Edward, Duke

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS

NO. PD-0325-20

DUKE EDWARD, Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
GALVESTON COUNTY

SLAUGHTER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which KELLER, P.J.,
HERVEY, RICHARDSON, YEARY, NEWELL, KEEL, and MCCLURE, JJ., joined. WALKER,
J., dissented.

OPINION

Appellant Duke Edward was convicted of felony assault for beating his girlfriend.

See TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.01(a)(1), (b)(2)(A). The offense was elevated to a third-degree

felony based in part on the existence of a “dating relationship” between Appellant and the
 Edward - 2

victim. Id.; see also TEX. FAM. CODE § 71.0021(b) (providing applicable statutory

definition for “dating relationship”). 1 On appeal, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals reversed

Appellant’s conviction, finding the evidence insufficient to meet the statutory requirements

under Family Code Section 71.0021(b) for establishing a dating relationship. We granted

the State’s petition for discretionary review to answer the following question: Did the court

of appeals err in holding that evidence of a dating relationship was insufficient where the

State presented evidence that the victim referred to Appellant as her “boyfriend” when

speaking to law enforcement immediately after the assault, as well as other circumstantial

evidence suggesting the existence of an intimate relationship? Yes, it erred. Therefore, we

reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.

I. Background

Maggie Bolden called 911 to report a disturbance at her apartment. La Marque

police officer Richard Hernandez responded and knocked on Bolden’s door. Crying and

“in a bit of a state of hysteria,” she opened the door. Officer Hernandez observed blood on

Bolden’s shirt and face. When he asked her what was going on, Bolden stated that

1
The relevant statutory language reads as follows:

(b) For purposes of this title, “dating relationship” means a relationship between
individuals who have or have had a continuing relationship of a romantic or intimate nature.
The existence of such a relationship shall be determined based on consideration of:
(1) the length of the relationship;
(2) the nature of the relationship; and
(3) the frequency and type of interaction between the persons involved in the
relationship.
(c) A casual acquaintanceship or ordinary fraternization in a business or social context does
not constitute a “dating relationship” under Subsection (b).

TEX. FAM. CODE § 71.0021.
 Edward - 3

Appellant had hit her and was inside the apartment in the bedroom. Hernandez then told

Bolden to walk down the hallway and sit down. From the doorway of the apartment, Officer

Hernandez called for Appellant to come out and speak with him. After receiving no

response, Hernandez entered the apartment and found Appellant in the bedroom sitting on

a bed. Hernandez arrested Appellant and put him in the back of his patrol car. EMS

eventually arrived on the scene to treat Bolden. Officer Hernandez later took photographs

of Bolden’s injuries, asked her some questions, and gave her a family-violence form, which

she completed and signed. 2 Appellant was subsequently charged with the third-degree

felony offense of assault causing bodily injury to a person with whom he was in a dating

relationship, second offense. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.01(a)(1), (b)(2)(A) (providing in

relevant part that assault causing bodily injury is elevated to a third-degree felony if: (1)

the offense is committed against a person with whom the defendant has a “dating

relationship,” as that term is defined by Family Code Section 71.0021(b), and (2) the

defendant has a prior conviction for certain types of dating-violence or family-violence

offenses).

A. Evidence at trial

By the time of Appellant’s jury trial, the State was unable to locate Bolden. Thus,

she did not testify. Instead, the State relied on the testimony of Officer Hernandez and

2
Officer Hernandez testified that Bolden completed and signed the family-violence form, but the
form was not admitted into evidence at trial. Although defense counsel objected to any discussion
of the conversation that led to Officer Hernandez giving Bolden the form on the basis of hearsay,
trial counsel did not object to Hernandez’s testimony that Bolden completed and signed the form.
 Edward - 4

another first responder dispatched to the scene following the 911 call, 3 as well as a portion

of Officer Hernandez’s body-camera footage and the EMS report.

1. Officer Hernandez’s testimony and body-camera footage

In his testimony on direct examination, Officer Hernandez stated that when he

arrived on the scene and initially made contact with Bolden, she referred to Appellant as

her “boyfriend” and identified Appellant as the person who hit her. Officer Hernandez’s

body-camera video played for the jury, however, was not entirely consistent with this

account. The video showed his arrival at Bolden’s apartment; his initial conversation with

Bolden at the door during which she identified Appellant by name and said Appellant beat

her up; his entry into the apartment and arrest of Appellant; his placing of Appellant in the

squad car; and his return to the apartment where Bolden was then being treated by EMS,

at which point he states he is going to take photographs of her injuries and “ask her a couple

of questions.” The excerpt of the body-camera footage then ends. Thus, the portion of the

video played at trial did not capture Bolden referring to Appellant as her boyfriend.

