In re I.W.

[Cite as In re I.W., 2017-Ohio-8495.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY

IN RE: I.W., A.W., JR. and S.W. :
:
: Appellate Case Nos.
: 27617/27618/27619/27624
:
: Trial Court Case Nos. 2013-2559/2013-
: 2560/2014-5075
:
: (Appeal from Common Pleas Court-
: Juvenile Division)

...........

OPINION

Rendered on the 9th day of November, 2017.

...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by ALICE B. PETERS, Atty. Reg. No. 0093945, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division,
Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422
Attorney for Appellee-Montgomery County Children Services

JENNIFER S. GETTY, Atty. Reg. No. 0074317, 7501 Paragon Road, Centerville, Ohio
45459
Attorney for Appellant-T.W.

NICOLE RUTTER-HIRTH, Atty. Reg. No. 0081004, 2541 Shiloh Springs Road, Trotwood,
Ohio 45426
Attorney for Appellant-A.W.

SHIREEN HEBERT, Atty. Reg. No. 0077594, 865 South Dixie Drive, Vandalia, Ohio
45377
Guardian Ad Litem
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.............

WELBAUM, J.

{¶ 1} This matter is before us on the appeal of T.W. and A.W., Sr., who are the

biological parents of three minor children, I.W., A.W., Jr., and S.W.1 Mother and Father

appeal from a judgment terminating their parental rights and awarding permanent custody

of the children to the Montgomery County Children’s Services (“MCCS”).

{¶ 2} Mother contends the decision that the children could not be placed with either

parent within a reasonable time was against the manifest weight of the evidence. In

addition, Mother contends that the decision to award permanent custody to MCCS, in the

best interest of the children, was against the weight of the evidence.

{¶ 3} Father filed a separate brief, and raises essentially the same two

assignments of error. He also argues, in a third assignment of error, that the court erred

in granting permanent custody to MCCS because reasonable efforts would have

prevented continued removal.

{¶ 4} We conclude that the trial court did not err in awarding permanent custody of

Appellants’ three minor children to MCCS. The court’s decision that the children could

not be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with

either parent was supported by competent, credible evidence. In addition, the court’s

decision that a permanent custody award to MCCS was in the children’s best interest was

supported by competent, credible evidence. Finally, the court properly concluded that

MCCS made reasonable efforts to prevent the continued removal of the children and to

1 To avoid confusion, we will refer to the parents as “Mother” and “Father.”
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reunify the family. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.

I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

{¶ 5} In February 2013, MCCS received a referral regarding I.W., who was born in

late January 2013. Although no toxicology screen was done on Mother or I.W., the child

began showing physical signs of withdrawal shortly after birth. When questioned, Mother

admitted taking prescription drugs not as prescribed. I.W. was placed in the Neonatal

Intensive Care Unit (“NICU”) for the withdrawal, and was sent home with the parents after

three weeks.

{¶ 6} At the time, the parents were living in a homeless shelter with their two-year

old son, A.W., Jr. The hospital gave them instructions to follow up with a primary care

physician, but they failed to take I.W. to four scheduled appointments. On several

occasions in March 2013, the parents returned to Dayton Children’s Medical Center

(“CMC”) with I.W., but failed to follow up with a primary care physician as directed.

Finally, on March 22, 2013, they returned to CMC with the child, where he was admitted

with a diagnosis of Flu, RSV, Failure to Thrive, Oral Thrush, Pyelonephritis, Bacteremia,

and a gastrointestinal condition.

{¶ 7} While I.W. was in the hospital, the parents and A.W., Jr., moved into the

Ronald McDonald House, which was across the street from CMC. Mother was

encouraged to room in with I.W., but she failed to do so until April 9, 2013. The parents

also failed to follow instructions on how to feed I.W., and CMC would not release the child

to them. As a result, MCCS filed a complaint with the juvenile court on April 11, 2013,

and asked for interim temporary custody of I.W. at an ex parte hearing. The order was
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granted the same day, and the court set further hearings.

{¶ 8} On April 11, 2013, MCCS also filed a neglect and dependency complaint

concerning A.W., Jr., who had been born in November 2010, based on developmental

concerns about the child. The parents claimed A.W., Jr., was autistic, but he had never

been tested. However, A.W., Jr. had out-of-control behaviors, and the CMC staff

observed that Mother could not control him. In addition, the family had previously been

linked to the “Help Me Grow” program, but did not cooperate and had been discharged.

The trial court granted MCCS interim protective supervision over A.W., Jr., and set the

matter for further hearing. Counsel was appointed for each parent, and a guardian ad

litem (“GAL”), Shireen Hebert, was appointed for the children.

{¶ 9} In July 2013, the GAL filed a report, recommending that temporary custody

of I.W. continue and that Mother be ordered to call and schedule a full physical/well-child

check for A.W., Jr. as soon as possible. The GAL noted concern over Mother’s lack of

follow-through with both children and with meeting her own mental health needs. The

GAL also described I.W. as a fragile child. At the time of the GAL’s visit, the parents

were living in an apartment in which they had been placed by St. Vincent De Paul’s

Homefull program, which was to pay the first three month’s rent.

{¶ 10} At an adjudicatory hearing held on July 9, 2013, the court found I.W. and

A.W., Jr. neglected and dependent. Among other things, the court concluded that

Mother had significant substance abuse issues that had not been addressed.

