AJZ's Hauling, L.L.C. v. TruNorth Warranty Program of N. Am.

[Cite as AJZ's Hauling, L.L.C. v. TruNorth Warranty Program of N. Am., 2021-Ohio-1190.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

AJZ’s HAULING, L.L.C., :

Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 109632
v. :

TRUNORTH WARRANTY PROGRAMS
OF NORTH AMERICA, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: April 8, 2021

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CV-19-926630

Appearances:

Meyers, Roman, Friedberg & Lewis, and Ronald P.
Friedberg, for appellee.

Schneider Smeltz Spieth Bell, L.L.P., and Mark M.
Mikhaiel, for appellant.

ANITA LASTER MAYS, P.J.:

Defendant-appellant TruNorth Warranty Programs of North America

(“TruNorth”) brings this appeal challenging the trial court’s judgment denying

TruNorth’s motion to stay proceedings and compel arbitration, or alternatively, to
dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and improper venue. TruNorth argues that the trial

court erred by declining to apply the doctrine of res judicata, erred by declining to

enforce the applicable arbitration and forum selection provisions, and erred by

denying TruNorth’s motion without holding a hearing. After a thorough review of

the record and law, this court affirms.

I. Factual and Procedural History

The instant matter involves a dispute regarding a truck that plaintiff-

appellee, AJZ Hauling, L.L.C., (“AJZ”) purchased in October 2018. AJZ is a

Pennsylvania limited liability company with its principal place of business in

Pittsburgh. AJZ is registered in the state of Ohio as a foreign limited liability

company.

TruNorth is a North Carolina entity with its principal place of business

in Huntersville. AJZ alleged in its complaint that TruNorth “transacts business in

Cuyahoga County, Ohio.” Complaint at ¶ 2.

In October 2018, AJZ purchased a 2011 Kenworth truck from Premier

Truck Sales & Rental, Inc. (“Premier”). Premier is an Ohio-based company, with its

principal place of business in Valley View. The purchase price for the truck was

$119,300. The purchase agreement provided that the purchase price included a two-

year warranty on the engine, transmission, rear ends, and after treatment from

TruNorth. The truck was covered by TruNorth’s “All-Inclusive Component

Breakdown Limited Warranty Agreement.”
 Shortly after taking possession of the truck, AJZ experienced significant

engine- and transmission-related issues. Between October 31, 2018, and

January 16, 2019, AJZ submitted five claims and repair estimates to Premier and

TruNorth.

AJZ claimed that the claims and repairs should have been covered

under and paid by TruNorth, pursuant to the two-year warranty set forth in the

truck’s purchase agreement. TruNorth did not provide coverage for these claims

and repairs. AJZ paid out-of-pocket to have the truck repaired by third parties.

AJZ commenced two civil actions based on the issues related to the

truck and TruNorth’s failure to provide coverage pursuant to the warranty

agreement. The same judge presided over both actions.

A. CV-19-915772

First, on May 23, 2019, AJZ filed a complaint against Premier and

TruNorth. AJZ asserted causes of action against Premier for breach of contract,

breach of the implied warranty of merchantability, breach of the implied warranty

of fitness for a particular purpose, fraudulent misrepresentation, and negligent

misrepresentation/inducement. AJZ asserted causes of action against TruNorth for

breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

On July 11, 2019, TruNorth filed a combined motion to stay

proceedings, pursuant to R.C. 2711.02, and compel arbitration, pursuant to R.C.

2711.03, on the claims AJZ asserted against TruNorth. Alternatively, TruNorth

moved to dismiss the claims asserted by AJZ for lack of personal jurisdiction, subject
matter jurisdiction, and improper venue. TruNorth’s motion was based on the

“dispute resolution” provision in its “All-Inclusive Component Breakdown Limited

Warranty Agreement.” TruNorth submitted a copy of the warranty agreement in

support of its motion to stay, compel arbitration, or alternatively to dismiss. AJZ’s

representative, Kristi LaBryer, signed the front page of the agreement on

October 29, 2018, and initialed each page. The dispute resolution provides,

This Agreement shall be governed by and in accordance with the laws
of the State of North Carolina, USA. The parties agree that any action,
suit, or proceeding arising out of or related to this Agreement, not
submitted to arbitration, shall be instituted only in the state or federal
courts located in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA. In the
event of any dispute between parties concerning coverage under this
Agreement, a written request to TruNorth™ for Arbitration must be
submitted. Customer agrees that Arbitration is the sole method of
dispute resolution between parties. Customer’s written request for
Arbitration must be done and received by TruNorth™ within 30 days
of the day claim is filed. Each party will select one certified arbitrator.
The two arbitrators will then select a third arbitrator. Each of the
parties will pay equally the total of the three arbitrators selected. The
in-person arbitration hearing will take place only in Mecklenburg
County, North Carolina unless both parties agree in writing to a
different hearing location. The rules utilized by the American
Arbitration Association will apply. A majority decision from the three
arbitrators will be binding and final. The determination and award of
the arbitrators may be filed by the prevailing party in a court of proper
jurisdiction and shall thereafter have the full force and effect of a
judgment at law.

In opposing TruNorth’s motion to compel arbitration or dismiss, AJZ

argued that the arbitration provision in the warranty agreement is unenforceable

due to unconscionability. Regarding the forum selection clause, AJZ argued that the

clause was unenforceable as a product of “overreaching,” and that enforcement of

the clause would be unreasonable and unjust. In support of its brief in opposition,
AJZ submitted an affidavit of LaBryer, the purchase agreement for the truck, and a

copy of TruNorth’s warranty agreement. The purchase agreement contained an

order date of October 12, 2018, and provided that the truck’s purchase price

included “2 year [TruNorth] warranty on engine, transmission, rear ends and after-

treatment.” The purchase agreement made no mention of the dispute resolution

provision contained in the warranty agreement.

