In re M.B. CA4/1

Filed 7/6/21 In re M.B. CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re M.B., a Person Coming Under
the Juvenile Court Law.
D078382
ADAM W. et al,

Plaintiffs and Respondents, (Super. Ct. No. A63458)

v.

ERIC B.,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Edlene C. McKenzie, Judge. Affirmed.

Marissa Coffey, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Yelman & Associates and Sara R. Neuman for Plaintiffs and
Respondents.
Julie E. Braden, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Minor.
 Adam W. is M.B.’s stepfather and Eric B. is her biological father.
Adam filed a petition for freedom from parental custody and control (the

petition) seeking to terminate Eric’s parental rights under Family Code1
sections 7822 and 7825 based on Eric’s abandonment of M.B. and two felony
convictions for child abuse relating to M.B. After conducting an evidentiary
hearing, the trial court granted the petition. Eric appeals, arguing that he
did not intend to abandon M.B. and that his felony convictions do not prove
his unfitness as a parent. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion and affirm the order granting the petition.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Background
Eric married M.B.’s mother, Rosa C-W., in December 2008. During her
pregnancy with M.B., Eric became physically aggressive toward Rosa for the
first time. The couple argued about Eric’s drinking while Eric was drunk.
Eric punched walls, slammed doors, threw a television at Rosa, and locked
her outside the home at night in the rain. Rosa gave birth to M.B. in
February 2015. After M.B.’s birth, Rosa reported that Eric’s drug and alcohol
abuse became worse and that he drank almost daily. In July 2015, Eric,
while under the influence, kicked Rosa and grabbed her by the wrists after
an argument.
In October 2015, when M.B. was eight months old, the couple
separated. Because Rosa feared Eric, she secretly found a place to live and
moved out while Eric was away on a business trip. Eric threatened his own
brother and his brother’s family after Rosa moved out, prompting the brother

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Family Code.

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to seek a restraining order against Eric. By October 2016, the parents had a
formal visitation schedule giving Rosa primary custody of M.B. and Eric
visitation.
On January 1, 2017,2 Rosa filed a police report to document that Eric
had assaulted her. On January 5, Rosa obtained a temporary restraining
order against Eric. The order did not include M.B. and Eric continued to
have weekly visitation. On January 19, Rosa contacted the police after Eric
took M.B. out of daycare, refused to meet at the agreed-upon exchange
location, and sent Rosa angry texts in violation of the restraining order. On
February 6, the family court issued a permanent restraining order protecting
Rosa from Eric.
On April 7, the family court ordered Eric to pay Rosa $896 in monthly
child support and 50 percent of monthly childcare and insurance costs. The
court also ordered him to make monthly arrearage payments. Eric paid the
monthly child support until September 2018 but did not pay half of the
childcare costs or health insurance.
On September 10, Rosa went to a court designated exchange location to
pick up M.B. Eric arrived in his truck an hour late, intoxicated, and with
M.B. not wearing a seatbelt. After a verbal exchange, Eric threw M.B.
toward Rosa, threw the child’s belongings in the street, and pushed Rosa into
oncoming traffic as she held M.B. Eric left but was later arrested. Eric

suffered three felony convictions arising out of the incident,3 including
corporal injury to a spouse (Pen. Code, § 273.5, subd. (a)), and two counts of