{¶ 11} In August 2013, the GAL filed a supplemental report in connection with a

dispositional hearing scheduled for August 28, 2013. Among other things, the GAL

noted that Mother had missed or cancelled 15 of 36 visits with I.W., had made inconsistent
 -5-

statements about her own drug use and A.W., Jr.’s developmental services, and had

refused to sign a consent form to have I.W. circumcised, which doctors recommended to

minimize kidney infections.

{¶ 12} On September 5, 2013, the court filed an order extending MCCS’s

temporary custody over I.W., and protective supervision of A.W., Jr., until April 11, 2014.

Subsequently, on October 21, 2013, MCCS filed a motion and affidavit for interim

temporary custody of A.W., Jr. According to the affidavit, A.W., Jr. was three years old

and could not speak. However, Mother and Father had failed to complete paperwork

and take A.W., Jr. to be assessed at CMC’s developmental clinic. Mother had also failed

to comply with essential services that had been arranged for A.W., Jr. with the PACE

program for Early Intervention Services, and with Help Me Grow. Mother had also

inaccurately reported to MCCS that she had followed through on all services.

{¶ 13} Interim temporary custody of A.W., Jr. was granted to MCCS on October

25, 2013, and further hearings were scheduled. On December 12, 2013, the GAL filed

a report, indicating that the parents had been evicted from their apartment for non-

payment of rent and were now living at the home of Mother’s grandmother. The GAL

again noted inaccuracies and inconsistency in information the parents gave to providers

and caseworkers. In addition, the GAL was concerned about Mother’s mental health

and/or pain pill addiction.

{¶ 14} After a hearing, the court filed an order on January 2, 2014, granting MCCS

temporary custody of A.W., Jr. until October 21, 2014. In February 2014, MCCS filed for

a first extension of custody for I.W., stating that the parents had not made significant

progress on their case plan objectives. Among other things, Mother had not signed a
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release for her mental health provider, the parents had not provided needed

documentation of housing and employment, had not consistently visited the children, and

had failed to engage with medical providers as required by the case plan. After a

hearing, the court granted the first extension for I.W. on March 21, 2014.

{¶ 15} In July 2014, Mother gave birth to a third child, S.W., who was in the NICU

for over a week due to drug withdrawal symptoms. On July 28, 2014, MCCS filed a

dependency complaint and motion with the court, asking for interim temporary custody of

S.W. According to the affidavit filed with the complaint, Mother was in treatment at

Clearing Paths for mental health and drug dependency, and was taking Subutex for her

addiction to Xanax. At the time Mother was admitted to the hospital, she had additionally

tested positive for Benzodiazepine. The court issued the order the same day, and set

further hearings. Hebert was also appointed the GAL for S.W.

{¶ 16} Subsequently, in late August 2014, MCCS filed motions for permanent

custody of I.W., and A.W., Jr. The GAL filed a report in September 2014, highlighting

issues with Mother’s addiction and truthfulness on various subjects, including her reasons

for cancelling visitation with S.W. At that time, the GAL did not make a permanent

custody recommendation, but asked for additional time, since counsel had just been

appointed for the parents. A hearing on the permanent custody motions was set for

November 12, 2014.

{¶ 17} In November 2014, the GAL filed a supplemental report recommending

extensions of the agency’s temporary custody of I.W. and A.W., Jr., due to “strong

concerns about Mother’s truthfulness and her willingness and ability to be the primary

care provider as Father works long hours during the day.” See, e.g., J.C. Case No. 2013-
 -7-

2560, Doc. #72, p. 5. The GAL also noted that Mother had a 12-year history of addiction

to Xanax and other prescription drugs, and had only begun to engage herself in program

requirements in the past few months. Id. In addition, the GAL was concerned about the

children’s safety while in Mother’s care and about Father’s unwillingness to appreciate

the extent of risk to the young children if they were left in Mother’s care during the day.

{¶ 18} MCCS did move for extensions of temporary custody of I.W. and A.W., Jr.

and the court granted those on December 1, 2014. In late March 2015, MCCS filed

motions asking that the court grant legal custody of I.W., A.W., Jr., and S.W., to both

parents, or in the alternative to Father. The affidavit accompanying the motions indicated

that the custody extensions were set to expire in late July 2015, and that the parents had

made substantial progress on their case plan objectives. Among other things, MCCS

indicated that Mother had been transitioned out of the Suboxone program and was no

longer taking Suboxone, that the parents were going to be working with Agape

Reunification Services, that Father was employed, that parents had maintained their

housing for a significant period of time, and that Father had attended most of the medical

appointments for I.W., but could not attend all due to his work schedule. Trial on the

motions was set for June 23, 2015.

{¶ 19} However, shortly thereafter, on April 15, 2015, the GAL filed motions for

permanent custody of I.W. and A.W., Jr., and for a first extension of temporary custody

of S.W. The motion was supported by the affidavit of the GAL, who stated that a return

of custody to the parents would not be in the children’s best interests. In this vein, the

GAL made many observations regarding the parents’ failure to adequately attend and

participate in I.W.’s needed medical appointments; their two-year delay in approving a
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medical procedure for I.W., which increased his risk of infection and hospitalization; the

parents’ failure to attend any medical appointments for the other two children; the

uncleanliness of the parents’ home, even though Mother was not working; Mother’s

admission that she was not bonded with I.W. and A.W., Jr. and that she could not “handle

it” when S.W. cried; Mother’s admission that while she had been transitioned out of the

Suboxone program, she had continued to take prescription medication that was not

currently prescribed, including Klonopin and Zofran; the GAL’s belief that Mother had not

met the case plan objectives concerning mental health and drug abuse; Mother’s history

of untruthfulness, which would put her children at risk; Father’s inability to protect the

children because of his inability to discern the truth or parenting deficits of Mother; the

fact that Father had a seizure disorder but continued to drive without addressing his

medical needs, thereby placing the children at risk if they were returned; and issues about

the parents’ housing.