On August 2, 2019, TruNorth filed a reply brief in support of its motion

to stay, compel arbitration, or alternatively to dismiss. Therein, TruNorth argued

that the arbitration provision was not unconscionable and that the forum selection

provision was valid and enforceable.

There is no indication in the record that the trial court held a hearing

on TruNorth’s motion to stay and compel arbitration, or to dismiss. On August 6,

2019, the trial court granted TruNorth’s motion to compel arbitration, pursuant to

R.C. 2711.02 and 2711.03. The trial court’s judgment entry provided, in relevant

part, “[t]he court grants [TruNorth’s] motion to stay the proceedings and to compel

arbitration as to [the claims AJZ asserted against TruNorth] pursuant to R.C.

2711.02 and 2711.03. The court finds that [AJZ’s] claims are subject to a valid and

enforceable arbitration agreement.” AJZ did not file an appeal challenging the trial

court’s judgment.

AJZ filed a notice of dismissal on November 7, 2019. The trial court

dismissed AJZ’s claims against TruNorth without prejudice on November 8, 2019.
After a settlement was reached between AJZ and Premier, AJZ’s claims against

Premier were dismissed with prejudice.

B. CV-19-926630

Second, on December 16, 2019, AJZ filed a complaint against

TruNorth asserting causes of action for breach of contract and breach of the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

On February 10, 2020, TruNorth again filed a combined motion to

stay proceedings, pursuant to R.C. 2711.02, and compel arbitration, pursuant to R.C.

2711.03. Alternatively, TruNorth moved to dismiss AJZ’s complaint for lack of

personal jurisdiction, subject matter jurisdiction, and improper venue.

In support of its motion to compel arbitration, TruNorth argued that

the parties entered into a “valid and enforceable arbitration agreement, which

covers all claims between the parties.” Alternatively, in support of its motion to

dismiss, TruNorth argued that AJZ’s complaint should be dismissed “in its entirety

pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(2), (3) for lack of personal jurisdiction and/or improper

venue.” TruNorth maintained that the warranty agreement’s forum selection clause

mandated all proceedings related to the warranty agreement be commenced in

North Carolina.

TruNorth referenced the trial court’s August 6, 2019 judgment in CV-

19-915772 granting TruNorth’s motion to compel arbitration and finding that AJZ’s

claims against TruNorth were subject to a valid and enforceable arbitration

agreement. In support of its motion to compel or dismiss, TruNorth submitted a
copy of the trial court’s August 6, 2019 journal entry in CV-19-915772, and a copy of

TruNorth’s “All-Inclusive Component Breakdown Limited Warranty Agreement,”

dated October 29, 2018.

On February 24, 2020, AJZ filed a brief in opposition to TruNorth’s

motion to compel arbitration or dismiss. Therein, AJZ argued again that the

arbitration and forum selection clauses were unenforceable. Regarding the

arbitration provision, AJZ asserted that (1) it did not receive the TruNorth warranty

agreement from Premier until four days after accepting delivery of the truck on

October 25, 2018; (2) Premier sent the warranty agreement via email; (3) AJZ was

never provided a copy of the warranty agreement that had been signed by Premier

or TruNorth; (4) the warranty agreement’s “dispute resolution” provision is “no

more conspicuous, and in fact is less conspicuous, than other sections of the

TruNorth Warranty Agreement”; (5) the arbitration provision does not provide

specific details concerning the arbitration process; (6) neither Premier nor

TruNorth informed AJZ that the warranty agreement contained an arbitration

provision, or that the provision specified that arbitration would take place in North

Carolina; (7) AJZ has never been involved in arbitration proceedings, and is

unfamiliar with the arbitration process; (8) AJZ was not aware that it could object

to or seek to modify the arbitration provision, and AJZ was unable to do so because

it did not receive the warranty agreement until four days after paying for and

receiving the truck; and (9) AJZ was not represented by counsel in relation to the

purchase agreement with Premier or the TruNorth warranty agreement.
 Regarding the forum selection clause, AJZ argued that (1) AJZ is not

operated to conduct, and has not conducted business in North Carolina, (2) the truck

has never been in North Carolina, and the truck has never been owned by anyone in

North Carolina, (3) the people with personal knowledge of the truck’s defects,

TruNorth’s warranty, and AJZ claims against TruNorth are located in northeast

Ohio or western Pennsylvania, (4) there is no one in North Carolina who has

personal knowledge about the issues related to the truck, and (5) no one from

TruNorth, who is located in North Carolina, has ever seen, inspected, or repaired the

truck.

In support of its brief in opposition, AJZ submitted an affidavit of

LaBryer, a copy of the trial court’s August 6, 2019 journal entry in CV-19-915772, the

October 12, 2018 purchase agreement for the truck between Premier and AJZ, and

a copy of TruNorth’s “All-Inclusive Component Breakdown Limited Warranty

Agreement.”

In her affidavit, LaBryer confirmed AJZ’s assertions about the

arbitration and forum selection provisions. She averred that AJZ did not receive the

warranty agreement via email until four days after paying for and receiving the

truck, and that neither Premier nor TruNorth advised her that the warranty

agreement contained an arbitration provision or forum selection clause.