On cross-examination, defense counsel focused on this apparent inconsistency

between Officer Hernandez’s testimony and the events depicted on the body-cam video.

The following exchange occurred:

Q: And taking you back to when you first made contact, we saw a portion
of your body cam video; and as Ms. Bolden came out of her residence,
she immediately began speaking with you?
A: Correct.
Q: And she referred to this person, she identified this person hitting her,
correct?

3
The 911 call was also admitted into evidence but contains no evidence relevant to the existence
of a dating relationship between Appellant and Bolden.
 Edward - 5

A: Correct.
Q: But as we saw in your video cam—and at that particular stage when
she first made contact with you—she didn’t identify Mr. Duke
Edward as her boyfriend, correct?
A: At some point during our contact—
Q: Answer my specific question: At that time—
A: No.
Q: —she didn’t say that at that particular time when you first made
contact with her?
A: Upon initial contact, no.
Q: That’s my question. She didn’t say that, correct?
A: Correct.
...
Q: And, again, I’m asking a very, very specific question. So please
answer the specific question. On the video that we just watched—on
that particular video, at no point in time did Ms. Bolden ever state to
you that Mr. Duke Edward was her boyfriend; is that correct?
A: I believe that’s incorrect.
Q: On that specific video that we just saw—I’m not talking about—I’m
talking about specifically what we just watched. Did Ms. Bolden ever
say on that particular video we just watched that Mr. Duke Edward
was her boyfriend?
A: I believe that’s correct.
Q: Okay. So you’re telling us from the portion we just saw, we heard her
state, “That’s my boyfriend, Duke Edward”?
A: I believe that’s incorrect.
Q: You believe that’s incorrect she said that?
A: I believe it’s incorrect. She didn’t identify him as her boyfriend.

Despite this apparent impeachment, Officer Hernandez clarified on re-direct that the body-

camera footage did not capture his entire interaction with Bolden and that some of the

footage had been “taken out.” 4

4
Although it is not entirely clear from the record, it appears that the rest of the video was redacted
per agreement by the State and defense. Also, as was discussed outside the presence of the jury,
 Edward - 6

2. EMT Black’s testimony

Following Officer Hernandez’s testimony, the State called Amanda Black, a La

Marque EMT who treated Bolden after the incident. On direct examination, Black

described Bolden’s injuries and indicated that Bolden “stated her boyfriend beat her up.”

In support of Black’s testimony, the State moved to admit into evidence the EMS incident

report. The unredacted report contained a reference to Appellant as Bolden’s “boyfriend.”

Defense counsel then took EMT Black on voir dire outside the presence of the jury

to address the admissibility of the information in the report. On voir dire, Black admitted

that her partner wrote the report and that Officer Hernandez had provided EMS personnel

with the information about the dating relationship between Appellant and Bolden. Black

qualified her statement, however, by indicating that Bolden could have also provided this

information to her partner while EMS was transporting Bolden to the hospital. Ultimately,

Black could not recall whether Bolden ever directly conveyed to EMS personnel that she

was in a dating relationship with Appellant. She acknowledged that her testimony about

the existence of such a relationship was based solely on the report and not on her personal

recollection. The trial court ultimately admitted the report but ordered that any references

to a dating relationship between Appellant and Bolden be redacted on the basis of hearsay.

After the trial court’s ruling, during the defense’s cross-examination of Black in

front of the jury, the following exchange occurred regarding Black’s knowledge of

Appellant’s and Bolden’s relationship:

some portions of the audio were omitted from the video excerpt played for the jury, including
references to Appellant’s possible intoxication and that Appellant was Bolden’s “boyfriend or
husband.”
 Edward - 7

Q: And you, yourself, have no firsthand knowledge of the relationship—
at least you didn’t have it at the time of [Appellant] or Ms. Bolden at
the time?
A: Firsthand, her telling me?
Q: Yes, ma’am.
A: No, she didn’t tell me.
Q: So any information regarding the relationship between Ms. Bolden
and [Appellant] you received from someone else, correct?
A: Correct.
Q: And you have no way to verify if the information that you received
regarding the relationship is true or correct; is that correct?
A: I’m sorry? Say it again.
Q: You have no way of verifying the information you received at the
scene as true and correct?
A: No. As far as the relationship, no.