{¶ 20} On April 3, 2015, or shortly before the GAL’s motion was filed, the MCCS

caseworker met with Mother and brought S.W. for a home visit because they were

working on a possible transitional plan. Mother mentioned that she had just seen her

doctor at Clearing Paths and he had prescribed Celexa. Mother never mentioned

rejoining a Suboxone program.

{¶ 21} After a hearing on April 7, 2015, the court ordered the parents to submit to

a drug screen. Mother tested positive for buprenorphine, which is the medical term for

Suboxone or Subutex. On May 29, 2015, the MCCS caseworker asked Mother about

the drug screen. At that point, the caseworker had received the test results. Mother

was adamant that her drug screen would be clean, and stated that if anything showed up,
 -9-

it would be Klonopin, which had been prescribed. Mother denied numerous times that

Suboxone would be present, and verified that she had been discharged from the

Suboxone program in January 2015. However, when Mother was shown the positive

drug screen, she admitted she had rejoined the Suboxone program. Mother then stated

she had rejoined the program after the April court date and that the test result must have

been wrong. This could not have been correct, however, because the drug screen would

have taken place before Mother admitted to having rejoined the program.

{¶ 22} The caseworker then called Clearing Paths and put the agency on

speakerphone. A caseworker from Agape was also on the line. At that time, MCCS

discovered that Mother had been returned to the Suboxone program in March 2015.

MCCS also learned that Mother had been discharged from the program for

noncompliance earlier in May, i.e., prior to the May 29, 2015 discussion with the

caseworker and the phone call to Clearing Paths.

{¶ 23} On June 11, 2015, MCCS filed amended motions for permanent custody of

I.W. and A.W., Jr. MCCS also filed an amended motion for first extension of temporary

custody of S.W. on June 15, 2015, and then filed a second amended motion and affidavit

for permanent custody of S.W. on August 13, 2015. These motions were based on

grounds similar to those raised by the GAL’s motion.

{¶ 24} On June 17, 2015, the GAL filed a report, recommending that the court grant

permanent custody of I.W. and A.W., Jr. to MCCS, and a first extension of temporary

custody of S.W. to MCCS. The court set a hearing on the motions for September 16,

2015, and the GAL filed a supplemental report on September 10, 2015. At the time,

A.W., Jr. had been diagnosed with adjustment disorder and was undergoing therapy
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because of anxiety before and after visitation. A.W., Jr. expressed concern that his

foster mother would leave him and he would not sleep alone after visitation. He also now

wet the bed, after previously having been potty-trained. Likewise, I.W. had difficulty

sleeping after visits.

{¶ 25} In addition, the GAL noted that the parents were not present for the

specialist and pediatric appointments for I.W. in August. The GAL noted some positive

interaction in a visit among mother and the children. However, Mother had been

permanently discharged from the Suboxone program and was no longer engaged at

Clearing Paths for services. Father was also out of the home working from 7:00 a.m. to

7:00 p.m. Despite the fact that Father was employed, the GAL concluded that Mother

had made no progress and was essentially in the same place she had been two years

ago. The GAL recommended that permanent custody of all the children be granted to

MCCS.

{¶ 26} At the hearing on September 16, 2015, the court heard testimony from the

following individuals: a CMC nurse; Mother’s therapist at Clearing Paths; I.W.’s foster

parents; and two reunification workers from Agape. The nurse testified about

discussions he had with Mother on January 13, 2015, the day before I.W.’s scheduled

surgery. Mother represented during the conversation that MCCS was watching I.W. for

a little while because she was sick when she had the baby, and then the agency had to

watch I.W. because Mother went to law school. None of this was true.

{¶ 27} The Clearing Paths therapist came in contact with Mother in 2013. She

indicated that Mother began the Suboxone program in 2014 and was required to attend

group counseling sessions twice a week and to meet with a therapist twice a month. In
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early January 2015, Mother requested a detox from Suboxone, which was a step-down

process.

{¶ 28} However, instead of complying with a tapering-down process, Mother took

the Suboxone as normally prescribed. She went without Suboxone for several days and

ended up going back to Clearing Paths to ask for help because she was sick. According

to the medical records, mother complained of withdrawal symptoms on February 6, 2015.

She then asked to be put back on Suboxone on March 13, 2015. Drug screens indicated

that Mother tested positive for benzodiazepines in March 2015; for Suboxone in April

2015; and for Suboxone and some type of opiate in May 2015. (At the time, MCCS was

under the impression that Mother was no longer taking drugs and had successfully

completed drug treatment at Clearing Paths.)

{¶ 29} On May 21, 2015, Mother was dismissed from Clearing Paths because she

failed to comply with requirements for meeting with her therapist and group meetings.

Mother only met with her therapist three times in 2015, although she had attended more

regularly in 2013 and 2014.

{¶ 30} The Agape employees testified that Agape is supposed to work with people

on reunification for a minimum of five hours a week, up to a maximum of ten hours.

