MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Oct 05 2017, 8:23 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
David W. Stone IV Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Anderson, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Matthew B. MacKenzie
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Michael French, October 5, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
48A02-1608-CR-1778
v. Appeal from the Madison Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable David A. Happe,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge
Trial Court Cause Nos.
48C04-1511-FA-1874
48C04-1511-FC-2003
Baker, Judge.
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[1] Michael French appeals his convictions for two counts of Class A Felony Child
Molesting,1 one count of Class B Felony Incest,2 three counts of Class C Felony
Incest,3 and five counts of Class C Felony Child Molesting.4 French argues that
the trial court erred in denying his motion to sever and that the sentence
imposed by the trial court was erroneous and inappropriate in light of the
nature of the offenses and his character. Finding no error, we affirm.
Facts
[2] French is the father of K.F., born in July 1995; A.F., born in February 1999;
H.F., born in July 2001; and C.F., born in December 2007. All the girls are
half-sisters except for A.F. and H.F., who share the same parents. While
growing up, K.F. lived predominantly with her mother, though she frequently
saw and spent overnights with French. H.F. also lived predominantly with her
mother, though she would visit French on weekends. The events in question
occurred between July 23, 2001, and August 16, 2013, in several different
residences.
[3] The first incident took place in July 2001, when K.F. was six years old, while
she was visiting French’s Alexandria trailer. K.F. awoke early one morning to
1
Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(a). All the charged offenses occurred before the criminal code revision in 2014.
Accordingly, all charged offenses are under the prior code sections.
2
Ind. Code § 35-46-1-3(a).
3
I.C. § 35-42-4-3(b).
4
I.C. § 35-46-1-3(a).
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discover French rubbing her bare genitals with his foot. K.F. testified that while
rubbing her, French was holding H.F. (an infant) while then-toddler A.F. stood
next to him. French asked K.F. if she would like to be woken up like that every
morning and, although she replied in the negative, he continued to touch K.F.’s
bare genitals with his hands on numerous other occasions.
[4] The incidents escalated when K.F. was ten years old while she was visiting
French’s Elwood home. At this residence, K.F. slept by herself downstairs. On
one occasion, K.F. woke up in the middle of the night to discover French sitting
at the edge of her bed, attempting to pull her to the edge of the bed. After
overcoming his daughter’s resistance, French undressed her and performed oral
sex on her. K.F. testified that this happened on several other occasions, along
with continued touching and rubbing of her genitals. K.F. also testified that
around this time, French began providing her alcohol and that, at some point,
he convinced her to take two pills for her anxiety.
[5] French’s actions again escalated at his Frankton trailer when K.F. was thirteen.
K.F. awoke on the floor, without her pants, while French was on top of her.
French inserted his penis into her vagina, and after K.F. began to yell, he
covered her mouth to prevent her from waking others in the trailer. In total,
K.F. estimated that French had intercourse with her five to six times over a
three-year period. Additionally, K.F. testified that French never wore condoms
and that he ejaculated at least once.
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[6] When K.F. turned fifteen and entered high school, she was living full-time at
French’s Washington Street house to gain more independence and because of
disagreements with her mother. By this point, French regularly gave her
alcohol. K.F. testified that she drank in part because it “numbed” her and that
she was drinking “[a] lot.” Tr. Vol. II p. 167-68. When K.F. was sixteen,
French challenged her and his then-wife to a drinking contest on a school night,
during which K.F. consumed at least thirteen shots of whiskey—enough to
make K.F. vomit and cause his wife to pass out. French then removed K.F.’s
pants and had intercourse with her.
[7] French’s acts were not limited to K.F. H.F., his third daughter, is
approximately six years younger than K.F. When H.F. was seven and visiting
the Elwood house, French began to touch her in a similar fashion to her older
half-sister. He would wake her up by rubbing her genitals with his hands, both
outside and inside her clothing.