2 Undesignated date references are to 2017.

3 We refer to the September 10 confrontation between Eric and Rosa as
“the incident.”

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child abuse likely to produce great bodily injury (Pen. Code, § 273a, subd.
(a)).4
Rosa and M.B. sustained physical injuries when they hit the ground.
M.B. developed a stutter after the incident and displayed signs of emotional
trauma, including fear of males. On September 13, 2017, Rosa obtained a
restraining order requiring no contact between Eric and M.B. Eric has not
seen or communicated with his daughter since this date.
The criminal court sentenced Eric to the Department of Corrections for
two years. The court also issued two criminal protective orders against Eric
naming Rosa and M.B. as the protected persons. The criminal protective
order issued for M.B. expressly allowed Eric to petition the family court for
orders that would allow him to contact M.B. Later that month, the family
court finalized the couple’s divorce. The couple’s marital settlement
agreement (MSA) incorporated the no-visitation provision from the family
court restraining order. Eric started serving his prison sentence in
September 2018 and spent approximately 13 months in prison, or through
October 2019.
In the meantime, Rosa began dating Adam in April 2016 and they
married in May 2019. M.B. identifies Adam as her father and calls him
“daddy.” Adam is the primary wage earner in the family and pays for most of

4 Eric also suffered four misdemeanor convictions including: disobeying
a court order (Pen. Code, § 273.6, subd (a)); two counts of driving under the
influence of alcohol (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (a)); driving while having a
measurable blood alcohol over 0.08 percent (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (b));
and battery of a current or former significant other (Pen. Code, § 243, subd.
(e)(1)).

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M.B.’s living expenses, preschool tuition, and provides her with health
insurance.
The Petition and Trial
In November 2019, Adam petitioned to terminate Eric’s parental rights
under section 7820 et seq. Although Eric had motions pending in family
court regarding custody and visitation, the family court stayed these motions
pending the outcome of the instant petition. An investigation was conducted
pursuant to section 7851.5 The court investigator concluded that Eric met
the criteria for termination of parental rights based upon abandonment and
his felony convictions, and that termination of Eric’s rights would be in M.B.’s
best interests.
In November 2020, the matter proceeded to trial with remote
appearances given the ongoing state of emergency related to the COVID-19

pandemic. (Emergency rule 3(a).)6 The court heard testimony from Eric,
Adam, Rosa, and M.B.’s paternal grandmother and grandfather. The court

5 Subdivision (a) of section 7851 provides that an investigator “shall
render to the court a written report of the investigation with a
recommendation of the proper disposition to be made in the proceeding in the
best interest of the child.” Subdivision (d) of section 7851 provides that “[t]he
court shall receive the report in evidence and shall read and consider its
contents in rendering the court’s judgment.”

6 Emergency Rules, rule 3, of the Amendments to the California Rules of
Court related to the COVID-19 pandemic provides courts with the latitude to
“require judicial proceedings and court operations be conducted remotely,”
including by “the use of video, audio, and telephonic means for remote
appearance . . . .” (Amendments to the Cal. Rules of Court, Emergency Rules,
rule 3(a)(1) & (a)(3), adopted by the Judicial Council of Cal., eff. Apr. 6, 2020,
[as of July 1, 2021], archived at .)

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also heard testimony from the licensed marriage and family therapist who
prepared the section 7851 investigation report, Rosa’s family attorney, Dr.
Sonia Carbonell, M.B.’s treating psychologist, a licensed private investigator
hired by Adam and Rosa, a probation officer who supervised Eric for the final
five weeks of his postincarceration probation, and Dr. Raymond Murphy, a
licensed psychologist who evaluated Eric in February 2020.
The trial court found, by clear and convincing evidence, that Adam met
his burden of proof under sections 7822 and 7825 and granted the petition to

terminate Eric’s parental rights.7 Eric timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
I. GENERAL LEGAL PRINCIPLES
The Family Code authorizes the termination of parental rights to
facilitate the adoption of a child in certain circumstances. The purpose of
terminating a parent’s rights and freeing a child for adoption “is to serve the
welfare and best interest of a child by providing the stability and security of
an adoptive home when those conditions are otherwise missing from the
child’s life.” (§ 7800.) A minor may be declared free from the custody and
control of his or her parent under section 7822 if, as relevant here, “[o]ne
parent has left the child in the care and custody of the other parent for a
period of one year without any provision for the child’s support, or without
communication from the parent, with the intent on the part of the parent to
abandon the child.” (Id. at subd. (a)(3).)