3. Directed verdict denied; Appellant convicted and sentenced

After Black’s testimony, the State and defense rested. Defense counsel moved for a

directed verdict, arguing that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to rationally

conclude that a dating relationship existed between Appellant and Bolden. The trial court

denied the motion. The jury returned a guilty verdict, and after Appellant pleaded true to

two enhancement paragraphs, the jury sentenced him to 60 years in prison.

B. Court of Appeals’ opinion

On direct appeal, Appellant again urged that the evidence could not rationally

support a finding that he and Bolden were in a “dating relationship” under the definition in

Family Code Section 71.0021(b). In a plurality opinion, 5 the Fourteenth Court of Appeals

agreed and held the evidence was insufficient on this basis. Edward v. State, 599 S.W.3d

5
Of the three-judge panel, Justice Zimmerer announced the Court’s judgment; Justice Bourliot
concurred without opinion; and Justice Christopher dissented.
 Edward - 8

69, 76 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020). In reaching its conclusion, the court of

appeals rejected the State’s argument that the jury could have relied on Officer Hernandez’s

and EMT Black’s testimony stating that Bolden referred to Appellant as her boyfriend. Id.

The court reasoned that the jury was “not permitted to disregard Officer Hernandez’s later

testimony [that he gave] after viewing the body-camera video . . . [in which he admitted]

that the complainant did not identify appellant as her boyfriend[.]” Id. Nor was the jury

permitted to disregard Black’s “admission during cross-examination that the complainant

did not tell her that appellant was her boyfriend.” Id. The court also noted that Bolden never

referred to Appellant as her boyfriend during the portion of the body-camera video that had

been played for the jury. Id. With respect to the State’s alternative argument that other

circumstantial evidence could support a finding of a dating relationship—i.e., that

Appellant was found in Bolden’s bedroom 6 and that the two were alone in her apartment—

the court of appeals also rejected that argument, reasoning that “based on this evidence, a

factfinder could do no more than speculate on the existence of a dating relationship[.]” Id.

While the court found the evidence insufficient to support the existence of a dating

relationship, it held that the evidence was nevertheless sufficient to support all other

elements of assault, such that reformation of the judgment, rather than acquittal, was the

proper remedy. Id. at 77. Therefore, the court reversed Appellant’s conviction for third-

degree felony assault and remanded the case with instructions for the trial court to reform

6
Although both parties’ briefs refer to Appellant being found in the complainant’s bedroom,
Officer Hernandez’s testimony in the record only refers to where Appellant was found as “a back
bedroom.” It is unclear from the record whether Bolden’s apartment had more than one bedroom.
 Edward - 9

the judgment to reflect a conviction for the lesser-included offense of misdemeanor assault

and to hold a new punishment hearing. Id.

Justice Christopher dissented, opining that the record contained “ample evidence of

a dating relationship” between Appellant and Bolden. Id. at 78. In support, she cited the

evidence that had been discounted by the plurality, namely, the testimony from EMT Black

and Officer Hernandez stating that Bolden referred to Appellant as her boyfriend, as well

as the circumstantial evidence showing that Appellant was found in Bolden’s bedroom. Id.

She also noted that Officer Hernandez had provided Bolden with the family-violence form,

which “supports a logical inference that [the victim] informed the officer that she and

appellant were involved in a dating relationship.” Id. Regarding the plurality’s disregard of

Officer Hernandez’s testimony based on the contents of the body-cam video, Justice

Christopher noted that the plurality’s analysis “fails to recognize that the body cam video

did not capture the entire interaction” between Officer Hernandez and Bolden. Id. Because

the video ended while Hernandez was still in Bolden’s apartment documenting her injuries,

Justice Christopher reasoned that “the jury could have reasonably concluded that the

complainant identified appellant as her boyfriend after the body cam had stopped

recording.” Id. at 79. Similarly, with respect to the plurality’s disregard of EMT Black’s

testimony, Justice Christopher noted that such reasoning “flies in the face of our standard

of review, which provides that when there is a conflict in the evidence, we must presume

that the jury resolved the conflict in favor of the verdict.” Id. (citing Jones v. State, 984

S.W.2d 254, 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). Thus, Justice Christopher would have affirmed

