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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: K.C., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
v.
APPEAL OF: K.C., FATHER
No. 1125 EDA 2017
Appeal from the Order Entered March 7, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
Domestic Relations at No(s): CP-09-DP-19-2014
BEFORE: BOWES, STABILE, AND PLATT,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED OCTOBER 20, 2017
K.C. (“Father”) appeals from the order entered on March 7, 2017,
wherein the juvenile court adjusted the duration and frequency of his
supervised visitations with his three-year-old son, Ka.C.1 We quash the
appeal.
Bucks County Children and Youth Services (“CYS”) became involved
with this family during December 2013, after Ka.C. was born with opiates
and cocaine in his system. Father and D.K. (“Mother”) were unable to care
for the newborn, and Father was incarcerated shortly after the child’s birth.
Mother was imprisoned after she was caught attempting to smuggle drugs
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1While the caption identifies both father and son as K.C., we refer to the
minor as Ka.C. for clarity.
* Retired Senior Judge specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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into the Bucks County Correctional Facility. Ka.C. currently resides in
kinship foster care with maternal relatives, who are adoptive resources.
On February 19, 2014, the juvenile court adjudicated Ka.C. dependent.
As the initial permanency goal was reunification, the court allotted regular
supervised visitations with Mother and Father during their incarceration.
CYS facilitated the visitations and transported Ka.C. to visit with his parents
at the respective facilities where they were serving their judgments of
sentence.
Father’s progress toward alleviating the causes of his son’s placement
was negligible. On April 7, 2016, the juvenile court changed Ka.C.’s
permanency goal as to Father from reunification to adoption.2 On January
17, 2017, this Court affirmed. See In the Interest of: K.C., 160 A.3d 256
(Pa.Super. 2017) (unpublished memorandum). Petitions to terminate the
parental rights of Mother and Father are currently pending before the
orphans’ court.
During the March 1, 2017 permanency review hearing, CYS requested
to reduce the frequency of Ka.C.’s weekly two-and-one-half hour supervised
visitations with Father at SCI Graterford in light of the fact that the case was
proceeding towards the termination of parental rights and the potential
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2 The trial court declined to alter the goal as to Mother; however, she
subsequently consented to the goal change on December 21, 2016.
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adoption by maternal relatives.3 CYS framed its request as the natural
progression of the case since adoption was the focus of the agency’s
resources. Specifically, the agency argued, “It makes no sense to the child.
It’s not in the child’s best interests that we continue the frequency of the
visits.” N.T., 3/1/17, at 33. CYS proposed reducing the supervised
visitation from weekly to monthly in order to reduce the burden upon three-
year-old Ka.C. of the six-hour time commitment, including travel to the
facility, once every week. Id. at 34. In addition, CYS asserted that the
value of the visitations were diminished by Father’s assignment to a
restrictive housing unit where he was forced to interact with Ka.C. from
behind glass. Id. at 35-36.
The guardian ad litem acknowledged that the six-hour time
commitment was taxing upon Ka.C., but disagreed with limiting the
frequency of the visitations to a single visit per month. At the close of the
hearing, the trial court denied CYS’s request to limit the visitations to one
per month. However, it modified the visitation schedule so that, while
Father remained in the restrictive housing unit, he would exercise supervised
visitation for one hour bi-weekly, and, following Father’s anticipated return
to a less restrictive unit on March 22, 2017, the duration of the visitations
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3As of March 1, 2017, the orphans’ court had not scheduled a trial date to
address CYS’s petition to terminate the parental rights of Mother and Father.
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would increase to two and one-half hours. Id. at 52-53. The trial court
memorialized this arrangement in an order entered on March 7, 2017. This
timely appeal followed.
Father complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) by filing a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal concomitant with his notice of
appeal. He presented one issue, which he reiterates on appeal as follows:
“Whether the Trial Court abused its discretion and/or erred as a matter of
law and fact by reducing Father’s visitation with the child to bi-weekly visits
with the child[.]” Appellant’s brief at 5.4
We review the juvenile court’s decision regarding the frequency of
visitation in dependency proceeding for an abuse of discretion. In Interest
of M.B., 674 A.2d 702, 705 (Pa.Super. 1996) (juvenile court did not abuse
its discretion in reducing frequency of visitation from monthly to quarterly).
Where, as here, the child’s permanency goal is adoption rather than
reunification, the juvenile court may modify visitation so long as it satisfies
the best interests of the child, a standard that we have deemed, “less
protective of parents' visitation rights than the grave threat standard
[utilized when the goal remains reunification].” In Interest of L.T., 158
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4 The guardian ad litem filed a brief in support of the juvenile court’s order
reducing the frequency and duration of the supervised visitations. Mother
submitted notice that she has no interest in the outcome of this appeal.
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A.3d 1266, 1283 (Pa.Super. 2017) (quoting In re L.V., 127 A.3d 831
(Pa.Super. 2015)).
At the outset, we must determine whether we have jurisdiction to
review the order on appeal. Our jurisdiction extends to review of final
orders, interlocutory appeals as of right, interlocutory appeals by permission,
and collateral orders. See Pa.R.A.P. 311, 312, 341, and 1311. The March 7,
2017 order adjusting the frequency and duration of Father's supervised
visitation with Ka.C. does not fall within any of the foregoing classifications
of reviewable orders. It is not a final order because it does not dispose of all
claims and parties, i.e., the order did not grant or deny a request to change
Father’s status in the ongoing dependency proceedings, and the court’s
adjustments are subject to further modification based upon evidence
adduced at future permanency review hearings—not to mention CYS’s
pending petition to terminate Father’s parental rights.
As it relates to finality, this Court confronted a similar issue in In re
J.S.C., 851 A.2d 189 (Pa.Super. 2004), and concluded that our Supreme
Court’s statement in In re H.S.W.C.–B., 836 A.2d 908, 911 (Pa. 2003),
that “All orders dealing with custody or visitation, with the exception of
enforcement or contempt proceedings, are final when entered[,]” does not
apply to orders addressing visitation in the context of dependency. We
reasoned that the High Court’s discussion of “visitation” in In re H.S.W.C.-
B., “referred solely to orders entered pursuant to the Adoption Act, 23
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Pa.C.S.A. § 2501, et. seq., and is not controlling in our analysis of the
finality of visitation orders entered following adjudication under the Juvenile
Act[.]” In re J.S.C., supra at 191. Thus, the order is not a final appealable
order pursuant to H.S.W.C.-B.
Similarly, the order adjusting Father’s visitation is not defined as final
by statute, and the trial court did not certify the order as final pursuant to
Rule 341(c). Likewise, the appeal from a juvenile court order reducing
supervised visitation is not an interlocutory appeal as of right pursuant to
Rule 311, and Father did not seek permission to appeal the order pursuant
to Pa.R.A.P. 312 and 1311. As the order being appealed is neither final,
appealable as of right or by permission, nor asserted to be a collateral order
pursuant to the narrow application of Rule 311, we lack jurisdiction to review
it. Thus, we are constrained to quash the appeal.
Nevertheless, in the abundance of caution, we observe that, had we
confronted the merits of Father’s appeal, we would have denied relief. As
noted supra, when the permanency goal is no longer reunification, the
juvenile court has discretion to reduce visitation as long as the decrease
satisfies the child’s best interests. In Interest of L.T., supra at 1283
(“This alternative standard recognizes that when reunification is unlikely, the
parent-child relationship is no longer paramount.”). Father asserts that the
juvenile court abused its discretion in reducing the supervised visitations
because the reduction is contrary to his son’s best interest. We disagree.
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The following factors are relevant in determining whether visitation is
in a child’s best interest:
(1) length of separation from natural parents; (2) effect of
visitation on the child; (3) the age, sex and health of the child;
(4) the emotional relationship between child and parents; (5) the
special needs of the child; and (6) the effect on the child's
relationship with the current caregiver, usually the foster
parents. Most importantly, the focus must be on the best
interests of the child, in light of the fact that the natural family is
not likely to be reunited.
In Interest of M.B., supra at 705-706.
Instantly, the trial court addressed each of these considerations and
concluded that reducing the frequency of the supervised visitations, and
temporarily shortening their duration would produce an outcome that
satisfied Ka.C.’s best interests. In summary, the court determined that
Father’s lengthy, continuing separation from Ka.C. weighs in favor of
gradually reducing the scope of supervised visitation pursuant to the first
factor. As it relates to factors two, three, and five, the juvenile court
determined that the weekly travel was burdensome on Ka.C. and that
reducing the frequency of the visits to twice per month satisfied the best
interests of the three-year-old child in light of his tender age and
temperament. Phrased plainly, the juvenile court reasoned that “a reduction
in visits would seem to be a positive for the Child's health in terms of him
not having to spend the time and energy to spend six to eight hours visiting
Father each week.” Trial Court Opinion, at 7. Finally, in relation to factors
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four and six regarding Ka.C’s emotional relationships with Father and his
pre-adoptive parents, respectively, the juvenile court determined that, while
Father’s incarceration prevented him from serving in any parental capacity,
Ka.C. developed a strong bond with his pre-adoptive parents that continues
to thrive.
In sum, the juvenile court concluded,
When viewing the circumstances surrounding this case, and in
light of the fact that the Child will likely never reunite with his
natural parents, this Court reached the seemingly only rational
determination that it could, that it was in the Child's best
interest to begin a gradual tapering off of parental visitation. As
time passes and assuming the case continues to head in the
direction of adoption, this Court may consider tapering the visits
again in the Child's best interests and will make that
determination based on the circumstances then and there
existing.
Id. at 9.
Upon review of the certified record, parties’ briefs, and applicable law,
we find that Father’s argument challenging the juvenile court’s exercise of
discretions is unpersuasive. The juvenile court applied the relevant factors
to the facts of this case and made a reasoned decision based upon the
child’s best interests to reduce the frequency and duration of Father’s
supervised visitations with Ka.C. at SCI Graterford. We observe that, in
reaching its decision, the court expressly declined to contract the visitation
schedule as severely as CYS initially requested, and it fashioned a schedule
that fostered Father’s contact with Ka.C. notwithstanding the goal change
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order and the pending petition to terminate Father’s parental rights. As the
certified record supports the juvenile court’s resolution, we discern no abuse
of discretion.
Appeal vacated.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/20/2017
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