, 2016, the court ordered Appellant to file a
statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Rule 1925(b), and
Appellant complied on October 12, 2016. Appellant unilaterally filed a
supplemental Rule 1925(b) statement on October 13, 2016.
Appellant presents thirty-eight issues in her brief; the following
represents a paraphrase of her main issues on appeal:
[DID THE COURT ERR BY GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT
IN FAVOR OF APPELLEE?]
[DID THE COURT ERR BY DENYING APPELLANT’S RECUSAL
MOTION?]
(Appellant’s Brief at 19-24).
As a prefatory matter, Rule 1925(b) of the Rules of Appellate
Procedure in relevant part provides:
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Rule 1925. Opinion in Support of Order
* * *
(b) Direction to file statement of errors
complained of on appeal; instructions to the
appellant and the trial court.─If the judge entering the
order giving rise to the notice of appeal (“judge”) desires
clarification of the errors complained of on appeal, the
judge may enter an order directing the appellant to file of
record in the trial court and serve on the judge a concise
statement of the errors complained of on appeal
(“Statement”).
* * *
(4) Requirements; waiver.
(i) The Statement shall set forth only those rulings or
errors that the appellant intends to challenge.
(ii) The Statement shall concisely identify each ruling
or error that the appellant intends to challenge with
sufficient detail to identify all pertinent issues for the
judge. The judge shall not require the citation to
authorities; however, appellant may choose to include
pertinent authorities in the Statement.
(iii) The judge shall not require appellant or appellee
to file a brief, memorandum of law, or response as part
of or in conjunction with the Statement.
(iv) The Statement should not be redundant or
provide lengthy explanations as to any error. Where
non-redundant, non-frivolous issues are set forth in an
appropriately concise manner, the number of errors
raised will not alone be grounds for finding waiver.
(v) Each error identified in the Statement will be
deemed to include every subsidiary issue contained
therein which was raised in the trial court; this provision
does not in any way limit the obligation of a criminal
appellant to delineate clearly the scope of claimed
constitutional errors on appeal.
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(vi) If the appellant in a civil case cannot readily
discern the basis for the judge’s decision, the appellant
shall preface the Statement with an explanation as to
why the Statement has identified the errors in only
general terms. In such a case, the generality of the
Statement will not be grounds for finding waiver.
(vii) Issues not included in the Statement and/or
not raised in accordance with the provisions of
this paragraph (b)(4) are waived.
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4) (some emphasis added). Recently, this Court stated
the following regarding lengthy Rule 1925(b) statements:
We begin by discussing a similar case, Kanter v. Epstein,
866 A.2d 394, 401 (Pa.Super. 2004), in which this Court
held that the appellants’ attempt to raise 104 issues in
their [Rule] 1925(b) statement “deliberately circumvented
the meaning and purpose of Rule 1925(b) and…thereby
effectively precluded appellate review of the issues [they
sought] to raise.” In Kanter, a panel of this Court found
that the defendants in a relatively straightforward breach
of contract action had violated the rules of appellate
procedure and the duty of dealing in good faith by raising
an outrageous number of issues in their 1925(b)
statements. This Court found that the only “motive
underlying such conduct is to overwhelm the court system
to such an extent that the courts are forced to throw up
their proverbial hands in frustration.” Id. at 402.
However, in a subsequent decision in Eiser v. Brown &
Williamson Tobacco Corp., 595 Pa. 366, 938 A.2d 417
(2007) (Baldwin, J., plurality), our Supreme Court
provided…“the number of issues raised in a Rule 1925(b)
statement does not, without more, provide a basis upon
which to deny appellate review where an appeal otherwise
complies with the mandates of appellate practice.” Id. at
384, 938 A.2d at 427–28. However, the Supreme Court
distinguished the underlying facts of Eiser, indicating that
unlike Kanter, the appellants had a reasonable basis to
include a large number of issues in their 1925(b)
statement as they had filed a complicated lawsuit with
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numerous counts and multiple defendants that resulted in
a large number of trial court rulings.