On February 28, 2020, TruNorth filed a reply brief in support of its

motion to compel or dismiss. Therein, TruNorth argued that AJZ “should not have

executed an Agreement without fully reading and understanding its terms.”
TruNorth asserted that AJZ is an established business entity, not “an uninformed,

unsophisticated small shop that should be treated more like an individual

consumer[.]”

TruNorth disputed AJZ’s argument that the trial court’s August 6,

2019 judgment in CV-19-915772 granting TruNorth’s motion to compel arbitration

was not a final appealable order. Because AJZ did not file an appeal challenging the

trial court’s August 6, 2019 judgment, TruNorth argued that AJZ was barred by res

judicata from relitigating the issue of the arbitration agreement’s enforceability.

There is no indication in the record that the trial court held a hearing

on TruNorth’s motion to stay and compel, or to dismiss in the second case. On

March 7, 2020, the trial court denied TruNorth’s motion to compel or dismiss. The

trial court’s journal entry provides, in relevant part,

The court finds the arbitration provision to be procedurally and
substantively unconscionable.

The court finds a voluntary meeting of minds did not occur as the
arbitration agreement and forum selection clause were never explained
to [AJZ] and [AJZ] did not understand any information regarding
arbitration proceedings or the surrendering of certain appellate rights.
The language compelling arbitration was inconspicuous and the
warranty was provided by a third-party and not signed by [TruNorth].
Further, [AJZ] was not provided a copy of the agreement until four days
after taking possession of the vehicle at issue.

The court finds enforcement of the forum selection clause would be
unreasonable and unjust as [AJZ] has no contacts with North Carolina
nor does anyone in North Carolina have any contacts or information
regarding the vehicle at issue in this suit.

It is from this judgment that TruNorth filed the instant appeal on

March 24, 2020. TruNorth assigns three errors for review:
 I. The trial court erred in refusing to apply res judicata against AJZ
since the same court had previously held the Arbitration and Forum
Selection Clauses to be “valid and enforceable” against AJZ on
August 6, 2019 in case captioned AJZ’s Hauling, LLC v. Premier Truck
Sales and Rental, Inc. et al, Cuyahoga County Case No. CV-19-915772.

II. The trial court erred when it failed to hold a hearing on the motion
to compel arbitration.

III. The trial court erred in its refusal to follow either the arbitration
provision or the venue provision.

II. Law and Analysis

All three of TruNorth’s assignments of error pertain to the trial court’s

March 7, 2020 judgment denying TruNorth’s motion to stay proceedings and

compel arbitration, or alternatively to dismiss.

A. Res Judicata

In its first assignment of error, TruNorth argues that the trial court

erred by declining to apply the doctrine of res judicata to the trial court’s August 6,

2019 judgment in CV-19-915772 granting TruNorth’s motion to compel arbitration

and determining that the claims asserted against TruNorth were subject to a valid

and enforceable arbitration agreement.

“[T]he doctrine of res judicata requires a final order of the court to

preclude relitigation of issues that have or could have been raised in a prior

proceeding.” Deutsche Bank Natl. Co. v. Caldwell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100594,

2014-Ohio-2982, ¶ 19. “‘[I]f a final appealable order is not timely appealed, all

matters that could have been reviewed had an appeal been taken become res

judicata and are not reviewable in a related or subsequent proceeding or appeal.’”
Parker v. Jamison, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 02CA002857, 2003-Ohio-7295, ¶ 10,

quoting Jeffers v. Jeffers, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 00AP-442, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS

501, 3 (Feb. 13, 2001). The application of res judicata is a question of law that we

review de novo. Hempstead v. Cleveland Bd. of Edn., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

90955, 2008-Ohio-5350, ¶ 6, citing Gilchrist v. Gonsor, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

88609, 2007-Ohio-3903, ¶ 18.

It is undisputed that the trial court’s August 6, 2019 judgment

granting TruNorth’s motion to compel was a final appealable order. Although AJZ

disputed whether the judgment was a final appealable order in opposing TruNorth’s

motion to stay and compel arbitration in the second action, AJZ concedes in its

appellate brief that the trial court’s August 6, 2019 order was a final appealable order

under R.C. 2711.02(C).

An order “that grants or denies a stay of a trial of any action pending

arbitration * * * is a final order that may be reviewed * * * on appeal.” R.C.

2711.02(C); Dumas v. N.E. Auto Credit, L.L.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 108151 and

108388, 2019-Ohio-4789, ¶ 6. “R.C. 2711.02(C) permits a party to appeal a trial

court order that grants or denies a stay of trial pending arbitration, even when the

order makes no determination pursuant to Civ.R. 54(B).” Mynes v. Brooks, 124

Ohio St.3d 13, 2009-Ohio-5946, 918 N.E.2d 511, syllabus; see Duncan v. Wheeler,

4th Dist. Scioto No. 09CA3296, 2010-Ohio-4836, ¶ 4, fn. 1 (pursuant to Mynes, the

trial court’s judgment denying a motion to stay proceedings pending arbitration of

several claims was a final appealable order even though other claims remained
pending and the trial court’s judgment did not make a finding of “no just reason for

delay”).

In this appeal, TruNorth argues that because AJZ failed to file an

appeal challenging the trial court’s August 6, 2019 judgment in TruNorth’s favor, res

judicata barred the trial court from altering its prior determination that the

arbitration agreement was valid and enforceable. AJZ, on the other hand, argues

that it would be unjust and unfair to apply res judicata in this case. After reviewing

the record, and based on the totality of the circumstances present in this case, we

find that it would be unreasonable or unjust to strictly apply the doctrine of res

judicata.