[8] When H.F. was in the sixth grade and visiting her father at his Alexandria
apartment, French removed her from a bed she was sharing with A.F. and took
her to his bedroom. He put her in his bed and began rubbing her genitals, but
she fled to the bathroom to cry and then went back to her room. French then
returned to his daughters’ room, picked H.F. back up, and took her back to his
room to rub her again. On another occasion in the same apartment, H.F. was
sleeping on the downstairs couch and French rubbed her genitals on the outside
and inside of her clothing.
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[9] Both K.F. and H.F. developed mental health issues over this time. K.F.
became anxious and was afraid to be alone, while H.F.’s mother testified that
H.F. began to isolate and cut herself. During this entire period, K.F. repeatedly
told her father that his actions made her feel “gross,” that she wanted him to
stop, and that she would tell on him if he did not stop. Id. at 181-82. French
would respond by threatening that if he went to jail, she would never be able to
see her sisters again and that it would ruin everyone’s lives. When K.F. turned
twenty, her concern for her younger sisters finally drove her to tell family
members what had happened. Eventually, both K.F. and H.F. spoke to the
police.
[10] French was arrested and charged in two separate causes in November 2015.
With respect to K.F., he was charged with two counts of Class A felony child
molesting, one count of Class B felony incest, two counts of Class C felony
child molesting, and three counts of Class C felony incest. With respect to
H.F., he was charged with three counts of Class C felony child molesting. On
February 4, 2016, the trial court granted the State’s motion for a joint trial. On
May 2, 2016, French filed a motion to sever; following a hearing on May 16,
2016, the trial court denied the motion. French renewed his motion for
severance at the start of the trial, but the trial court denied the motion.
[11] French’s jury trial took place from June 14 through 17, 2016; the jury ultimately
found French guilty as charged. On July 11, 2016, the trial court sentenced
French as follows:
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• Forty years for each count of Class A felony child molesting, to be served
consecutively;
• Eight years for two counts of Class C felony incest, to be served
concurrently with the Class A felony sentence;
• Eight years for two counts of Class C felony child molesting, to be served
concurrently with the Class A felony sentence; and
• Five years for each of the three remaining counts of Class C felony child
molesting, to be served consecutively to each other and to the Class A
felonies.5
Therefore, French received an aggregate term of ninety-five years
imprisonment. He now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
I. Motion to Sever
[12] French first alleges that the trial court erred by denying his motion to sever the
charges. Two or more offenses may be joined in the same charging information
in two instances: (1) if the offenses “are of the same or similar character,” or (2)
if the offenses “are based on the same conduct or on a series of acts connected
together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.” Ind. Code § 35-34-1-
9(a). The standard of review for a motion to sever will vary by the reason the
charges were joined:
Where the offenses have been joined solely because they are of the
same or similar character, a defendant is entitled to severance as
5
The sole count of Class B felony incest was merged with the first count of Class A felony child molesting.
One of the counts of Class C felony incest was merged with the second count of Class A felony child
molesting.
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a matter of right. Ind. Code § 35–34–1–11(a) (2008). The trial
court thus has no discretion to deny such a motion, and we will
review its decision de novo. Jackson v. State, 938 N.E.2d 29, 36
(Ind. Ct. App. 2010). But where the offenses have been joined
because the defendant’s underlying acts are connected together,
we review the trial court’s decision for [error]. Craig v. State, 730
N.E.2d 1262, 1265 (Ind. 2000).
Pierce v. State, 29 N.E.3d 1258, 1264 (Ind. 2015) (emphasis original). “To
determine whether offenses warrant joinder [when the offenses were joined
because the underlying acts were connected together], we ask whether the
operative facts establish a pattern of activity beyond mere satisfaction of the
statutory elements.” Id. at 1266.
[13] The trial court found that the offenses were properly joined and French was not
entitled to severance because French’s underlying acts were connected.