7 In its oral statement of decision, the court cited Adam and Rosa as
petitioners. The written petition, however, lists Adam as the sole petitioner.

6
 A proceeding to declare a child free from parental custody and control
under section 7825 can be brought if the parent has been convicted of a felony
and the facts of the crime “are of such a nature so as to prove the unfitness of
the parent . . . to have the future custody and control of the child. In making
a determination pursuant to this section, the court may consider the parent’s
criminal record prior to the felony conviction to the extent that the criminal
record demonstrates a pattern of behavior substantially related to the
welfare of the child or the parent’s ability to exercise custody and control
regarding the child.” (Id. at subd. (a)(2).)
“The ‘fundamental’ nature of parental rights requires that there be
clear and convincing evidence of the facts necessary to terminate such rights.
[Citations.] This standard mandates ‘ “that the evidence be ‘ “so clear as to
leave no substantial doubt”; “sufficiently strong to command the unhesitating
assent of every reasonable mind.” ’ ” ’ [Citations.] [¶] The decision to
terminate parental rights lies in the first instance within the discretion of the
juvenile court, and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of that
discretion. [Citation.] . . . With respect to challenged factual findings, we
will affirm ‘if there is any substantial evidence to support the trial court’s
findings,’ i.e., ‘if the evidence is reasonable, credible and of solid value—such
that a reasonable trier of fact could find that termination of parental rights is
appropriate based on clear and convincing evidence.’ ” (In re Baby Girl M.
(2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 1528, 1535-1536 (Baby Girl M.); see also
Conservatorship of O.B. (2020) 9 Cal.5th 989, 1005 (O.B.) [“[W]hen presented
with a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence associated with a finding
requiring clear and convincing evidence, the [reviewing] court must
determine whether the record, viewed as a whole, contains substantial

7
evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could have made the finding of
high probability demanded by this standard of proof.”].)
“We review the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s
order to determine whether there is substantial evidence from which a
reasonable trier of fact could make the necessary findings based on the clear
and convincing evidence standard.” (In re Isayah C. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th
684, 694, italics deleted.) We do not evaluate “the credibility of witnesses,
resolve conflicts in the evidence or determine the weight of the evidence.” (In
re E.M. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 828, 839.) It is the appellant’s burden to
show that the evidence is insufficient to support the trial court’s findings.
(Ibid.)
II. ANALYSIS
The trial court concluded that Eric abandoned M.B. within the meaning
of section 7822 and that Eric’s felony convictions proved his unfitness to have
future custody of M.B. within the meaning of section 7822. Substantial
evidence supports the court’s termination of Eric’s parental rights under
sections 7822 and 7825, under the clear and convincing standard of proof.8
A. Eric Abandoned M.B. within the Meaning of Section 7822
Three main elements must be met to find abandonment: (1) the child
must have been left with another; (2) without provision for support or
without communication from the parent for the statutory period; and (3) with
the intent on the part of the parent to abandon the child. (Adoption of Allison
C. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1004, 1010 (Allison C.).) Abandonment and intent

8 Although only one basis for terminating parental rights is required, we
exercise our discretion to address all the trial court’s findings under sections
7822 and 7825. (In re Mark V. (1986) 177 Cal.App.3d 754, 762 (In re Mark
V.) [decided under predecessor statute].)