The Ninth District has recognized that when a trial court granted the

defendant’s motion to stay and compel arbitration, and the plaintiff did not appeal

the trial court’s judgment, the trial court necessarily determined that the arbitration

clause was valid and enforceable. Heller v. Pre-Paid Legal Servs., 9th Dist. Summit

No. 26376, 2013-Ohio-680, ¶ 21, citing Dun-Rite Constr., Inc. v. Hoover Land Co.,

9th Dist. Summit No. 25731, 2011-Ohio-4769, ¶ 10. The Ninth District concluded

that the plaintiff was barred by res judicata from challenging the arbitrability of its

claims on appeal from the trial court’s judgment confirming the arbitrator’s award.

Dun-Rite at id. This court has also recognized that when a trial court grants or

denies a motion to stay proceedings pending arbitration, the trial court’s order

“becomes final and must be appealed if the party intends to challenge the court’s

decision.” Fazio v. Gruttadauria, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90562, 2008-Ohio-4586,
¶ 20, citing Schmidt v. Bankers Title & Escrow Agency, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

88847, 2007-Ohio-3924, ¶ 11.

In certain instances, it is unreasonable or unjust to strictly apply the

doctrine of res judicata. See, e.g., State v. Linen, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 74070 and

74071, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 654, 17-18 (Feb. 17, 2000) (Patton, J., dissenting);

State v. Murnahan, 63 Ohio St.3d 60, 65-67, 584 N.E.2d 1204 (1992) (recognizing

that it may be unjust to apply res judicata in certain circumstances, such as when a

defendant is unable to discover an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim,

due to inadequate appellate counsel or the defendant’s inability to identify appellate

counsel’s errors, within the time allotted for filing a motion for reconsideration or

an appeal in the Ohio Supreme Court). “The binding effect of res judicata has been

held not to apply when fairness and justice would not support it.” State ex rel. Estate

of Miles v. Piketon, 121 Ohio St.3d 231, 2009-Ohio-786, 903 N.E.2d 311, ¶ 30, citing

Davis v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 93 Ohio St.3d 488, 491, 756 N.E.2d 657 (2001).

“‘[T]he doctrine of res judicata is to be applied in particular situations
as fairness and justice require, and that it is not to be applied so rigidly
as to defeat the ends of justice or so as to work an injustice.’” [Grava v.
Parkman Twp., 73 Ohio St.3d 379, 386, 653 N.E.2d 226 (1995)
(Douglas, J., dissenting)], quoting 46 American Jurisprudence[, 2d
Judgments, Section 522, at 786-787 (1994)].

(Emphasis deleted.) Davis at 491.

In the instant matter, the record reflects that the trial court summarily

concluded in the first case that the arbitration provision was valid and enforceable.

The trial court did not make any factual findings, set forth the reasoning for its
determination, or reference the evidence submitted by the parties. The trial court

did not address AJZ’s unconscionability argument, or reference the forum selection

clause based upon which TruNorth alternatively moved to dismiss the case.

After reviewing the record, it is evident that the trial court

reconsidered its ruling in the first case that the arbitration agreement was valid and

enforceable. It is evident that in the second case, the trial court conducted a more

thorough and full review of the arbitration issue and the arguments presented in the

parties’ briefs. The trial court addressed (1) the issue of procedural

unconscionability, (2) the issue of substantive unconscionability, (3) the affidavit

submitted by AJZ’s representative, Kristi LaBryer, and (4) the forum selection

clause.

Under the law of the case doctrine, “the decision of a reviewing court

in a case remains the law of that case on legal questions involved for all subsequent

proceedings in the case at both trial and reviewing levels.” (Emphasis added.)

Nolan v. Nolan, 11 Ohio St.3d 1, 3, 462 N.E.2d 410 (1984). Accord Rimmer v.

CitiFinancial Inc., 2020-Ohio-99, 151 N.E.3d 988, ¶ 43 (8th Dist.). In this case, the

trial court could, and had jurisdiction to, reconsider its prior ruling regarding the

validity and enforceability of the arbitration provision. The trial court’s prior

holding that the arbitration provision was valid and enforceable was not entered by

a reviewing court, and as a result the trial court’s prior holding was not the law of

the case. Had this court or the Ohio Supreme Court held that the arbitration
provision at issue was valid and enforceable, then TruNorth’s argument that AJZ

was precluded from relitigating the issue would have merit.

Based on the trial court’s complete and thorough analysis of the

unconscionability issue in the second case, we find that it would be unreasonable

and unjust to rigidly apply the doctrine of res judicata to prohibit the trial court from

reconsidering its prior ruling in the first case. Furthermore, as set forth in further

detail below, based on the trial court’s complete and thorough analysis of the

enforceability and unconscionability issues, we find that a remand for an evidentiary

hearing to further develop the record is not necessary.

TruNorth’s first assignment of error is overruled.

B. Hearing

In its second assignment of error, TruNorth argues that the trial court

erred by failing to hold a hearing on the motion to stay and compel arbitration,

despite TruNorth’s request for a hearing. TruNorth contends that the trial court was

required to hold a hearing pursuant to R.C. 2711.03.