Specifically, the trial court noted that: (1) there was a common familial
relationship; (2) there was an overlap in time between the offenses; (3) there
was a common narrative linking the offenses against one victim to another; and
(4) there was an “interconnected investigation.” Tr. Vol. II p. 21-22.
[14] Initially, we note that the charges were clearly connected by French’s
exploitation of his position of trust as a father and a custodial adult. See Ennik
v. State, 40 N.E.3d 868, 876 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (quoting Pierce, 29 N.E.3d at
1266) (“It is well established that offenses can ‘be linked by a defendant’s efforts
to take advantage of his special relationship with the victims.’”), trans. denied; see
also Turnpaugh v. State, 521 N.E.2d 690, 692 (Ind. 1988) (finding child
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molestation charges were sufficiently connected where victims were sisters who
were overnight guests); Pierce, 29 N.E.3d at 1266-67 (finding that causes at issue
were connected by defendant’s “exploitation” of his position of trust).
[15] Furthermore, the incidents were connected by French’s victims, his method,
and an overlap in time. See Pierce, 29 N.E.3d at 1266 (finding that the
defendant’s actions were also connected “by his victims, his method, and his
motive”). French’s victims were both his biological daughters. French’s
methods were largely identical—he usually initiated his assaults by rubbing his
daughters’ genitalia while they were sleeping. Finally, the crimes overlapped in
location, at least in part, because K.F. and H.F. both testified that they were
molested at the Elwood house. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in
denying French’s motion to sever.
II. Sentencing
A. Aggravating Factors
[16] French argues that the trial court erred because it found aggravating factors that
were not supported by the record. In reviewing the trial court’s finding of
aggravating and mitigating factors, we note that “[s]entencing decisions are
within the sound discretion of the trial court.” Coy v. State, 999 N.E.2d 937, 946
(Ind. Ct. App. 2013). We will reverse only “if the decision is ‘clearly against
the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court, or the
reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to be drawn therefrom.’” Id.
(quoting Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007)). A trial court may
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err if it enters or finds aggravating factors that are not supported by the record
or if “the sentencing statement omits reasons that are clearly supported by the
record and advanced for consideration . . . .” Anglemyer, 868 N.E.2d at 490-91.
[17] In the present case, the sentencing order listed five aggravating factors:
• “Multiple victims involved,”
• “Number of counts for which the jury found the defendant responsible,”
• The period of time “over which this abuse occurred,”
• “Facilitated the commission of the crimes by giving at least one of the
victims drugs and alcohol,” and
• “Abused position of trust.”
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 26-29. The record from the sentencing hearing also
reveals that the trial court considered French’s threats to K.F. as an aggravating
factor and his limited criminal history as a mitigating factor. French contends
that the record does not support the findings that he threatened H.F. or that he
gave one of his daughters drugs and alcohol in the facilitation of his crimes.
[18] Assuming solely for argument’s sake that the trial court erred in the
consideration of the challenged factors, we cannot say that French would be
entitled to resentencing. See, e.g., Sargent v. State, 875 N.E.2d 762, 769 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2007) (“If the factors are not supported by the record . . . then remand for
resentencing may be the appropriate remedy if we cannot say with confidence
that the trial court would have imposed the same sentence had it properly
considered reasons that enjoy support in the record.”). Here, the trial court
gave great weight to several aggravating factors that are amply supported by the
evidence and are not challenged by French: (1) the abuse was prolonged and
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occurred over the span of approximately twelve years; (2) French abused
multiple victims; (3) there were so many counts for which the jury found
French responsible; and (4) French victimized his own daughters, thereby
abusing a position of trust and power.
[19] Considering the gravity and the number of unchallenged aggravating factors
and the lack of any compelling mitigating factors, we believe that the trial court
would have imposed the same sentence even if the challenged factors had been
omitted. We decline to reverse on this basis.