8
are questions of fact for the trial judge and the trial judge’s decision, when
supported by substantial evidence, is binding upon the reviewing court. (Id.
at p. 1011.) “[T]he failure to provide support, or failure to communicate is
presumptive evidence of the intent to abandon.” (§ 7822, subd. (b).) A
parent’s incarceration does not, in and of itself, provide a legal defense to
abandonment. (Allison C., at p. 1012.)
“The parent need not intend to abandon the child permanently; rather,
it is sufficient that the parent had the intent to abandon the child during the
statutory period.” (In re Amy A. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 63, 68.) “[A] parent
will not be found to have voluntarily left a child in the care and custody of
another where the child is effectively ‘taken’ from the parent by court order
[citation]; however, the parent’s later voluntary inaction may constitute a
leaving with intent to abandon the child [citation].” (In re Marriage of Jill &
Victor D. (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 491, 505.)
1. Failure to Communicate
Eric contends that the September 13, 2017 family court restraining
order prevented him from contacting M.B. and that he did not intend to
abandon her. Eric testified that he had a request for order calendared for
July 23, 2018 to modify visitation but the hearing did not go forward due to
his criminal case and attorney delay. Eric started serving his prison sentence
in September 2018 and spent approximately 13 months in prison.
Eric testified that during his incarceration his “hands were tied”
regarding his ability to monitor M.B.’s well-being because of the protective
orders preventing him from contacting M.B. He claimed that he did the best
he could to stay in touch with M.B. by sending his mother letters asking
about M.B. He claimed that he tried to change the criminal protective order
and the family law order against him by asking his mother for his attorney’s

9
telephone number or having his mother contact another attorney. He argues
that his incarceration limited his ability to reach a family law attorney and
that he lacked the resources to file a modification motion. When released
from prison on November 17, 2019, he immediately filed a motion in family
court requesting visitation, but the family court stayed the motion because of
the instant litigation.
The trial court rejected Eric’s argument that his incarceration
prevented him from seeking modification of the no contact orders, finding
that Eric “lacked credibility in most all relevant aspects.” The court stated
that Eric did nothing to demonstrate he desired contact with M.B. while
incarcerated even though the criminal court order expressly authorized him
to petition the family court for an order modifying the protective order
against him. The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that Eric
abandoned M.B. by leaving her in Rosa’s care and failing to communicate
with her.
Adam’s petition alleged that Eric failed to have any contact with M.B.
since September 2017, a period of more than two years. While it is true that
the September 13, 2017 family court restraining order prevented Eric from
having any contact with M.B., this order expired on February 15, 2018.
Instead of contesting the restraining order, Eric voluntarily agreed to
incorporate the child custody and visitation provisions from the restraining
order into his September 20, 2017 MSA with Rosa. The MSA, which Eric and
Rosa negotiated with the assistance of counsel, referenced the restraining
order and gave Rosa “sole legal and primary physical custody” with “no
visitations” to Eric. Although Eric could have negotiated a different order,
this provision supports the trial court’s conclusion that Eric desired no
contact with M.B.

10
 Eric testified that he had a request for order calendared for July 23,
2018 to modify visitation, but Rosa’s family law attorney testified that she
was never served with such a motion. Rosa’s family law attorney stated that
although Eric filed a motion to modify child support, he did not file a motion
to modify visitation. Eric provided no record citation showing he filed a
motion to modify visitation before his incarceration and we have not located
this motion in the record.
Eric admitted that during his incarceration he never filed any motions
with the criminal court or family court to change the orders against him to
allow contact with M.B., citing his lack of resources and limited ability to
communicate. The evidence in the record, however, undercuts Eric’s claim
that his incarceration limited his ability to seek modification of the no contact
orders. Eric testified that he had had access to a landline while incarcerated
and could contact the paternal grandmother. The paternal grandmother
confirmed Eric’s testimony, stating that during Eric’s incarceration she
communicated with him several times a week by mail and telephone. She
stated that Eric had the ability to call her and she had the ability to call him.
The paternal grandfather testified that he sent two or three letters
each month to Eric in prison and that Eric communicated with him through
letters. Eric, however, never asked for his assistance to change the no
contact order. This testimony shows that Eric had the ability to seek
modification of the no contact orders, but that he chose not to request a
modification to allow contact with M.B. Accordingly, substantial evidence
supports the family court’s termination of Eric’s parental rights under section
7822 based on his failure to communicate with M.B.
2. Failure to Support