Nevertheless, the Supreme Court in Eiser indicated that in
a rare case, like Kanter, where a trial court concludes
there was an attempt to thwart the appellate process by
including an exceptionally large number of issues in a Rule
1925(b) statement, waiver may result. Id. at 384, 938
A.2d at 428. While the trial court in Eiser did not find that
the appellants had acted in bad faith by filing a lengthy
[Rule] 1925(b) statement, the Supreme Court
acknowledged that a disgruntled appellant could file a
voluminous [Rule] 1925(b) statement in retaliation against
a trial judge who did not rule in [the appellant’s] favor. As
a result, the Supreme Court required lower courts to
determine whether the circumstances indicate that the
appellant’s action was motivated by bad faith. Id. at 383,
938 A.2d at 427 n.16.
More recently, in Jiricko v. Geico Ins. Co., 947 A.2d 206,
210 (Pa.Super. 2008), this Court emphasized that a [Rule]
1925(b) statement must be “sufficiently concise and
coherent such that the trial court judge may be able to
identify the issues to be raised on appeal, and the
circumstances must not suggest the existence of bad
faith.” After analyzing the decisions in Eiser and Kanter,
this Court found that as the appellant in Jiricko filed a
[Rule] 1925(b) statement characterized as an incoherent,
confusing, redundant, defamatory rant, the appropriate
remedy was to find waiver of the appellant’s claims.
Mahonski v. Engel, 145 A.3d 175, 180-81 (Pa.Super. 2016).
As an additional preliminary matter, although this Court is willing to
construe liberally materials filed by a pro se litigant, pro se status generally
confers no special benefit upon an appellant. First Union Mortg. Corp. v.
Frempong, 744 A.2d 327 (Pa.Super. 1999) (stating pro se status does not
entitle party to any particular advantage due to lack of legal training).
Accordingly, a pro se litigant must comply with the procedural rules set forth
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in the Pennsylvania Rules of Court. Jones v. Rudenstein, 585 A.2d 520
(Pa.Super. 1991), appeal denied, 529 Pa. 634, 600 A.2d 954 (1991).
Appellate briefs must conform in all material respects to the briefing
requirements set forth in the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Rosselli v. Rosselli, 750 A.2d 355 (Pa.Super. 2000), appeal denied, 564
Pa. 696, 764 A.2d 50 (2000) (citing Pa.R.A.P. 2101). See also Pa.R.A.P.
2114-2119 (addressing specific requirements of each subsection of brief on
appeal).
The applicable rules of appellate procedure mandate that an
appellant’s brief shall consist of the following matters, separately and plainly
entitled and in the following order:
(1) Statement of jurisdiction.
(2) Order or other determination in question.
(3) Statement of both the scope of review and the
standard of review.
(4) Statement of the questions involved.
(5) Statement of the case.
(6) Summary of argument.
(7) Statement of the reasons to allow an appeal to
challenge the discretionary aspects of a sentence,
if applicable.
(8) Argument for appellant.
(9) A short conclusion stating the precise relief
sought.
(10) The opinions and pleadings specified in
Subdivisions (b) and (c) of this rule.
(11) In the Superior Court, a copy of the statement of
errors complained of on appeal, filed with the trial
court pursuant to Rule 1925(b), or an averment
that no order requiring a statement of errors
complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) was entered.
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Pa.R.A.P. 2111(a). Additionally, regarding the statement of questions
involved, Rule 2116(a) provides:
Rule 2116. Statement of Questions Involved
(a) General rule.―The statement of the questions
involved must state concisely the issues to be resolved,
expressed in the terms and circumstances of the case but
without unnecessary detail. The statement will be deemed
to include every subsidiary question fairly comprised
therein. No question will be considered unless it is stated
in the statement of questions involved or is fairly
suggested thereby. Each question shall be followed by an
answer stating simply whether the court or government
unit agreed, disagreed, did not answer, or did not address
the question. If a qualified answer was given to the
question, appellant shall indicate the nature of the
qualification, or if the question was not answered or
addressed and the record shows the reason for such
failure, the reason shall be stated briefly in each instance
without quoting the court or government unit below.
Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (emphasis added). Moreover, as to the argument section
of an appellate brief, Rule 2119(a) provides:
Rule 2119. Argument
(a) General rule.—The argument shall be divided into
as many parts as there are questions to be argued; and
shall have at the head of each part—in distinctive type or
in type distinctively displayed—the particular point treated
therein, followed by such discussion and citation of
authorities as are deemed pertinent.
Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a).
Importantly, where an appellant fails to raise or properly develop her
issues on appeal, or where her brief is wholly inadequate to present specific
issues for review, we will not consider the merits of the claims raised on
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appeal. Butler v. Illes, 747 A.2d 943 (Pa.Super. 2000) (holding appellant
waived claim where appellant failed to set forth adequate argument
concerning claims on appeal; appellant’s argument lacked meaningful
substance and consisted of mere conclusory statements; appellant failed to
cogently explain or even tenuously assert why trial court abused its
discretion or made error of law). See also Lackner v. Glosser, 892 A.2d
21 (Pa.Super 2006) (explaining appellant’s arguments must adhere to rules
of appellate procedure, and arguments which are not appropriately
developed are waived on appeal; arguments not appropriately developed
include those where party has failed to cite relevant authority in support of
contention); Estate of Haiko v. McGinley, 799 A.2d 155 (Pa.Super. 2002)
(stating rules of appellate procedure make clear appellant must support each
question raised by discussion and analysis of pertinent authority; absent
reasoned discussion of law in appellate brief, this Court’s ability to provide
appellate review is hampered, necessitating waiver of issue on appeal).