Appellant’s conviction for felony assault.
 Edward - 10

II. Analysis

Agreeing in large part with Justice Christopher’s dissenting opinion, we reject the

court of appeals’ conclusion that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury’s finding

of a dating relationship between Appellant and Bolden. Viewing the evidence in a light

most favorable to the verdict, and applying the plain language of Texas Family Code

Section 71.0021(b), we find that the jury could have rationally inferred that Appellant and

Bolden had “a continuing relationship of a romantic or intimate nature” based on Officer

Hernandez’s testimony that Bolden identified Appellant as her “boyfriend” and the

remaining circumstantial evidence. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 71.0021(b). By disregarding the

evidence supporting the jury’s verdict, the court of appeals deviated from the appropriate

standard of review that permits the jury to draw reasonable inferences from the evidence

and evaluate the witnesses’ credibility. Affording a proper level of deference to the jury’s

verdict here, we conclude that its finding of a dating relationship between Appellant and

Bolden was not irrational or based upon impermissible speculation.

A. Sufficiency-of-the-evidence standard of review

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we consider

the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840,

845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). The verdict will be upheld if any rational trier of fact could

have found all the essential elements of the offense proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Johnson v. State, 364 S.W.3d 292, 293–94

(Tex. Crim. App. 2012). “This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the

trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw
 Edward - 11

reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. The

jury is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence. Id. When considering a

claim of evidentiary insufficiency, we must keep in mind that a juror may choose to believe

or disbelieve all, some, or none of the evidence presented. See Jones, 984 S.W.2d at 257

(“The trier of fact is always free to selectively believe all or part of the testimony proffered

and introduced by either side.”). Further, while jurors may not base their decision on mere

speculation or unsupported inferences, they may draw reasonable inferences from the

evidence. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The evidence is

sufficient to support a conviction, and thus the jury’s verdict is not irrational, if “the

inferences necessary to establish guilt are reasonable based upon the cumulative force of

all the evidence when considered in the light most favorable to the verdict.” Wise v. State,

364 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). When faced with conflicts in the evidence,

a reviewing court shall presume that the fact finder resolved those conflicts in favor of the

verdict and defer to that determination. Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 360 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2013).

B. Applicable statutory law

We measure the sufficiency of the evidence against the hypothetically-correct jury

charge, defined by the statutory elements as modified by the charging instrument. Malik v.

State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); see also Ramjattansingh v. State, 548

S.W.3d 540, 546 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). Here, Appellant was charged with felony assault

causing bodily injury, which was elevated from a Class A misdemeanor to a third-degree

felony based on the existence of a “dating relationship” with the victim and a prior
 Edward - 12

conviction for dating-violence assault. TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.01(a)(1), (b)(2)(A). Section

22.01(b)(2) provides that a person commits a third-degree felony if he: (1) commits bodily

injury assault against “a person whose relationship to or association with the defendant is

described by Section 71.0021(b), 71.003, or 71.005, Family Code”—i.e., a person with

whom the defendant has a “dating relationship,” a family member, or a member of the

defendant’s household; and (2) the prosecution proves that the defendant has a previous

conviction for one of several enumerated types of offenses, including assaultive offenses,

against a person with whom the defendant has a dating relationship, a family member, or a

member of the defendant’s household. Id. § 22.01(b)(2)(A). Appellant does not contest the

sufficiency of the evidence showing that he assaulted Bolden or that he has a prior

conviction for assault of a person with whom he was in a dating relationship; rather, his

sole complaint is that the evidence was insufficient to show he was in a “dating

relationship” with Bolden. Thus, we consider only that statutory element going forward.

In defining the offense, Penal Code Section 22.01(b)(2) expressly incorporates the

definition of “dating relationship” found in Family Code Section 71.0021(b). Id. §

22.01(b)(2). Because the statute expressly incorporates this definition and it constitutes an

element of the offense, it is part of the hypothetically-correct jury charge against which the

sufficiency of the evidence must be measured. Ramjattansingh, 548 S.W.3d at 546-47

(explaining that statutory allegations are always part of the hypothetically-correct jury

charge); see also Geick v. State, 349 S.W.3d 542, 547-48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (stating

that when pled, a statutory definition becomes an element of the offense which must be

proven beyond a reasonable doubt). Section 71.0021(b) states:
 Edward - 13

(b) For purposes of this title, “dating relationship” means a relationship
between individuals who have or have had a continuing relationship of a
romantic or intimate nature. The existence of such a relationship shall be
determined based on consideration of:
(1) the length of the relationship;
(2) the nature of the relationship; and
(3) the frequency and type of interaction between the persons
involved in the relationship.