TruNorth filed a combined motion to stay proceedings and compel

arbitration. In Maestle v. Best Buy Co., 100 Ohio St.3d 330, 2003-Ohio-6465, 800

N.E.2d 7, the Ohio Supreme Court explained that a motion to compel arbitration

and a motion to stay proceedings are separate and distinct procedures that serve

different purposes. Id. at ¶ 14. A party may choose to move for a stay of proceedings,

petition for an order compelling arbitration, or seek both. Id. at ¶ 18.
 The Ohio Supreme Court held that a trial court is not required to

conduct a hearing when a party moves for a stay pursuant to R.C. 2711.02. The trial

court may stay proceedings “upon being satisfied that the issue involved in the

action is referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for arbitration[.]”

Id. at ¶ 7.

R.C. 2711.03, on the other hand, “applies where there has been a

petition for an order to compel the parties to proceed to arbitration.” Id. at ¶ 15.

R.C. 2711.03 provides, in relevant part:

(A) The party aggrieved by the alleged failure of another to perform
under a written agreement for arbitration may petition any court of
common pleas having jurisdiction of the party so failing to perform for
an order directing that the arbitration proceed in the manner provided
for in the written agreement. Five days’ notice in writing of that
petition shall be served upon the party in default. Service of the notice
shall be made in the manner provided for the service of a summons.
The court shall hear the parties, and, upon being satisfied that the
making of the agreement for arbitration or the failure to comply with
the agreement is not in issue, the court shall make an order directing
the parties to proceed to arbitration in accordance with the agreement.

(B) If the making of the arbitration agreement or the failure to perform
it is in issue in a petition filed under division (A) of this section, the
court shall proceed summarily to the trial of that issue.

(Emphasis added.)

Accordingly, pursuant to R.C. 2711.03,

where a party has filed a motion to compel arbitration, the court must,
in a hearing, make a determination as to the validity of the arbitration
clause. Maestle[, 100 Ohio St.3d 330, 2003-Ohio-6465, 800 N.E.2d 7,
at ¶ 18]; Benson v. Spitzer Mgt., Inc., [8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83558,
2004-Ohio-4751], ¶ 19; [Eagle v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 157 Ohio
App.3d 150, 163, 2004-Ohio-829, 809 N.E.2d 1161, ¶ 20 (9th Dist.)];
Boggs Custom Homes, Inc. v. Rehor, [9th Dist. Summit No. 22211,
2005-Ohio-1129, ¶ 16]; Herman v. Ganley Chevrolet, Inc.[, 8th Dist.
 Cuyahoga Nos. 81143 and 81272, 2002-Ohio-7251]. Additionally, this
court has held that the parties should be afforded an evidentiary
hearing on the validity of an arbitration clause where unconscionability
is raised as an objection to its enforceability. See, e.g., Bencivenni v.
Dietz, [8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88269, 2007-Ohio-637]; Olah [v.
Ganley Chevrolet, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86132, 2006-Ohio-694,
¶ 29-31] and cases cited therein; Molina v. Ponsky, [8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 86067, 2005-Ohio-6349].

Post v. ProCare Automotive Serv. Solutions, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87646, 2007-

Ohio-2106, ¶ 29.

We acknowledge that the plain language of R.C. 2711.03 requires a

trial court to hold a hearing on a motion to compel arbitration when the arbitration

agreement’s enforceability is raised. See Post at ¶ 29, citing Maestle at ¶ 18. In this

case, in both of TruNorth’s combined motions to stay proceedings and compel

arbitration, TruNorth requested a hearing. There is no indication in the record that

the trial court held a hearing regarding the enforceability of the arbitration provision

in either the first or second civil actions.

Nevertheless, based on the circumstances present in this case, and for

the following three reasons, we are unable to conclude that the trial court’s failure

to hold an oral or evidentiary hearing constitutes reversible error. See Moran v.

Riverfront Diversified, Inc., 197 Ohio App.3d 471, 2011-Ohio-6328, 968 N.E.2d 1,

¶ 12 (2d Dist.). First, both of TruNorth’s motions to stay and compel arbitration

generically state “Hearing Requested.” TruNorth did not specifically request an

evidentiary or oral hearing on its motions to stay and compel arbitration.
 In Chrysler Fin. Servs., Ams., L.L.C. v. Henderson, 4th Dist. Athens

No. 11CA4, 2011-Ohio-6813, appellants argued that the R.C. 2711.03’s language that

“[t]he court shall hear the parties” requires trial courts to hold oral or evidentiary

hearings. Id. at ¶ 15. The Fourth District explained that some Ohio appellate courts,

including the Eighth District, have not interpreted the language of R.C. 2711.03 that

way. Id., citing Mattox v. Dillard’s, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90991, 2008-Ohio-

6488, ¶ 15, Liese v. Kent State Univ., 11th Dist. Portage No. 2003-P-0033, 2004-

Ohio-5322, ¶ 43, and Church v. Fleishour Homes, Inc., 172 Ohio App.3d 205, 2007-

Ohio-1806, 874 N.E.2d 795, ¶ 29-30 (5th Dist.). In Mattox, this court recognized

that a trial court must grant a party’s request for an oral hearing under R.C. 2711.03.

However, the court explained, “an oral hearing is not mandatory absent a request.”

Id. at ¶ 15. Here, we find that an oral or evidentiary hearing was not mandatory

based on TruNorth’s general, unspecified request for a “hearing” on its motion to

stay and compel.

Second, the record reflects that the trial court did, in fact, “hear” the

parties for purposes of R.C. 2711.03. In both civil actions, the parties fully and

thoroughly briefed the enforceability and unconscionability issues pertaining to the

arbitration provision. The parties submitted evidence in support of their respective

briefs. See Panzica Constr. Co. v. Zaremba, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95103,

2011-Ohio-620, ¶ 32-38 (holding that the trial court “heard” the parties for purposes

of R.C. 2711.03 based on the fact that the parties were given an opportunity to fully

brief the arbitration issue, both parties filed memoranda in support of their
respective positions, and the trial court issued a detailed opinion setting forth the

rationale for its decision).