Instantly, Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement contained sixty alleged
errors. The trial court found Appellant had “acted in bad faith, intending to
deliberately circumvent the meaning and purpose of Rule 1925(b).” (Trial
Court Opinion, filed November 7, 2016, at 1). Additionally, the trial court
found that Appellant’s statement was “not only lengthy, but also incoherent
and defamatory.” Id. The court therefore concluded Appellant had waived
her issues for purposes of appellate review. Id.
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Further, Appellant is pro se on appeal and the defects in her brief are
quite substantial. Appellant’s brief lacks a conclusion stating the precise
relief sought, copies of the trial court opinions, and a copy of her Rule
1925(b) statement. See Pa.R.A.P. 2111(a)-(b). The other portions of her
brief also fail to follow the rules of appellate procedure. First, Appellant
raises thirty-eight issues in her statement of questions presented, many of
which are repetitive. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a). Despite the numerous issues
raised, Appellant only has one section of argument. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a).
Appellant also does not include citations to the record and cites non-binding
law. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a). The most problematic aspect of Appellant’s
brief, however, is her failure to provide developed arguments in support of
her issues; Appellant’s argument is rambling, repetitive, and often
incoherent. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119. Given the extensive defects in Appellant’s
brief, her issues are waived on this ground as well.
Notwithstanding waiver, in all fairness to Appellant, we attempt to
summarize what Appellant ostensibly contends in her argument section.
Appellant disputes only the court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of
Appellee. Appellant also argues that the trial judge should have recused
himself from the case due to his “prejudicial” remarks at a pre-trial
conference. Appellant further contends the trial court erred in ignoring her
medical records, as Appellant feels the records show the use of unreasonable
force. Appellant concludes the court erred in granting summary judgment in
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favor of Appellee. We cannot agree.
Our standard of review of an order granting summary judgment
requires us to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion or
committed an error of law. Mee v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 908 A.2d 344,
347 (Pa.Super. 2006).
Judicial discretion requires action in conformity with law on
facts and circumstances before the trial court after hearing
and consideration. Consequently, the court abuses its
discretion if, in resolving the issue for decision, it
misapplies the law or exercises its discretion in a manner
lacking reason. Similarly, the trial court abuses its
discretion if it does not follow legal procedure.
Miller v. Sacred Heart Hosp., 753 A.2d 829, 832 (Pa.Super. 2000)
(internal citations omitted). Our scope of review is plenary. Pappas v.
Asbel, 564 Pa. 407, 418, 768 A.2d 1089, 1095 (2001), cert. denied, 536
U.S. 938, 122 S.Ct. 2618, 153 L.Ed.2d 802 (2002). In reviewing a trial
court’s grant of summary judgment,
[W]e apply the same standard as the trial court, reviewing
all the evidence of record to determine whether there
exists a genuine issue of material fact. We view the record
in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and
all doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of
material fact must be resolved against the moving party.
Only where there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact and it is clear that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law will summary judgment be
entered. All doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue
of a material fact must be resolved against the moving
party.
Motions for summary judgment necessarily and directly
implicate the plaintiff’s proof of the elements of [a] cause
of action. Summary judgment is proper if, after the
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completion of discovery relevant to the motion, including
the production of expert reports, an adverse party who will
bear the burden of proof at trial has failed to produce
evidence of facts essential to the cause of action or
defense which in a jury trial would require the issues to be
submitted to a jury. In other words, whenever there is no
genuine issue of any material fact as to a necessary
element of the cause of action or defense, which could be
established by additional discovery or expert report and
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law, summary judgment is appropriate. Thus, a record
that supports summary judgment either (1) shows the
material facts are undisputed or (2) contains insufficient
evidence of facts to make out a prima facie cause of action
or defense.
Upon appellate review, we are not bound by the trial
court’s conclusions of law, but may reach our own
conclusions.
Chenot v. A.P. Green Services, Inc., 895 A.2d 55, 61 (Pa.Super. 2006)
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
Following a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the
applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinion of the Honorable Robert J.
