Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
December 12, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 49561-9-II
Respondent,
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
EDWIN TOM SANTOS,
Appellant.
MAXA, A.C.J. – Edwin Santos appeals his conviction for possession of a controlled
substance (methamphetamine). We hold that (1) even if the trial court erred in allowing the State
to introduce evidence that Santos was standing next to a stolen vehicle when the arresting officer
first encountered him, any error was harmless; and (2) the trial court did not err by declining to
give Santos’s proposed jury instruction on unwitting possession. Accordingly, we affirm
Santos’s conviction.
FACTS
Officer Michael Mezen was patrolling near Poulsbo on April 14, 2016 when he
encountered three men standing on the road’s shoulder, near a parked vehicle. Mezen asked if
the men needed help. One responded that they were having car trouble and they had a ride
coming. As Mezen continued driving, he checked the status of the vehicle’s license plate and
determined that the vehicle was stolen.
No. 49561-9-II
Mezen returned to the vehicle, but the men were gone. Mezen searched for the men and
eventually located them in a nearby store. One of them, Santos, had an outstanding arrest
warrant. Mezen placed Santos under arrest and conducted a search incident to that arrest.
Mezen found a pipe in Santos’s pants pocket, which Mezen recognized as a pipe used to smoke
methamphetamine.
The State charged Santos with possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine).
The State did not charge Santos with any offenses relating to the stolen vehicle.
In a pre-trial motion, Santos sought to prevent the State from eliciting testimony from
Mezen that Santos was associated with a stolen vehicle. Santos argued that the vehicle’s status
was not relevant to his charge and that it was unfairly prejudicial. The trial court ruled that
testimony concerning the vehicle completed the chain of events and therefore would be
admissible as res gestae.
At trial, Mezen testified about his encounter with and arrest of Santos, as described
above. He specifically testified that when he first encountered the three men, they were standing
next to a stolen vehicle. However, Mezen confirmed on cross-examination that Santos had not
been charged with possession of a stolen vehicle.
The State also elicited testimony regarding Santos’s pipe from Donna Wilson, an
employee at the Washington State Patrol Crime Lab who tested the pipe. She testified that she
used a scalpel to scrape residue from inside the pipe for testing. She stated that she would not
have known what the substance was prior to testing. But based on her testing, Wilson concluded
that the residue contained methamphetamine.
2
No. 49561-9-II
Santos proposed a jury instruction on unwitting possession. The trial court declined to
give the instruction.
The jury found Santos guilty of possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine).
Santos appeals his conviction.
ANALYSIS
A. TESTIMONY ON STOLEN VEHICLE
Santos argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State, under a res gestae theory, to
elicit testimony from Mezen that Santos was standing next to a stolen vehicle when Mezen first
encountered him. We hold that even if the trial court erred in allowing the State to introduce this
evidence, any error was harmless.
Under ER 402, evidence is admissible only if it is relevant. Evidence is relevant under
ER 401 if it (1) tends to prove or disprove the existence of a fact and (2) the fact is of
consequence to the case’s outcome. State v. Weaville, 162 Wn. App. 801, 818, 256 P.3d 426
(2011).
One type of potentially relevant evidence is res gestae evidence. See State v. Grier, 168
Wn. App. 635, 645-47, 278 P.3d 225 (2012). Res gestae evidence “complete[s] the story of the
crime by establishing the immediate time and place of its occurrence.” State v. Brown, 132
Wn.2d 529, 571, 940 P.2d 546 (1997). When evidence “constitutes a ‘link in the chain’ of an
unbroken sequence of events surrounding the charged offense,” that evidence is admissible to
provide a “ ‘complete picture’ ” for the jury. Id. (quoting State v. Tharp, 96 Wn.2d 591, 594,
637 P.2d 961 (1981)).
3
No. 49561-9-II
We question the relevance of the evidence that Santos was associated with a stolen
vehicle. The fact that the vehicle was stolen had nothing to do with the only material issue in the
case – whether Santos possessed methamphetamine. And the stolen vehicle evidence was not
necessary to complete the story of the crime. Officer Mezen easily could have explained his
interaction with Santos without stating that the vehicle was stolen.
However, a trial court’s improper admission of evidence generally is nonconstitutional
error that requires reversal only if the evidence materially impacted the trial’s outcome. State v.
Beadle, 173 Wn.2d 97, 120-21, 265 P.3d 863 (2011). Erroneous admission of evidence is
harmless unless there is a reasonable probability that, but for the error, the verdict would have
been materially different. State v. Ashley, 186 Wn.2d 32, 47, 375 P.3d 673 (2016). In addition,
improper admission of evidence constitutes harmless error if the evidence is of only minor
significance in reference to the evidence as a whole. State v. Rodriguez, 163 Wn. App. 215, 233,
259 P.3d 1145 (2011).
Here, even without testimony concerning the vehicle’s status, there was uncontroverted
evidence that supported Santos’s conviction. To convict Santos, the jury had to find that he had
possession of a controlled substance. Evidence at trial showed that Santos had in his pocket a
pipe that contained methamphetamine residue. Santos did not testify or present any defense.
Regardless of whether Mezen testified that the vehicle was stolen, the evidence was
overwhelming that Santos possessed a controlled substance.
Further, the admitted evidence was less likely to affect the verdict because the evidence
did not establish a strong connection between Santos and the stolen vehicle. Mezen did not state
4
No. 49561-9-II
that Santos had been in possession of the vehicle. And Santos was able to clarify that he was
never charged with any crime related to the stolen vehicle.