TEX. FAM. CODE § 71.0021(b). Subsection (c) additionally provides that “[a] casual

acquaintanceship or ordinary fraternization in a business or social context does not

constitute a ‘dating relationship’ under Subsection (b).” Id. § 71.0021(c). 7

Having set forth the relevant statutory requirements, we now turn to an analysis of

the evidence in this case to determine whether it meets the statutory definition for

establishing a “dating relationship.”

C. Evidence was sufficient to support finding “dating relationship”
between Appellant and victim.

We, like Justice Christopher, conclude that the jury could have rationally found

beyond a reasonable doubt that the requirements of Family Code Section 71.0021(b) were

satisfied here. At the outset, contrary to the court of appeals’ suggestion, it was not

irrational for the jury to credit Officer Hernandez’s testimony regarding Bolden’s

description of Appellant as her “boyfriend.” While Officer Hernandez clarified on cross-

examination that Bolden did not make that statement during the admitted portion of his

body-camera video, he never wavered from his assertion that she did at some point tell him

7
Although Penal Code Section 22.01(b)(2) does not expressly refer to the provisions in Subsection
(c) of Family Code Section 71.0021, we nevertheless include that language here because it directly
refines the meaning of the applicable definition in Subsection (b). TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.01(b)(2);
TEX. FAMILY CODE § 71.0021(b), (c). Therefore, we conclude that the provisions in Subsection (c)
are also part of the hypothetically-correct jury charge here.
 Edward - 14

Appellant was her boyfriend. Further, the admitted portion of Officer Hernandez’s body

camera did not capture his entire interaction with Bolden. In fact, the admitted portion of

the video ends when Officer Hernandez re-entered the apartment for the purpose of

interviewing Bolden. Thus, we find, as Justice Christopher did, that based on these facts,

the jury was permitted to draw the reasonable inference that Bolden at some point told

Officer Hernandez that Appellant was her boyfriend and that such statement was simply

not included in the portion of the video that was played for the jury. To the extent that the

court of appeals believed this evidence to be conflicting or lacking in credibility, it was the

jury’s “responsibility . . . fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony” and to evaluate Officer

Hernandez’s credibility with respect to what Bolden told him. Jackson, 443 U.S at 319.

Accordingly, by disregarding Officer Hernandez’s testimony, the lower court deviated

from the appropriate standard of review and thus erred.

After resolving that issue, we are still presented with the question of whether the

totality of the evidence in the record showed that Appellant and Bolden had “a continuing

relationship of a romantic or intimate nature” as is required to establish a dating

relationship under the Family Code. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 71.0021(b). We observe that

the statute instructs that “the existence of such a relationship shall be determined based on

consideration of: (1) the length of the relationship; (2) the nature of the relationship; and

(3) the frequency and type of interaction between the persons involved in the relationship.”

Id. § 71.0021(b)(1)–(3) (emphasis added). While Appellant contends that the record must

contain affirmative evidence as to each factor under Section 71.0021(b), we disagree

because the statute merely requires that the fact-finder consider the listed factors. In other
 Edward - 15

words, these factors are not standalone elements of the offense which the prosecution must

prove beyond a reasonable doubt. Instead, they are guideposts for the jury to weigh in

evaluating whether the broader definition in Subsection (b)—a “continuing relationship of

a romantic or intimate nature”—is met. Further, Subsection (c) limits the scope of the

definition in Subsection (b) by providing that a “casual acquaintanceship or ordinary

fraternization in a business or social context does not constitute a dating relationship.” Id.

§ 71.0021(c). 8

Applying these statutory requirements here and viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict, the dating relationship element was satisfied. First, we take

note of the fact that Officer Hernandez testified that Bolden called Appellant her

“boyfriend” at some point during their interaction. Common usage of the word by itself

implies a continuing relationship of a romantic or intimate nature. 9 Second, there was also