Conway, we conclude Appellant would deserve no relief, even if she had
properly preserved her claims on appeal. (See Trial Court Opinion, filed
August 8, 2016, at 1-4, incorporating Trial Court Opinion, filed June 6, 2016,
at 1-5) (finding: Appellant failed to support her allegation that Appellee
acted with intent to use excessive force; other than Appellant’s bare
assertions regarding her injuries, Appellant produced no competent evidence
of her alleged physical injuries; certain medical reports attached to
Appellant’s response to motion for summary judgment are inherently flawed
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because they are unsigned, provide no authority or foundation to support
doctor’s opinion, or state how doctor is qualified to render such opinion;
Appellant’s remaining proffered medical records do not establish Appellee’s
intent to use excessive force because they fail to discuss causation; no one
disputes that Appellant was placed in handcuffs during her detainment and
she managed to free one of her wrists from the handcuffs, so photos of
redness around Appellant’s wrists do not necessarily demonstrate use of
excessive force; regarding Appellant’s malicious prosecution claim, she did
not support her assertion that Appellee caused criminal proceedings to be
initiated or continued against Appellant without probable cause; Appellant
admits she accessed someone else’s vehicle without permission on 9/4/11;
Appellee, in his capacity as constable, worked security at West End Fair on
9/4/11; based on these facts, Appellee had probable cause to detain
Appellant, which constituted absolute defense to claim of malicious
prosecution). The record supports the court’s decision, and we would have
no reason to disturb it.
With respect to Appellant’s claim that the court should have recused
itself, Pennsylvania law is clear: “[A] party to an action has the right to
request the recusal of a jurist where that party has a reason to question the
impartiality of the court.” Goodheart v. Casey, 523 Pa. 188, 198, 565
A.2d 757, 762 (1989).
The proper practice on a plea of prejudice is to address an
application by petition to the judge before whom the
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proceedings are being tried. He may determine the
question in the first instance, and ordinarily his disposition
of it will not be disturbed unless there is an abuse of
discretion.
Due consideration should be given by him to the fact that
the administration of justice should be beyond the
appearance of unfairness. … If the judge feels that he can
hear and dispose of the case fairly and without prejudice,
his decision will be final absent an abuse of discretion.
Reilly by Reilly v. Southeastern Transp. Authority, 507 Pa. 204, 220-
21, 489 A.2d 1291, 1299 (1985) (citing In re Crawford’s Estate, 307 Pa.
102, 160 A. 585 (1932)).
It is presumed that the judge has the ability to determine
whether he will be able to rule impartially and without
prejudice, and his assessment is personal, unreviewable,
and final. Where a jurist rules that he…can hear and
dispose of a case fairly and without prejudice, that decision
will not be overturned on appeal but for an abuse of
discretion. The party requesting recusal bears the burden
of producing evidence that establishes bias, prejudice, or
unfairness. This evidence must raise a substantial doubt
as to the jurist’s ability to preside impartially.
In re Bridgeport Fire Litigation, 5 A.3d 1250, 1254 (Pa.Super. 2010)
(internal citations omitted).
In reviewing the denial of a recusal motion to determine
whether the judge abused his discretion, we recognize that
our judges are honorable, fair and competent. Based on
this premise, where a judge has refused to recuse himself,
on appeal, we place the burden on the party requesting
recusal to establish that the judge abused his discretion.
Commonwealth v. King, 576 Pa. 318, 322, 839 A.2d 237, 239 (2003).
Here, Appellant sought recusal of the trial jurist on the ground that he
made “prejudicial” comments during a pretrial conference, because the
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judge “admonished” Appellant for not having counsel, doubted the merits of
Appellant’s case, and criticized her pro se efforts at discovery. There is no
transcript in the certified record of this pretrial conference on May 24, 2016.
So, we are unable to verify Appellant’s allegations. Moreover, in response to
Appellant’s recusal motion, the court stated: “Judges use pre-trial
conferences to encourage settlement. The method used to encourage
settlement does not prejudicially affect Plaintiff’s action.” (See Trial Court
Order, filed June 6, 2016.) Appellant failed to bear her burden to produce
evidence to establish bias, prejudice, or unfairness or raise a substantial
doubt as to the jurist’s ability to preside impartially. See In re Bridgeport
Fire Litigation, supra; King, supra. Thus, we give this claim no further
attention. Accordingly, we affirm.2 See generally In re K.L.S., 594 Pa.
194, 197 n.3, 934 A.2d 1244, 1246 n.3 (2007) (stating where issues are
waived on appeal, we should affirm).
Order affirmed.
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2
Due to our disposition, we deny Appellant open application to strike
Appellee’s brief for alleged failure to comply with formatting requirements.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 7/24/2017
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