11
 The evidence also supports the trial court’s conclusion that Eric failed
to provide any financial support to M.B. during his 13-month incarceration.
Rosa testified that in September 2018, Eric sent his last child support check
and that Eric sent no child support checks during his incarceration from
September 2018 through October 2019. Eric resumed paying child support in
November or December 2019 and is currently paying $600 in monthly child
support. Rosa believed Eric had the ability to pay child support during his
incarceration because he receives income from rental property and money
from a family trust.
At trial, Eric disputed Rosa’s claim that he failed to pay child support
during his incarceration. Eric admitted that he did not “directly” pay child
support to Rosa but claimed that the paternal grandmother sent child
support payments on his behalf. Eric claimed that he later reimbursed the
paternal grandmother for child support payments that she made on his
behalf by writing two checks, one for $27,032 and another for $5,000. The
paternal grandmother similarly testified that she made Eric’s child support
payments during his incarceration. She also stated that Eric sent her checks
for $27,032 and $5,000 as reimbursement for the child support payments that
she made on his behalf.
The trial court found that Eric lacked credibility and that the paternal
grandmother’s testimony, as it related to her making payments for M.B. on
Eric’s behalf, also lacked credibility. Specifically, the trial court rejected their
testimony that the two checks Eric wrote reimbursed the paternal
grandmother for child support payments she made on his behalf. Instead the
court found that Eric had repaid the paternal grandmother for paying his
mortgage during his incarceration, noting that Eric’s monthly mortgage was
approximately $2,500 and multiplying this dollar amount by 13 (the number

12
of months Eric was incarcerated), equaled approximately $32,000, the value
of the two repayment checks. As further proof that the paternal grandmother
had not paid child support on Eric’s behalf, the court noted the paternal
grandmother’s testimony that: (1) she paid M.B.’s tuition “as a
grandmother”; (2) she wrote a letter detailing the payments she made to help
Rosa and M.B. but never indicated in this letter that the payments were on
Eric’s behalf; and (3) a check she wrote purportedly on Eric’s behalf contained
a notation “specifically stat[ing] it was for a birthday, not for support.”
We reject Eric’s argument that the trial court erred in finding that he
failed to financially support M.B. during his incarceration. As the trier of
fact, the trial judge “is the sole judge of the credibility and weight of the
evidence” and determines whether “a witness is to be believed or not
believed.” (In re Marriage of Greenberg (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1095, 1099.)
“In reviewing the trial court’s decision, we do not replace the court’s exercise
of discretion with our own by accepting evidence the court rejected; we are
required to uphold the judgment if any substantial evidence supports the
court’s decision, without consideration of whether there also exists
substantial evidence to support [Eric’s] position. The credibility of [Eric’s]
testimony and evidence was part of the court’s decision and thus not for us to
judge in the first instance.” (In re Marriage of Oliverez (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th
298, 319.)
By its ruling, the trial court expressly rejected Eric’s and the paternal
grandmother’s testimony regarding child support payments and impliedly
credited Rosa’s testimony that Eric paid no child support during his

13
incarceration.9 We are without power to substitute our deductions for the
trial court’s findings, particularly as the trial court had the benefit of live
testimony and could evaluate the parties’ demeanor. (Escobar v. Flores
(2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 737, 749 [“we have nothing but the cold, unadorned
words on the pages of the reporter’s transcript”].) The record here contains
substantial evidence by which the trial court could conclude, under the clear
and convincing standard, that Eric failed to provide financial support within
the meaning of section 7822, subdivision (b).
B. Eric’s Felony Convictions and Pattern of Behavior Established
His Unfitness to Parent Within the Meaning of Section 7825,
Subdivision (a)

Section 7825 states in part: “(a) A proceeding under this part may be
brought where both of the following requirements are satisfied: [¶] (1) The
child is one whose parent or parents are convicted of a felony. [¶] (2) The
facts of the crime of which the parent or parents were convicted are of such a
nature so as to prove the unfitness of the parent or parents to have the future
custody and control of the child. In making a determination pursuant to this
section, the court may consider the parent’s criminal record prior to the
felony conviction to the extent that the criminal record demonstrates a
pattern of behavior substantially related to the welfare of the child or the
parent’s ability to exercise custody and control regarding the child.” The
felony conviction must involve “egregious underlying facts that have a direct

9 Eric’s ability to repay the paternal grandmother approximately $32,000
after his release from prison undercuts his testimony that he lacked the
financial resources during his incarceration to seek modification of the
restraining orders that prevented him from contacting M.B.