8
See Childress v. State, 285 S.W.3d 544, 552 (Tex. App.—Waco 2009) (“[The statute] takes a
common-sense approach to describing a dating relationship and distinguishes a dating relationship
from casual acquaintances and ordinary fraternizations”).
9
Indeed, the intermediate courts of appeals have routinely held that evidence of a “boyfriend-
girlfriend” relationship is sufficient to satisfy the Family Code’s definition of a “dating
relationship.” See, e.g., Granger v. State, 584 S.W.3d 571, 575–76 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2019,
no pet.) (finding sufficient evidence that the defendant was at the victim’s home “all the time,”
that the defendant identified the victim as his girlfriend, and that the victim testified that the two
had an “on and off” dating relationship); Oyervidez v. State, No. 01–17–00007–CR, 2017 WL
6374657, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 14, 2017, pet. ref’d) (concluding that
sufficient evidence supported the verdict because the victim told the 911 operator that her
“boyfriend” assaulted her, they had been together for four years, and had been living together for
one year); Herrera v. State, 526 S.W.3d 800, 810–11 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet.
ref’d) (affirming conviction based on statements by the appellant that he had asked the victim to
be his girlfriend, that he loved her, and that the two had been “dating” for three weeks); Gaeta v.
State, No. 05-14-01202-CR, 2016 WL 3870665, at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 12, 2016, no pet.)
(not designated for publication) (holding that the evidence was sufficient in light of testimony that
the appellant and the victim “had a boyfriend/girlfriend relationship” and “had been dating . . . for
approximately a year”).
 Edward - 16

circumstantial evidence supporting the “dating relationship” element: (1) Appellant and

Bolden had been alone together inside Bolden’s apartment and clearly knew each other

prior to the incident in question; (2) Appellant was found sitting on Bolden’s bed; and (3)

Bolden completed and signed the family-violence form that Officer Hernandez gave her.10

We agree with Justice Christopher that the circumstance of Appellant being found in

Bolden’s bedroom was one factor that, viewed holistically with the other evidence, would

permit the jury to rationally infer that there was an intimate relationship between Appellant

and Bolden. See Edward, 599 S.W.3d at 78 (Christopher, J., dissenting) (“Because the

bedroom is one of the most personal places in the entire home, the jury could have

reasonably inferred that the complainant had permitted appellant in her bedroom because

their relationship had been ongoing and more than just a casual acquaintance.”).

Additionally, the fact that Officer Hernandez gave Bolden the family-violence form

supported a logical inference that she told him that she and Appellant were in a dating

relationship. Id. Although this evidence was circumstantial, it is just as probative as direct

evidence in establishing Appellant’s guilt. Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13 (“Circumstantial

evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and

10
Even absent evidence of a “boyfriend-girlfriend” relationship, Texas intermediate courts have
rejected sufficiency challenges where the evidence suggests a sexual relationship. See Batiste v.
State, No. 14-17-00837-CR, 2019 WL 1030194, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 5,
2019, no pet.) (finding evidence of a dating relationship was sufficient where the defendant and
victim had a sexual relationship, despite the appellant’s assertion that the relationship was “one-
sided” and “casual”); Gonzalez-Angulo v. State, No. 01–14–00886–CR, 2016 WL 1470559, at *11
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 14, 2016) (rejecting sufficiency challenge where the
appellant and her partner considered their relationship “just sex” and “at least 95% work and only
5% casual sex” because “[e]ven though the affair might not have been very ‘romantic,’ especially
since [the partner] remained in a relationship with another woman, the jury nonetheless had legally
sufficient evidence to rationally conclude that the relationship was . . . intimate”).
 Edward - 17

circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.”). Thus, the court of

appeals further erred by disregarding the circumstantial evidence in support of the jury’s

verdict.

In sum, considering the cumulative force of all the evidence through the appropriate

lens of deference to the jury’s verdict, we hold that the evidence was sufficient for the jury

to have rationally determined that Appellant and Bolden “have or have had a continuing

relationship of a romantic or intimate nature,” rather than just a “casual acquaintanceship

or ordinary fraternization.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 71.0021(b), (c).

III. Conclusion

Under Family Code Section 71.0021(b), the evidence is sufficient to establish a

dating relationship where it supports a finding that there is or has been “a continuing

relationship of a romantic or intimate nature.” Here, the evidence showed that: (1) Bolden

referred to Appellant as her boyfriend; (2) the two were alone together inside Bolden’s

apartment; (3) Appellant was found sitting on Bolden’s bed; and (4) Bolden completed and

signed a family-violence form that had been provided to her by the responding officer.

Considered together in a light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, this evidence is

sufficient for a rational jury to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant and

Bolden were a dating relationship, and the court of appeals erred in holding otherwise. We

therefore reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and affirm the trial court’s judgment

of conviction.

DELIVERED: December 8, 2021
PUBLISH