B. Appropriateness
[20] Finally, French contends that his sentence should be amended because it was
inappropriate in light of the nature of the offenses and his character. Indiana
Appellate Rule 7(B) provides that we may revise a sentence if, “after due
consideration of the trial court’s decision,” we find that “the sentence is
inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the
offender.” We must “conduct [this] review with substantial deference . . . to
the trial court’s decision—since the ‘principal role of [our] review is to attempt
to leaven the outliers,’ and not to achieve a perceived ‘correct’ sentence . . . .”
Knapp v. State, 9 N.E.3d 1274, 1292 (Ind. 2014) (quoting Chambers v. State, 989
N.E.2d 1257, 1259 (Ind. 2013)) (internal citations omitted).
[21] French was sentenced on nine convictions. The sentencing options and
outcomes for each conviction are as follows:
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• He was convicted of two Class A felonies. For each of these convictions,
he faced a sentence of twenty to fifty years, with an advisory term of
thirty years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-4(a). He received a forty-year term for
each offense, to be served consecutively.
• He was sentenced on seven Class C felonies. For each of these
convictions, he faced a sentence of two to eight years, with an advisory
term of four years. I.C. § 35-50-2-6(a). For four of the counts—those
corresponding to his crimes against K.F.—the trial court imposed four
eight-year sentences to be served concurrently with the second Class A
felony. For the final three counts—those corresponding to his crimes
against H.F.—the trial court imposed three five-year sentences, to be
served consecutively to each other and to the Class A felonies.
Thus, the trial court imposed an aggregate term of ninety-five years. Had the
trial court imposed maximum, fully consecutive terms on all counts, French
would have received an aggregate term of 156 years imprisonment.
[22] With respect to the nature of French’s offenses, French intentionally and
repeatedly victimized his daughters, beginning when they were as young as six
and seven years old, for more than a decade. French exploited his position of
trust as a father and an overnight custodian on numerous occasions and against
multiple victims—readily distinguishing these facts from the caselaw he cites.
See Hamilton v. State, 955 N.E.2d 723, 727 (Ind. 2011) (stating that a “harsher
sentence is also more appropriate when the defendant has violated a position of
trust that arises from a particularly close relationship between the defendant and
the victim”). Further, despite K.F.’s pleas for him to stop on several occasions,
French responded with threats and continued abuse. French’s actions have
already produced tangible consequences for K.F. and H.F., and they will
almost certainly have long-term repercussions as they enter adulthood.
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[23] With respect to French’s character, he has been convicted of two misdemeanor
traffic offenses: driving while suspended and an operating while intoxicated
charge on which he violated his probation. French argues that he is not the
worst offender; however, it is undisputed that he did not receive the maximum
term on any conviction to be served consecutively. E.g., Evans v. State, 725
N.E.2d 850, 851 (Ind. 2000) (noting that maximum sentences are “generally
most appropriate for the worst offenders”). French also willingly exposed his
other daughters to his crimes: K.F. testified that her then-toddler sister A.F.
witnessed French rub K.F.’s genitals with his foot and that he did so while
holding newborn H.F. Further, French admitted during cross-examination that
during the pendency of this matter, he told a friend that he hoped someone
would kill the prosecutor, and he solicited his friend to “dig up dirt” on the
prosecutor. Tr. Vol. IV p. 13-14.6 Finally, French does not deny that he
regularly provided K.F. with alcohol or that he encouraged her to consume it.
Through his actions and words over the course of more than a decade, French
has demonstrated that he shows little respect for the well-being of his daughters
and an inability or unwillingness to conform his behavior to the rule of law.
[24] In sum, we do not find the sentence imposed by the trial court to be
inappropriate in light of the nature of the offenses or his character.
6
He also admitted to saying “I hope somebody kills them both[.]” Tr. Vol. IV p. 14. The State contends that
French was referring to K.F. and H.F. French makes no mention of it in his brief. It is unclear in the record
who French meant by “them.” Regardless, it does not shed a favorable light on his character.
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[25] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Bailey, J., and Altice, J., concur.
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