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bearing on parental fitness. . . .” (In re Baby Girl M. (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th
1528, 1539 (Baby Girl M.).)
“[T]here must be a nexus between the decision to terminate parental
rights under section 7825 and the underlying facts of a parent’s felony
conviction. This requirement of a nexus is not satisfied simply by the
existence of a felony conviction or even the existence of multiple felony
convictions absent evidence that the underlying facts of those convictions
‘prove the unfitness of the parent . . . to have the future custody and control
of [his] child.’ [Citation.] In so holding, we do not preclude consideration of
other factors, such as an extensive criminal record, history of substance
abuse, domestic violence, etc., which, in appropriate circumstances, can
inform the court’s evaluation of the facts underlying a felony conviction or
convictions. Under section 7825, however, such factors can only inform that
evaluation; they cannot themselves form the basis for termination.” (Baby
Girl M., supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 1542.)
“The court considers the circumstances of the felony to determine
whether it is likely that future harm may result to the child if the parental
rights are not terminated.” (In re Arthur C. (1985) 176 Cal.App.3d 442, 445.)
“Unfitness” under section 7825 means the “probability that the parent will
fail in a substantial degree to discharge parental duties toward the child.”
(In re Christina P. (1985) 175 Cal.App.3d 115, 133.)
Eric suffered three felony convictions arising out of the incident, which
directly involved M.B., including two counts of child abuse likely to produce
great bodily injury. The facts of this incident included Eric driving M.B.
while intoxicated and without a seatbelt to a court designated exchange
location. When Rosa accused Eric of driving while intoxicated, he “became
angry and vulgar,” pulled M.B. out of the car and threw her toward Rosa who

15
caught her. After throwing M.B.’s belongings in the street, Eric pushed Rosa
into oncoming traffic as she held M.B., causing a car to slam on its brakes.
Both suffered physical injuries after hitting the ground. As discussed
in Part II.C., post, M.B. also suffered significant and long-lasting emotional
injuries. Eric then drove away without checking on their welfare. Rosa made
a video and audio recording of the incident, which lasted approximately nine
minutes, where M.B. can be heard wailing in the background. Significantly,
this incident occurred while Eric was subject to a permanent restraining
order protecting Rosa from him.
Eric’s callous and brazen actions toward his own child demonstrated an
utter lack of empathy regarding how his actions would impact M.B. A fit
parent would not put his own child in a situation that could have caused
irreparable harm or even death.
At the request of Eric’s attorney, Dr. Murphy conducted a psychological
evaluation of Eric in February 2020 to assess Eric’s propensity for violence
and parenting ability. Eric tested “elevated to the point of concern” on his
substance abuse assessment. Dr. Murphy believed this area required further
evaluation and treatment intervention. Dr. Murphy opined that having an
alcohol problem does not necessarily preclude someone from being a good
parent, but qualified his answer by stating, “Only if—only if they won’t get
help.” Although Eric tested average for aggression and anger, he had
elevated scores related to his ability to control (1) verbal or physical
expressions of anger and (2) “angry thoughts and perseveration thinking
about angry impulses.”
Regarding Eric’s future parenting ability, Dr. Murphy opined that Eric
had the “potential to perform adaptively in a stable fashion” but this opinion
depended on Eric’s ability to “maintain sobriety and be involved in