In Eagle, 157 Ohio App.3d 150, 2004-Ohio-829, 809 N.E.2d 1161, the

Ninth District recognized that the trial court failed to properly dispose of a motion

to compel arbitration because the trial court failed to hold a hearing as required by

R.C. 2711.03. Id. at ¶ 22-23. Nevertheless, the court proceeded to determine

whether the arbitration clause was unconscionable, rather than remanding the

matter to the trial court for a hearing, because the trial court afforded appellant the

opportunity to conduct discovery and brief the issue of the validity of the arbitration

clause, and the trial court issued an order on the arbitration clause based on the

briefing. Id.; see Marks v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Commercial Fin. Servs.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88948, 2008-Ohio-1820, ¶ 40 (holding that an evidentiary

hearing on a motion to compel arbitration was not necessary because the trial court

could adequately determine the arbitration issue based on parties’ briefs and the

evidence in the record).

In the instant matter, both parties had an opportunity to brief the

arbitration and unconscionability issues in both civil actions. The parties had an

opportunity to submit, and did submit, evidence to the trial court in support of their

respective positions. Based on the briefing and supporting evidence submitted by

the parties, the trial court had an adequate record before it to determine if the

arbitration agreement was valid and enforceable.
 Here, like Panzica Constr., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95103, 2011-Ohio-

620, the trial court in the second case fully and thoroughly considered the issues of

enforceability and unconscionability and issued a detailed decision based on the

parties’ briefs and supporting evidence. The trial court specifically referenced

LaBryer’s affidavit in concluding that the arbitration provision was substantively

and procedurally unconscionable.

For all of the foregoing reasons and based on the totality of the

circumstances present in this case, we find that the trial court “heard” the parties for

purposes of R.C. 2711.03, and had an adequate record based upon which to

determine whether the arbitration provision was valid and enforceable. Based on

the record before this court, we cannot conclude that the trial court’s failure to

conduct an evidentiary or oral hearing constitutes reversible error or that a remand

for a hearing is necessary.

TruNorth’s second assignment of error is overruled.

C. Enforcement of Dispute Resolution Provision

In its third assignment of error, TruNorth argues that the trial court

erred in refusing to enforce the arbitration provision or the forum selection clause

in the warranty agreement’s dispute resolution provision.

1. Arbitration Provision

In Ohio, there is a strong public policy favoring arbitration of disputes.

Ohio courts have recognized a ‘“presumption favoring arbitration’” that arises

‘“when the claim in dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration provision.’”
Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. v. Benfield, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884

N.E.2d 12, ¶ 27, quoting Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St.3d 464, 471, 700

N.E.2d 859 (1998). “[A]lthough arbitration is encouraged as a method to settle

disputes, an arbitration clause is not enforceable if it is found to be unconscionable.”

Felix v. Ganley Chevrolet, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 86990 and 86991, 2006-

Ohio-4500, ¶ 15.

This court applies an abuse of discretion standard when addressing
whether a trial court has properly granted a motion to stay litigation
pending arbitration. [Seyfried v. O’Brien, 2017-Ohio-286, 81 N.E.3d
961, ¶ 18 (8th Dist.)], citing McCaskey v. Sanford-Brown College, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97261, 2012-Ohio-1543, ¶ 7. This court applies a de
novo standard of review, however, when reviewing the scope of an
arbitration agreement, that is, whether a party has agreed to submit a
certain issue to arbitration. Seyfried at id., citing McCaskey at id. This
court also applies a de novo standard of review over a trial court’s
decision on unconscionability of an arbitration clause. Seyfried at id.,
citing McCaskey at ¶ 8, citing Taylor Bldg. Any doubts concerning the
scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.
Moses H. Cone Mem. Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-
25, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983).

Sebold v. Latina Design Build Group, L.L.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109362, 2021-

Ohio-124, ¶ 10.

As noted above, the trial court concluded that the arbitration

provision was both procedurally and substantively unconscionable.

Unconscionability embodies two separate concepts: (1) unfair and
unreasonable contract terms, i.e., substantive unconscionability; and
(2) an absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties,
i.e., procedural unconscionability. Taylor Bldg., 117 Ohio St.3d 352,
2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, at ¶ 34. A party asserting the
unconscionability of a contract “must prove a quantum of both
substantive and procedural unconscionability.” Hayes v. Oakridge
Home, 122 Ohio St.3d 63, 2009-Ohio-2054, 908 N.E.2d 408, ¶ 30;
 Taylor Bldg. at id. These two concepts create a two-prong conjunctive
test for unconscionability. Gates v. Ohio Sav. Assn., 11th Dist. Geauga
No. 2009-G-2881, 2009-Ohio-6230, ¶ 47; Strack v. Pelton, 70 Ohio
St.3d 172, 637 N.E.2d 914 (1994). Again, we review whether an
arbitration agreement is enforceable in light of a claim of
unconscionability using a de novo standard of review. Hayes at ¶ 21,
citing Taylor Bldg. at ¶ 37.

Sebold at ¶ 24. “‘A determination of unconscionability is a fact-sensitive question

that requires a case-by-case review of the surrounding circumstances.’” Brunke v.