Any testimony about the stolen vehicle likely had little impact on the jury’s finding of
guilt. Accordingly, we hold that even if the trial court erred in admitting Mezen’s testimony, any
error was harmless.
B. UNWITTING POSSESSION INSTRUCTION
Santos argues that the trial court erred in rejecting his jury instruction on unwitting
possession. We disagree.
1. Legal Principles
Unlawful possession of a controlled substance is a strict liability crime that requires the
State to prove the nature of the substance and the fact of possession. State v. Bradshaw, 152
Wn.2d 528, 538, 98 P.3d 1190 (2004). As an affirmative defense, a defendant may allege that
possession was unwitting. Id. To raise a successful unwitting possession defense, the defendant
must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she did not know that the substance
was in her or his possession or did not know the nature of the substance. State v. George, 146
Wn. App. 906, 914-15, 193 P.3d 693 (2008); see 11 WASHINGTON PRACTICE: WASHINGTON
PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL 52.01, at 1196 (4th ed. 2016) (listing elements).
The defendant is entitled to have the trial court instruct the jury on his or her theory of the
case when there is evidence to support the theory. George, 146 Wn. App. at 915. The trial
court’s failure to do so is reversible error. State v. Otis, 151 Wn. App. 572, 578, 213 P.3d 613
(2009). When the trial court evaluates whether the evidence is sufficient to support an unwitting
possession instruction, it must interpret the evidence in favor of the defendant without weighing
5
No. 49561-9-II
the proof or judging witness credibility. George, 146 Wn. App. at 915. Whether proof is
sufficient must be considered in light of all the evidence presented at trial, irrespective of which
party presented it. Id.
The defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on unwitting possession only if the
evidence presented at trial is sufficient to permit a reasonable juror to find by a preponderance of
the evidence that the defendant unwittingly possessed the controlled substance. State v. Buford,
93 Wn. App. 149, 153, 967 P.2d 548 (1998).
2. Analysis
Here, Mezen testified that he found a pipe in Santos’s pants pocket and recognized it as
one used commonly to smoke methamphetamine. Wilson testified that she scraped off residue
from the inside of the pipe, which she tested for methamphetamine. She also stated that she had
been unable to tell what the substance was when she first looked at it.
In a similar case, Buford, police seized a crack pipe from the defendant that contained a
small amount of cocaine residue. 93 Wn. App. at 150. The court held that the defendant had not
raised evidence sufficient to give an unwitting possession instruction. It explained:
[T]he only evidence that could arguably support Buford’s claim that he unwittingly
possessed the cocaine is that the amount of cocaine seized was small and had to be
scraped out of the crack pipe with a scalpel. But this evidence, without more, does not
support an inference that Buford unwittingly possessed the cocaine.
Id. at 153. The court noted that the defendant had failed to provide basic facts – where the pipe
came from, how long the defendant had it, if the defendant expressed dismay at finding it, whether
the defendant knew what it was for, or whether the defendant knew what cocaine looked like –
without which the jury would be forced to speculate to apply the defense. Id.
6
No. 49561-9-II
Santos’s argument on appeal is different. He does mention that he only possessed a small
amount of methamphetamine residue, but on appeal he disclaims any argument based on the
amount possessed. Instead, his primary argument is that the State’s expert could not tell by sight
the nature of the residue – that the substance was methamphetamine. Santos apparently argues
that this evidence supports an inference that he did not know that the substance was
methamphetamine.
However, some of the same facts missing in Buford also are missing here – where the
pipe came from, whether Santos knew that it was used for smoking methamphetamine, and
whether Santos knew what methamphetamine residue looked like. Without knowing this
information, it would not be reasonable to infer that Santos did not know that the pipe contained
methamphetamine simply because a person with no connection with the pipe could not tell the
nature of the substance by sight.
Santos relies on George, where the court held that an unwitting possession instruction
was proper. 146 Wn. App. at 915-16. In that case, a police officer pulled over a car with three
occupants, including the defendant who was sitting in the back seat. Id. at 912. The officer
smelled marijuana, and after searching the vehicle found a large water pipe containing burnt
marijuana behind the driver’s seat. Id. at 912-13. Throughout the encounter, all three occupants
denied that marijuana was present and the defendant denied owning the pipe. Id.
The court held that this evidence justified giving an unwitting possession instruction. Id.
at 916. The court highlighted the relevant facts: all three parties denied any knowledge that
marijuana was present or ownership of the pipe, the defendant was not driving, the defendant did
not own the vehicle and the owner was present, and no fingerprint evidence linked the defendant
7
No. 49561-9-II
to the pipe. Id. at 915. Therefore, it was possible that someone in the front seat placed the pipe
in the back or that the pipe had been placed there previously. Id. at 915-16.
Similar evidence is missing in this case. Unlike in George, neither party presented
evidence that could have allowed the jury to conclude that Santos did not know the pipe was in
his pocket or did not know its purpose. While the evidence in George could have allowed the
jury to conclude that the defendant was unaware that the pipe or marijuana was present, the
evidence in this case would have required the jury to speculate as to Santos’s knowledge.
There was insufficient evidence to support a jury instruction on unwitting possession.
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in declining to give that instruction.
CONCLUSION
We affirm Santos’s conviction.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
MAXA, A.C.J.
We concur:
JOHANSON, J.
MELNICK, J.
8