16
treatment.” Dr. Murphy testified that Eric tended to blame others for his
behavior. After Dr. Murphy testified regarding his belief that Eric “has done
what he feels is the minimum to get by with his level of responsibility or
whatever is required of him,” Eric, who was attending the trial virtually,
turned off his computer camera and texted his attorney that he had left the
proceeding.
Dr. Murphy’s testimony, combined with other evidence in the record,
constitute “other facts from which a rational inference may be drawn that
[Eric] will be unable to properly care for [M.B.] in the future.” (In re Terry E.
(1986) 180 Cal.App.3d 932, 953.) Before the incident, Rosa suffered domestic
violence at Eric’s hands that ultimately resulted in Rosa obtaining a
permanent restraining order against him. Others have also suffered from
Eric’s intemperate behavior resulting in restraining orders, including Eric’s
own brother and an ex-girlfriend.
Additionally, Eric lied under oath. Eric initially stated that he had no
prior criminal history before the incident, but then admitted to a prior
driving under the influence conviction. Eric testified that he last used alcohol
in 2018. He later testified that after being released from probation in
October 2019, that he had one glass of wine on his birthday. A private
investigator contradicted these claims with photographic evidence of Eric’s
continued alcohol use in 2020. On September 5, 2020, Eric rode his bike to a
sushi restaurant where he drank three carafes of sake, with each carafe
consisting of three alcoholic drinks. After biking home, the private
investigator overheard Eric arguing with a woman inside the home about his
drinking. He left the home and eventually went to another location where
the investigator lost sight of him. Eric returned home and the investigator

17
heard more arguing, clinking of dishes, and slamming cupboards that lasted
for about 15 minutes.
The following day, Eric left his home in the early afternoon, went to a
store and drank two 16-ounce cans of alcoholic kombucha on the side of the
road. Later that day, Eric went to a saloon and drank three alcoholic
beverages. On November 21, 2020, a little over a week before trial, the
investigator observed Eric driving a car around the neighborhood, and to
several destinations including a cannabis store, where he left carrying with a

small package.10 That afternoon, the investigator followed him to a
restaurant where Eric ordered pizza and had two glasses of wine. On this
issue the trial court remarked, “It is deeply concerning that Eric is out
drinking in the weeks leading up to his trial in which the court will decide
whether his parental rights to his daughter should be terminated.”
Notably, Eric validated some of Dr. Murphy’s clinical conclusions
during trial by demonstrating an inability to control his behavior during the
court proceedings. At times, Eric demonstrated anger, annoyance, acted out,
interrupted the proceedings, argued with the court, and left the proceedings.
At one point, the trial judge took a five-minute recess to allow Eric “to speak
with your counsel about the requirements of the [c]ourt and what the court
expects when parties are before it. This is a civilized venue. The court
expects for you to behave in a way that is respectful to the [b]ench and
respectful to counsel.”

10 Eric testified that he did not have a driver’s license and claimed that he
was not currently driving.

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 In its oral statement of decision the court noted, “If Eric was unable to
control his emotions in front of the judge who would determine whether his
parental rights should be terminated, it does not stretch logic that his
behavior in private when upset might be even more aggressive and
inappropriate.” The trial court also concluded that the evidence “strongly
indicated that [Eric] has not changed; he has not accepted responsibility for
any of his actions; he continues to engage in the same behaviors which led to
his actions which resulted in his felony convictions” and that Eric’s behavior
made him unsuitable to parent M.B.
Eric relies on cases involving murder to argue that his felony
convictions do not rise to the level of “egregious” conduct that would support
a finding of unfitness under the statute. (In re Sarah H. (1980) 106
Cal.App.3d 326, 328-330 [father fatally beat mother in child’s presence]; In re
Mark V., supra, 177 Cal.App.3d at p. 756 [father fatally stabbed mother while
children slept]; In re Geoffrey G. (1979) 98 Cal.App.3d 412, 420 [fatal
strangulation of mother].) Eric, however, cited no authority that the crime
must be murder to support a finding of unfitness under section 7825. Rather,
the statute applies where a parent is convicted of “a felony” “of such a nature
so as to prove the unfitness of the parent . . . to have the future custody and
control of the child.” (§ 7825, subd. (a)(1) & (2).) Nothing in the statute sets
forth the type of crime required.
Here, Eric’s felony convictions, especially when viewed with other
evidence in the record, constitute substantial evidence under the clear and
convincing standard that support the trial court’s finding that Eric was unfit
to have future custody and control of M.B. within the meaning of section
7825.
C. Substantial Evidence Supports the Trial Court’s Finding that
Terminating Eric’s Parental Rights is in M.B.’s Best Interests

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 Sections 7822 and 7825 do not reference the best interests of the child.
Rather, this concept appears in section 7800, describing that the purpose of
the freedom of parental custody and control statutes, including sections 7822
and 7825, is “to serve the welfare and best interest of a child by providing the
stability and security of an adoptive home when those conditions are
otherwise missing from the child’s life.” The statutory scheme is “liberally
construed to serve and protect the interests and welfare of the child.”
(§ 7801.) Section 7890, contained in that part of the statutory scheme
regarding the hearing, provides: “In a proceeding under this part, the court
shall consider the wishes of the child, bearing in mind the age of the child,
and shall act in the best interest of the child.”
The best interests of a child are “paramount in interpreting and
implementing the statutory scheme” governing when and how to free a child
from parental custody and control. (Neumann v. Melgar (2004) 121
Cal.App.4th 152, 162.) Thus, the best interests of the child is always an
overarching concern where, as here, a petitioner has presented clear and
convincing evidence satisfying one of the statutes. (See, In re Baby Boy S.
(1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 925, 933 [“Absent intent on the part of the parents to
abandon the child, as the court found here, the best interests and welfare
criteria are simply not applicable.”].)
Eric believed it would be in M.B.’s best interest to have contact with
him. Although he admits that M.B. suffered trauma from the incident, he
claims that being “torn” from him has also caused M.B. to suffer trauma. In
granting the petition, the trial court placed “great weight” in the testimony
and opinion of Dr. Carbonell, M.B.’s treating psychologist, who opined that it
was not in M.B.’s best interests to reunify with Eric at this time.

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 Dr. Carbonell began treating M.B. approximately three months after
the incident when M.B. was three and one-half years old. At that time, M.B.
needed constant reassurance, did not sleep well, cried excessively, suffered
severe temper tantrums, exhibited anxiety and fear of males, and had begun
stuttering. During play therapy, M.B. stated, “ ‘My bad daddy hurt my mom.
My bad daddy threw me. My bad daddy was taken by the police.’ ” M.B. also
remembered fighting and “male dominant figures . . . making the female
figure cry.”
With the help of speech therapy, M.B. no longer stutters. Dr. Carbonell
stated that M.B. has made “a lot of progress” but that M.B. “continues to be
fragile” and that M.B. will need therapy “for a long period of time.” Dr.
Carbonell opined that M.B.’s psychological development would be “seriously
impacted” if Eric were introduced at this point in her life, stating that M.B.
“has not accessed one single good memory of” Eric. Although Dr. Carbonell
described herself as “a champion in reunification” she stated that this was
one of the few cases where she looked but could not find “the therapeutic way
to reach reunification.” In contrast, M.B. referred to Adam as her
“ ‘good dad’ ” and expressed her love for him. After viewing interaction
between M.B. and Adam, Dr. Carbonell described their relationship as
“strong,” “affectionate,” and “securely attached.”
Although the trial court made no express finding regarding M.B.’s best
interests, we are satisfied the court impliedly made a finding, based on clear
and convincing evidence, that terminating Eric’s parental rights was in
M.B.’s best interests.

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 DISPOSITION
The order terminating Eric’s parental rights is affirmed.

HALLER, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

IRION, J.

DO, J.

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