Ohio State Home Servs., Inc., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 08CA009320, 2008-Ohio-5394,

¶ 8, quoting Featherstone v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 159 Ohio

App.3d 27, 2004-Ohio-5953, 822 N.E.2d 841 (9th Dist.); Wallace v. Ganley Auto

Group, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95081, 2011-Ohio-2909, ¶ 44.

a. Procedural Unconscionability

Procedural unconscionability pertains to the circumstances

surrounding the transaction. Dozier v. Credit Acceptance Corp., 2019-Ohio-4354,

135 N.E.3d 804, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.) In determining whether an arbitration agreement

is procedurally unconscionable, courts consider the relative bargaining positions of

the parties including each party’s age, education, intelligence, experience, and which

party that drafted the contract. Taylor Bldg. at ¶ 44. Additionally, the following

factors may contribute to a finding that an arbitration agreement is procedurally

unconscionable:

“belief by the stronger party that there is no reasonable probability that
the weaker party will fully perform the contract; knowledge of the
stronger party that the weaker party will be unable to receive
substantial benefits from the contract; knowledge of the stronger party
that the weaker party is unable reasonably to protect his [or her]
 interests by reason of physical or mental infirmities, ignorance,
illiteracy or inability to understand the language of the agreement, or
similar factors.”

Taylor Bldg. at ¶ 44, quoting Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts, Section 208,

Comment d (1981).

Procedural unconscionability also considers ‘“whether the terms were

explained to the weaker party, [and] whether alterations in the printed terms were

possible[.]’” (Emphasis added.) Wallace at ¶ 21, quoting Collins v. Click Camera &

Video, Inc., 86 Ohio App.3d 826, 834, 621 N.E.2d 1294 (2d Dist.1993). “The crucial

question is whether a party, considering his education or lack of it, had a reasonable

opportunity to understand the terms of the contract, or were the important terms

hidden in a maze of fine print.” (Emphasis added.) DeVito v. Autos Direct Online,

Inc., 2015-Ohio-3336, 37 N.E.3d 194, ¶ 19 (8th Dist.).

In the instant matter, in opposing TruNorth’s motion to compel, AJZ

asserted that (1) AJZ did not receive the TruNorth warranty agreement from

Premier until four days after accepting delivery of the truck on October 25, 2018, (2)

Premier sent the warranty agreement to AJZ via email (rather than providing it to

AJZ to review in person at the time of the purchase or delivery), and (3) neither

Premier nor TruNorth informed AJZ that the warranty agreement contained an

arbitration provision or a forum selection clause. In support of its unconscionability

argument, AJZ submitted LaBryer’s affidavit.

LaBryer averred that “AJZ’s is a small family business whose sole

members and employees are my husband, Rick LaBryer, and me.” She stated that
AJZ purchased the truck on October 12, 2018, and received the truck on October 25,

2018. On October 29, 2018, four days after paying for and accepting delivery of the

truck, AJZ received — for the first time — the TruNorth warranty agreement from

Premier via email. LaBryer averred, in relevant part, that

a. [n]either Premier nor TruNorth ever informed [AJZ] that the
TruNorth Warranty Agreement contained an arbitration provision
calling for arbitration in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, or even
that the TruNorth Warranty Agreement contained any arbitration
provision at all.

b. Neither Premier nor TruNorth ever explained the arbitration
provision to [AJZ] or provided [AJZ] with any information about
arbitration proceedings.

c. [AJZ] has never been involved in arbitration proceedings, does not
know anything about the arbitration process, and does not even know
what the term “arbitration” means.

d. [AJZ] was not informed, and did not understand, that the arbitration
provision made arbitration in North Carolina the only method by which
[AJZ] could enforce TruNorth’s obligations under the TruNorth
Warranty Agreement.

e. [AJZ] was never informed that arbitration proceedings involved
significant fees and expenses which did not exist in court proceedings,
including much higher filing fees, administrative and hearing fees,
deficient filing fees, and arbitration compensation and expenses.

f. [AJZ] was unaware that it had any rights to object to or modify the
arbitration provision in the TruNorth Warranty Agreement. In fact,
[AJZ] had no objection or modification right at all, in that it was not
provided with the TruNorth Warranty Agreement until four days after
it had already paid for and taken delivery of the Truck.

g. [AJZ] did not understand that is was giving up certain appeal and
other right as a result of the arbitration provision in the TruNorth
Warranty Agreement.
Finally, LaBryer asserted that AJZ was not represented by counsel in relation to

either the purchase agreement with Premier or the TruNorth Warranty Agreement.

TruNorth had the opportunity to present evidence contradicting or

refuting LaBryer’s affidavit in support of its motion to stay and compel arbitration,

or in its reply brief. However, TruNorth failed to take advantage of these

opportunities. As a result, LaBryer’s assertions were undisputed.

After reviewing the record, and based on LaBryer’s affidavit, we find

that the arbitration agreement is procedurally unconscionable. LaBryer did not

have an opportunity to understand the terms of the arbitration provision because it

was not presented or explained to her at the time of purchase or delivery. Rather,

the arbitration agreement was on the last page of the warranty agreement that AJZ

received via email four days after receiving the truck. See Schwartz v. Alltel Corp.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86810, 2006-Ohio-3353, ¶ 34-35 (this court concluded that

an arbitration was procedurally unconscionable because it was “adhesive in nature,”

presented on a “take-it-or-leave it basis,” and the arbitration agreement was hidden

in “small, hard-to-read print * * * at the very bottom of the back side of the

agreement.”); Dozier, 2019-Ohio-4354, 135 N.E.3d 804, at ¶ 24 (finding that an

arbitration clause was not procedurally or substantively unconscionable where

notice of the arbitration agreement was conspicuously displayed on the first page of

the contract, and the arbitration clause afforded Dozier the right to reject it).