Agape received a referral and started with the family on March 31, 2015. The program

was supposed to last 12 weeks, but lasted 14 weeks. Mother averaged only 2.33 hours

a week during the 14 weeks and did not complete the program. The reunification

specialist only met with Father on two dates when they went to court, and he never

contacted her to request services. Agape is also able to provide services on weekends,

but the parents did not ask.
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{¶ 31} The foster parents of I.W. had cared for him for about two and a half years.

They described the extensive medical care that had been required for I.W., as he had

kidney reflux, which caused urine to back up into the kidneys and cause infections. This

resulted in many medical appointments and procedures, and trips to the emergency room.

The foster parents indicated that Mother and Father had not been to any of the pediatric

appointments. Mother and Father had been present for some procedures, like renal

testing. In March 2015, knowing the agency was contemplating reunification, the foster

father allowed Mother to take the lead role during one medical procedure. However,

Mother was crying and said I.W.’s crying made her anxious. Mother then asked the

foster father if he would take I.W. and calm him down.

{¶ 32} Mother and Father had visitation with I.W. for three hours on Tuesdays, from

4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. Father was present for only part of this time period, due to his

work schedule. When I.W. returned home after these visits, he was very hungry,

restless, clingy, and cranky, and did not want to go to bed, which was not typical of his

behavior on other days.

{¶ 33} The custody hearing was continued to November 20, 2015. On that date,

the GAL filed another supplemental report, again recommending that the agency be

granted permanent custody. The GAL indicated that Mother and Father had been asked

to leave their prior home because it needed to be sold. Although the parents had been

given four months free rent to save up money for the purchase, they had not been able

to do so. Their rent at the prior home was $300 a month.

{¶ 34} The GAL was unable to view the new home, as Mother did not return the

GAL’s call and would not allow her in the home without Father present. On a prior visit,
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Father had exploded and became aggressive and angry with the GAL when she was

questioning Mother about her day-to-day activities. The GAL also noted that neither

parent had attended medical appointments for I.W. and S.W. in September and October.

{¶ 35} Finally, the GAL noted that A.W., Jr. had two emergency removals from the

foster parent’s home due to uncontrollable behaviors. A.W., Jr. told his foster mother

that he was going to live with his parents on November 20, 2015. When the foster mother

picked A.W., Jr. up from the emergency removal on November 18, A.W., Jr. told her that

“he knew if he was bad enough she would be called to pick him up and that he wants to

stay with her and not go back to [Mother].” J.C. Case No. 2013-2560, Doc. #39, p. 3.

{¶ 36} At the hearing held on November 20, 2015, the court heard testimony from

the following witnesses: the MCCS caseworker; Mother’s aunt; Mother; and Father.

The caseworker reviewed what had occurred in the case from the time that the referral

was made in February 2013, based on I.W.’s withdrawal symptoms at birth. She

indicated that when MCCS became involved with the family, the agency was concerned

with the family’s ability to meet the specific needs of their children, with a lack of housing,

and with Mother’s mental health and substance abuse. She stated the housing objective

had not been met, because the parents had moved to a new home two months ago and

the agency required at least a six-month period of stability. Because the family had been

evicted previously when not housed by family members, MCCS was concerned that they

would be unable to maintain their current housing. In addition, the rent was about double

what they had previously paid.

{¶ 37} Father had been able to meet the income requirement, but Mother did not.

Originally, visitation with the children was set for Tuesdays and Thursdays. However,
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Mother asked for visitation to be reduced to Tuesdays only because she wanted to look

for work. However, Mother never obtained employment.

{¶ 38} As to Mother’s mental health and substance abuse problems, the

caseworker relayed many of the facts outlined above, and indicated that nothing had

changed. At the time reunification was being considered, MCCS was under the

impression that Mother was compliant with mental health and drug treatment concerns.

However, MCCS subsequently obtained the drug screens and learned that Mother had

re-engaged in services while failing to disclose the fact. In addition, Father had not

informed the caseworker, either. Father either knew and did not think it was important,

which was a concern, or he did not know, and that would also be a concern because

Father did not know what his wife was doing while he was at work.

{¶ 39} MCCS also was concerned about the parents’ ability to care for the

children’s medical and developmental issues. The parents had attended only 9 of 33

medical appointments during the case, and had never attended pediatrician

appointments, which were important for continuity of care. The parents also did not have

a clear idea of the medical issues of their children. Consequently, this part of the case

plan had not been completed. Further, the parents did not follow through with Agape

reunification services and with Celebrating Families, which would have allowed MCCS to

set up a transitional plan.

{¶ 40} All three children were very bonded with their caregivers, and were in foster-

to-adopt homes. All foster families were willing to adopt the children. The caseworker

stated that it was in the children’s best interests to be in permanent custody of the agency

because nothing had changed regarding Mother’s mental health and substance abuse
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issues. She indicated MCCS could not safely return the children to the home even with

protective supervision and could not ensure the children’s needs were being meet.

Mother would not allow the GAL into her home unless Father was there, and with the

severity of the children’s needs and the numerous appointments, it would not be possible

to verify all that and ensure the children were safe. In addition, Father did not provide

direct care for the children and was not there to monitor mother. To the contrary, Father

continued to enable and support Mother.

{¶ 41} Mother’s aunt testified that she lived in the area and thought Mother was

more responsible than she used to be. She stated that Mother did not rely on medicine

like she used to. She commented that Mother used to not be responsible about paying

bills – implying that Mother was now financially responsible. The aunt indicated she was

retired and was not able to take custody of the children.

{¶ 42} Mother testified that she had completed her case plan. She denied missing

the majority of medical appointments. She admitted missing all the pediatric

appointments, claiming that she did not get notice and that her caseworker was hard to

reach. Mother stated that she had not looked for employment for two years. She said

it was hard to find a job that would pay enough for her to have money left after paying

child support for two other children.2 Additionally, Mother stated that she did not wish to

2Mother had been ordered to pay child support for two children of a prior marriage who
were not in her custody. The child support was $100 per month for two children, as of
October 1, 2010, plus an additional $87.76 that was ordered on October 2, 2014, based
on arrearages that began on December 1, 2008. See GAL Ex. 6, p. 1. As of August
31, 2014, the child support arrearage was more than $20,000, and no payments had ever
been processed, meaning that in almost six years, Mother never made any payments on
her child support obligation. At the time of the November 20, 2015 custody hearing, a
bench warrant had been issued for Mother, based on her failure to pay support. She
had also previously been sentenced to spend weekends in jail in 2015. In addition,
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seek employment, but wanted to stay at home and parent her children.

{¶ 43} Mother admitted she had a substance abuse problem, but claimed the only

medications her doctor currently prescribed were Celexa and Atenolol. She

acknowledged she did not attend the programs at Clearing Path regularly at all, but

claimed she had received a lot of help.

{¶ 44} Father stated that Mother did not currently have a substance abuse

problem, and said she had shown great improvement. Father admitted to non-

completion of the Agape program, but asserted that he and Mother had not been given a

chance. He also stated that he did not want his children placed in daycare while he

worked because daycares cannot be trusted.

{¶ 45} At the conclusion of the hearing, the GAL again recommended that the court

award permanent custody to MCCS. On January 28, 2016, the magistrate filed a

decision granting MCCS’s motion for permanent custody of all three children. The

magistrate found that the parents had not completed their case plans and that

reunification was not possible within a reasonable time because the parents had not

demonstrated the ability to parent the children and refused to acknowledge Mother’s

substance abuse issues. In addition, the magistrate found, with respect to each child,

factors indicating that permanent custody to the agency was in the child’s best interest.

{¶ 46} In February 2016, both parents filed objections to the magistrate’s decision

and then supplemented their objections after the transcript was filed. In May 2017, the

trial court overruled both parents’ objections and supplemental objections to the

Mother admitted lying to the GAL on April 3, 2015, about the visitation she had with these
two other children. Mother also admitted at trial that her visitation with those children
was currently suspended.
 -17-

magistrate’s decision, and awarded permanent custody of the children to MCCS. Mother

and Father timely appealed from the court’s decision.

II. Placement With Parents Within a Reasonable Time

{¶ 47} Because Mother and Father’s First Assignments of Error are similar, we will

consider them together. Mother’s First Assignment of Error states that:

The Trial Court Erred and Abused Its Discretion in Finding that the

Children Could Not Be Placed With the Mother or Father Within a

Reasonable Time as Same Was Against the Manifest Weight of the

Evidence.

{¶ 48} Father’s First Assignment of Error states as follows:

The Trial Court Erred in Granting MCCS Permanent Custody of

These Children Because the Child Could Be Placed With Father Within [a]

Reasonable Time.

{¶ 49} Under this assignment of error, Mother contends that the trial court erred in

concluding that the children could not be placed with her within a reasonable time

because MCCS acknowledged in March 2015 that Mother had followed through with all

recommendations for mental health and substance abuse treatment. In addition, Mother

contends that MCCS “dropped the ball” in notifying the parents about medical

appointments, and that she was actively engaged in working with Agape on reunification

until MCCS changed its position on reunification due to Mother’s positive drug screen.

{¶ 50} Father contends that he made substantial progress and that the agency’s

only concern was that he worked full-time and would not know what Mother was doing
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during the daytime. According to Father, there was no evidence that he could not use

daycare; he also asserts that he was not blindly supporting Mother.

{¶ 51} “In a proceeding for the termination of parental rights, all the court's findings

must be supported by clear and convincing evidence.” In re E.D., 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 26261, 2014-Ohio-4600, ¶ 7, citing R.C. 2151.414(E). (Other citation omitted.)

“The court's decision to terminate parental rights, however, will not be overturned as

against the manifest weight of the evidence if the record contains competent, credible

evidence by which the court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the essential

statutory elements for a termination of parental rights have been established.” (Citations

omitted). In re A.U., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22264, 2008-Ohio-186, ¶ 15. We review

the court's judgment on this matter for abuse of discretion. In re E.D. at ¶ 7, citing In re

C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 48 (applying abuse-of-

discretion standard to trial court's findings under R.C. 2151.414).

{¶ 52} Before discussing the parents’ claims, we must first note that these

particular assignments of error apply only to S.W. As relevant here, R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)

states that:

Except as provided in division (B)(2) of this section, the court may

grant permanent custody of a child to a movant if the court determines at

the hearing held pursuant to division (A) of this section, by clear and

convincing evidence, that it is in the best interest of the child to grant

permanent custody of the child to the agency that filed the motion for

permanent custody and that any of the following apply:

(a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned, has not been in the
 -19-

temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or

private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive

twenty-two-month period, or has not been in the temporary custody of one

or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies

for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period if, as

described in division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the

child was previously in the temporary custody of an equivalent agency in

another state, and the child cannot be placed with either of the child's

parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed with the child's

parents.

***

(d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public

children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or

more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, or the child has

been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services

agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a

consecutive twenty-two-month period and, as described in division (D)(1) of

section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in the

temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state.

***

For the purposes of division (B)(1) of this section, a child shall be

considered to have entered the temporary custody of an agency on the

earlier of the date the child is adjudicated pursuant to section 2151.28 of the
 -20-

Revised Code or the date that is sixty days after the removal of the child

from home.

{¶ 53} There is no dispute in this case that I.W. and A.W., Jr., had been in the

temporary custody of MCCS for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two

month period, and that MCCS only needed to establish that an award of permanent

custody to the agency was in the best interests of these children. See, e.g., In re C.W.,

104 Ohio St.3d 163, 2004-Ohio-6411, 818 N.E.2d 1176 at ¶ 21; In re E.S., 2d Dist. Clark

No. 2016-CA-36, 2017-Ohio-219, ¶ 20.

{¶ 54} Furthermore, no dispute exists concerning the fact that S.W. did not meet

the 12-of-22 consecutive months requirement in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d), and that MCCS

was, therefore, required to prove one of the other grounds in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1). The

applicable ground is found in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), which requires that “the child cannot

be placed with either of the child's parents within a reasonable time or should not be

placed with the child's parents.” For purposes of this decision, R.C. 2151.414(E)

requires trial courts to find, by clear and convincing evidence, that one or more of the

items listed in R.C. 2151.414(E)(1)-(16) apply.

{¶ 55} In reaching its decision to award permanent custody to MCCS, the trial court

relied on R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) and (4). A court only needs to find one factor to support

its holding. In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, at ¶ 50,

citing R.C. 2151.414(E) and In re William S., 75 Ohio St.3d 95, 661 N.E.2d 738 (1996),

syllabus.

{¶ 56} After discussing the record and testimony in detail, the trial court concluded

that “both Mother and Father had failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially
 -21-

remedy the conditions causing the child to be placed outside the child’s home.” See,

e.g., J.C. Case No. 2013-2559, Doc. #7, p. 15. Before stating this conclusion, the court

commented that:

Mother does not agree that she has failed to complete her case plan.

(Tr. 315:20) Mother is of the opinion that she has completed her case plan

objectives two times over. (Tr. 322:5) Mother testified that Ms. Back [the

caseworker] previously told her, with Father present, that she was very

proud of her, that they had completed the case plan, and that the children

could come home. (Tr. 315:24) Yet, Mother acknowledges that not telling

Ms. Back about her re-engagement into the Suboxone program was wrong,

and Mother notes that everything changed after this omission. (Tr. 316:3).

Ms. Back notes that MCCS originally filed for legal custody of * * * all three

children to parents. (Tr. 202:20) However, Ms. Back testified that

MCCS’s position changed after Mother’s positive drug test and her resulting

falsities thereafter. (Tr. 202:23) Because there have been ongoing

concerns from all parties involved concerning Mother’s ability to care for the

children, Ms. Back testified that MCCS tried to think outside the box and

was considering giving legal custody to Father, with the children in daycare

while Father worked. (Tr. 203:1) Unfortunately, Mother and Father were

not in favor of the children going to daycare while Father worked during the

day, and Father had no concerns with Mother’s ability to parent and care

for the children. (Tr. 203:8) Additionally, at the time the motion for legal

custody was filed, MCCS believed Mother was sober as well as compliant
 -22-

with her mental health treatment provider.

J.C. Case No. 2013-2559, Doc. #7, at p. 15

{¶ 57} The record contains substantial evidence supporting the trial court’s

conclusions. I.W. was initially placed outside the home due to Mother’s substance abuse

problems and the parents’ inability to properly care for his physical well-being. There

was no evidence that Mother and Father had addressed these problems, despite

assistance by the agency. To the contrary, Mother continued to improperly use drugs

and never completed her mental health or substance abuse treatment.

{¶ 58} Mother also made untruthful statements throughout the case. For

example, In 2014, Mother claimed she had not accomplished her case plan items

because she was on bedrest for S.W.’s pregnancy. When MCCS asked for a letter,

Mother provided a letter from her prenatal provider, and then altered the letter by adding

a statement at the bottom that “Xanax addiction no longer a concern,” with the initials

“MD” next to the statement. See State’s Ex. 7. When the caseworker contacted the

prenatal provider, she learned that no such note had been placed on the letter, and

Mother later admitted altering it. Mother was also untruthful about her drug treatment,

and as the trial court noted, attempted to provide a urine sample to the doctor that was

not her own. See J.C. Case No. 2013-2559, Doc. #7, at p. 12. Even at trial, Mother

claimed urinalysis tests that showed she was abusing drugs were not correct.

{¶ 59} As to Father, it is true that he obtained a job and provided income.

However, MCCS was rightfully concerned about the safety of the children. Both parents

did not want the children to attend daycare, and, given the evidence, the children would

not be adequately protected while in Mother’s care, particularly when Father refused, in
 -23-

the face of overwhelming evidence, to believe that Mother had problems that would

prevent her from adequately caring for the children.

{¶ 60} As was noted, the trial court also found under R.C. 2151.414(E)(4) that the

parents had “demonstrated a lack of commitment toward the child by failing to regularly

support, visit, or communicate with the child when able to do so, or by other actions

showing an unwillingness to provide an adequate permanent home for the child * * *.”

{¶ 61} Again, the record contains more than adequate evidence to support this

finding. Over the significant period of time that the case was pending, the only actions

Mother took were to visit the children once a week for a few hours. She even decreased

her visitation by claiming that she wished to seek employment. To the contrary,

however, Mother stated at trial that she had not attempted to find employment for the past

two years. Mother and Father also failed to attend any pediatric appointments for the

children, meaning that they had very little insight into their children’s medical situations.

Mother and Father claimed they were not properly notified, but the caseworker indicated

they were notified, and this was a credibility issue.

{¶ 62} We have often stressed that “issues relating to the credibility of witnesses

and the weight to be given the evidence are primarily for the trier of fact.” In re A.J.S.,

2d Dist. Miami No. 2007-CA-2, 2007-Ohio-3433, ¶ 22. The “ ‘rationale of giving

deference to the findings of the trial court rests with the knowledge that the trial judge is

best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice

inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered

testimony.’ ” Id., quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461

N.E.2d 1273 (1984). Finally, Mother and Father provided no proof that they had actually
 -24-

attempted to contact MCCS about these issues.

{¶ 63} The trial court also focused on the fact that the parents’ lack of progress

with case plan objectives revealed an unwillingness to provide basic necessities like “a

safe, stable home.” J.C. Case No. 2013-2559, Doc. #7, at p. 16. For the reasons

previously mentioned, we agree with the trial court.

{¶ 64} As a final matter, the parents did not demonstrate commitment even when

MCCS was attempting to reconcile the family. Father complains that the family was not

given a chance to complete Agape’s reunification plan, but the facts indicate otherwise.

The usual time frame for the program is 12 weeks. Over a 14-week period, Mother only

worked with the agency 2.33 hours per week rather than the minimum of five hours, and

Father never attempted to contact Agape.

{¶ 65} In light of the preceding discussion, we conclude that the trial court did not

err in finding that the children could not be placed with either parent within a reasonable

time or should not be placed with the child's parents. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) and (2).

Accordingly, Mother and Father’s First Assignments of Error are overruled.

III. The Best Interests of the Children

{¶ 66} Again, Mother and Father have presented similar assignments of error.

Mother’s Second Assignment of Error states as follows:

The Trial Court Erred and Abused Its Discretion By Finding That

Permanent Custody to the Montgomery County Department of Job and

Family Services Was in the Best Interest of the Children as Said Finding Is

Against the Manifest Weight of the Evidence.
 -25-

{¶ 67} Similarly, Father’s Second Assignment of Error states that:

The Trial Court Erred in Granting MCCS Permanent Custody of

These Children Because It Was Not in the Best Interest of the Children.

{¶ 68} Under this assignment of error, Mother contends that the trial court erred in

finding that permanent custody was in the children’s best interest. Mother contends that

she had loving and warm interactions with her children, that the parents had safe and

stable housing, that Father had sufficient income, and that the trial court’s decision was

not sufficiently detailed to determine if the court had properly considered the statutory

factors.

{¶ 69} Father contends that the decision is inconsistent with MCCS’s earlier

decision to attempt to return the children to their parents. Father also contends that he

is capable of caring for the children, and that he had substantially completed his case

objectives.

{¶ 70} Regarding a child's best interests, “R.C. 2151.414(D) directs the trial court

to consider all relevant factors when determining the best interest of the child, including

but not limited to: (1) the interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child's

parents, relatives, foster parents and any other person who may significantly affect the

child; (2) the wishes of the child; (3) the custodial history of the child, including whether

the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services

agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive

twenty-two-month period; (4) the child's need for a legally secure permanent placement

and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody

to the agency; and (5) whether any of the factors in R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) through (11) are
 -26-

applicable.” In re S.J., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25550, 2013-Ohio-2935, ¶ 15. “No one

element is given greater weight or heightened significance.” In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d

73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816 at ¶ 57, citing In re Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d 498,

2006-Ohio-5513, 857 N.E.2d 532, ¶ 56. To evaluate the court’s decision, we will

consider these factors.

A. Interaction and Interrelationship of Children with Parents and Foster Parents

{¶ 71} The trial court noted that all three children were doing very well in their foster

care placements and were very bonded with their caregivers. Furthermore, the foster

parents had indicated willingness to adopt the children, who had all been in the same

foster care placements for either all or the majority of their young lives.

{¶ 72} The court also observed that I.W. was often reluctant to go to Mother, and

that he was adversely affected after visiting with the parents. In addition, the court

recounted examples where I.W. rejected Mother in favor of his foster parent during

medical examinations, and noted that the parents failed to testify that any of the children

were bonded to them. These observations are supported by the record.

{¶ 73} We previously noted A.W., Jr.’s behavioral difficulties after being told he

was going to live with his parents. Although Father and Mother visited regularly, Father

missed a substantial part of the weekly visit because he was working. And finally,

Mother told the GAL that she was not bonded with I.W. and A.W., Jr. and that she could

not “handle it” when S.W. cried. As a result, the record contains clear and convincing

evidence that the children do not have a strong emotional bond to the parents and do

have a bond and positive relationship with their foster parents.
 -27-

B. The Wishes of the Children

{¶ 74} The court concluded that the children were too young to express their

wishes, and did not weigh this factor in favor of either side. We agree. Moreover, A.W.,

Jr. was the eldest child (about five years old at the time of the permanent hearings), and

had been in his parents’ custody the longest before removal. To the extent A.W., Jr.’s

behavior exemplifies his wishes, he clearly did not wish to live with his parents.

C. Custodial History

{¶ 75} In connection with this factor, the trial court recounted the custodial history

of the children, as noted above. This concerned the length of time the children had been

in the custody of the agency, including the fact that I.W. and S.W. had been in custody

almost since birth, due to Mother’s substance abuse problems and the lack of parental

completion of case plans. A.W., Jr. had been left in the parents’ custody for a period of

time in the hope that the parents could meet his developmental needs, but that did not

occur. In view of our prior discussion, we agree with the court that the custodial history

favors MCCS.

D. The Need for Legally Secure Placement

{¶ 76} Regarding this factor, the court detailed the history of the case, and

concluded that the children were in “desperate need of a legally secure, permanent

placement.” J.C. Case No. 2013-2559, Doc. #7, at p. 19. The court noted that the

parents had not completed their case plan, and that reunification was impossible because
 -28-

of this fact and because continuing issues existed due to Mother’s substance abuse

issues, mental health problems, and inability to care for the children. Additionally, the

court noted the GAL’s concern over Father’s continued position that an appropriate level

of care was provided to the children by the parents before MCCS involvement and during

the case. The court further stressed the GAL’s concern over significant developmental

and medical needs of the children, the lack of relatives willing or able to accept custody,

and the fact that the children were in foster-to-adopt placements. The court, therefore,

concluded that this factor weighed in favor of MCCS. Again, based on our prior

discussion, we agree with the trial court. In view of the record in this case, there was no

reasonable possibility that the parents would be able to provide a legally secure and safe

environment for the children.

{¶ 77} Accordingly, based on the preceding discussion, we conclude that the

juvenile court properly weighed the pertinent factors in R.C. 2151.414(D), and in doing

so, did not abuse its discretion in finding that granting permanent custody to MCCS was

in the children’s best interest. Mother’s and Father’s Second Assignments of Error,

therefore, are overruled.

IV. Reasonable Efforts

{¶ 78} Father’s Third Assignment of Error states that:

The Court Erred in Granting Permanent Custody Because There

Were Reasonable Efforts That Could Have Prevented Removal, and the

Same Would Not Be Futile.

{¶ 79} Under this assignment of error, Father contends that MCCS failed to meet
 -29-

its burden to prove that it made reasonable efforts to prevent removal or to prevent

continued removal. According to Father, it would have been reasonable for the agency

to arrange childcare while Father worked and to require Father to limit Mother’s visitation.

{¶ 80} “ ‘Reasonable efforts means that a children's services agency must act

diligently and provide services appropriate to the family's need to prevent the child's

removal or as a predicate to reunification.’ ” In re H.M.K., 3d Dist. Wyandot Nos. 16-12-

15 and 16-12-16, 2013-Ohio-4317, ¶ 95, quoting In re D.A., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-11-

1197, 2012-Ohio-1104, ¶ 30. “ ‘Reasonable efforts’ does not mean all available efforts.

Otherwise, there would always be an argument that one more additional service, no

matter how remote, may have made reunification possible.” (Citation omitted.) In re

K.M., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA 2004-02–052, 2004-Ohio-4152, ¶ 23. Accord In re C.O.,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26610, 2015-Ohio-4290, ¶ 43; In re N.M., 2d Dist. Montgomery

Nos. 26693, 26719, 2016-Ohio-318, ¶ 53.

{¶ 81} We have also defined “reasonable efforts” as “ ‘a good faith effort which is

“an honest, purposeful effort, free of malice and the desire to defraud or to seek an

unconscionable advantage.” The issue is not whether [the Agency] could have done

more, but whether it did enough to satisfy the “reasonableness” standard under the

statute.’ ” In re S.F., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25318, 2013-Ohio-508, ¶ 21, quoting In

re Secrest, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19377, 2002-Ohio-7096, ¶ 13.

{¶ 82} The trial court concluded that MCCS had made reasonable efforts to reunify

the children and parents and to eliminate the children’s continued removal. The trial

court mentioned all the services provided, including referrals for employment, notification

of appointments, visitation, referral to Agape and Celebrating Families, and parenting
 -30-

classes. The court noted that while a case plan had been developed, neither parent

competed the plan, and Mother made minimal effort. We agree with the trial court.

{¶ 83} Furthermore, concerning Father’s challenge with respect to daycare, both

parents clearly indicated they did not want daycare and wanted Mother to take care of the

children. Father worked long hours and it was simply not possible to implement such a

plan in view of Mother’s problems and Father’s unwillingness to accept the existence and

severity of the issues.

{¶ 84} Father also contends that he did not terminate Agape, and took no action

that changed MCCS’s position on reunification. We disagree. Father made no attempt

whatsoever to contact Agape, nor did he meaningfully participate in the case other than

to obtain employment and engage in limited visitation. His refusal to accept and deal

with Mother’s problems was also a barrier to reunification. MCCS worked with the

parents for more than two years before filing for permanent custody, and was not required

to do more than what it did.

{¶ 85} Based on the preceding discussion, Father’s Third Assignment of Error is

overruled.

V. Conclusion

{¶ 86} All of Mother’s and Father’s assignments of error having been overruled,

the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
 -31-

.............

DONOVAN, J. and FROELICH, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Mathias H. Heck, Jr.
Alice B. Peters
Jennifer S. Getty
Nicole Rutter-Hirth
Shireen Hebert
Hon. Anthony Capizzi