TruNorth argues that AJZ is a commercial entity rather than an

ordinary or naive consumer. This argument is unsupported by LaBryer’s affidavit.
As noted above, LaBryer averred that AJZ is a family-owned small business that is

run entirely by LaBryer and her husband. Furthermore, LaBryer asserted that AJZ

(her and her husband) are unfamiliar with the arbitration process and have never

been involved in arbitration.

For all of the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in finding

the arbitration agreement to be procedurally unconscionable. Under these

circumstances, the trial court reasonably concluded that AJZ was unaware that the

TruNorth warranty agreement contained an arbitration provision, and as a result,

there was no meeting of the minds with respect to the arbitration provision.

“Procedural unconscionability concerns the formation of the agreement, and occurs

where no voluntary meeting of the minds was possible.” (Emphasis added.)

Porpora v. Gatliff Bldg. Co., 160 Ohio App.3d 843, 2005-Ohio-2410, 828 N.E.2d

1081, ¶ 10 (9th Dist.), citing Bushman v. MFC Drilling, 9th Dist. Medina No. 2403-

M, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 3061, 7-8 (July 19, 1995), and Collins, 86 Ohio App.3d at

834, 621 N.E.2d 1294.

b. Substantive Unconscionability

Substantive unconscionability pertains to the terms of the arbitration

agreement and whether those terms are unfair and unreasonable. Collins at 834.

These factors may include: “the fairness of the terms, the charge for the service

rendered, the standard in the industry, and the ability to accurately predict the

extent of future liability.” Id.
 “There is a point at which the costs of arbitration could render a clause

unconscionable as a matter of law.” Neel v. A. Perrino Constr., Inc., 2018-Ohio-

1826, 113 N.E.3d 70, ¶ 18 (8th Dist.). The party claiming substantive

unconscionability on the ground that arbitration would be prohibitively expensive

bears the burden of showing the likelihood of incurring such costs. Green Tree Fin.

v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 92, 121 S.Ct. 513, 148 L.Ed.2d 373 (2000).

In the instant matter, the arbitration provision provides that the

parties will equally pay the costs of the three arbitrators, and that the in-person

arbitration hearing will take place in North Carolina. After reviewing the record, we

find that the prohibitively expensive costs of arbitration would effectively deny AJZ

its day in court.

The dispute between AJZ and TruNorth in this lawsuit involves

$25,000. There is nothing in the arbitration provision laying out, limiting, or

capping the costs of the three-arbitrator panel. AJZ asserted during oral arguments

that the arbitration filing fee alone would be $2,500. Furthermore, pursuant to the

terms of the arbitration provision, AJZ, a Pennsylvania limited liability company,

would bear the expenses of traveling to North Carolina, along with any witnesses or

legal representation, for the in-person arbitration hearing.

For all of the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in finding

the arbitration agreement to be substantively unconscionable.
 2. Forum Selection Provision

This court reviews the enforceability of a forum selection clause de

novo. Original Pizza Pan v. CWC Sports Group, Inc., 194 Ohio App.3d 50, 2011-

Ohio-1684, 954 N.E.2d 1220, ¶ 10 (8th Dist.), citing Baker v. LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby

& Macrae, 105 F.3d 1102, 1104 (6th Cir.1997), and Shell v. R.W. Sturge, Ltd., 55 F.3d

1227 (6th Cir.1995). AJZ, as the party challenging the forum selection clause, bears

a heavy burden of establishing that it should not be enforced. Original Pizza Pan at

id., citing Discount Bridal Servs. v. Kovacs, 127 Ohio App.3d 373, 376-377, 713

N.E.2d 30 (8th Dist.1998), and The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 9-

12, 92 S.Ct. 1907, 32 L.Ed.2d 513 (1972).

Forum selection clauses are “prima facie valid in the commercial

context, so long as the clause has been freely bargained for,” there is no evidence of

fraud or overreaching, and “unless it can be clearly shown that enforcement of the

clause would be unreasonable and unjust.” (Emphasis added.) Kennecorp Mtge.

Brokers v. Country Club Convalescent Hosp., 66 Ohio St.3d 173, 175-176, 610

N.E.2d 987 (1993). Furthermore, in the commercial context, forum selection

clauses should be upheld “so long as enforcement does not deprive litigants of their

day in court.” (Emphasis added.) Id.

In the instant matter, as set forth in our analysis of the validity of the

arbitration provision, we find that the forum selection provision in this case was not

freely bargained for by AJZ, and enforcement of the forum selection provision would

be unjust and unreasonable, effectively denying AJZ its day in court. LaBryer was
neither advised nor aware that the warranty agreement contained a forum selection

clause. AJZ did not receive the warranty agreement until four days after accepting

delivery of the truck.

AJZ is a Pennsylvania limited liability company. The other company

involved in the transaction, Premier, is an Ohio-based company. It would be

unreasonable, unjust, and prohibitively expensive to require AJZ to travel to North

Carolina, and bear the costs of transporting witnesses and legal representation to

North Carolina, for the in-person arbitration hearing.

For all of the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in

concluding that enforcement of the forum selection provision would be

unreasonable and unjust.

TruNorth’s third assignment of error is overruled.

Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.
 A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

ANITA LASTER MAYS, PRESIDING JUDGE

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR