RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 21a0282p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
┐
NITA GORDON, Personal Representative of the Estate
│
of Antonio Gordon,
│
Plaintiff-Appellee, > No. 20-2013
│
│
v. │
│
KEITH BIERENGA, │
Defendant-Appellant. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
No. 5:18-cv-13834—Judith E. Levy, District Judge.
Argued: October 21, 2021
Decided and Filed: December 14, 2021
Before: McKEAGUE, NALBANDIAN, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Kali M. L. Henderson, SEWARD HENDERSON PLLC, Royal Oak, Michigan, for
Appellant. Kenneth D. Finegood, KENNETH D. FINEGOOD, P.L.C., Southfield, Michigan, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Kali M. L. Henderson, T. Joseph Seward, SEWARD HENDERSON
PLLC, Royal Oak, Michigan, for Appellant. Kenneth D. Finegood, KENNETH D. FINEGOOD,
P.L.C., Southfield, Michigan, for Appellee.
No. 20-2013 Gordon v. Bierenga Page 2
_________________
OPINION
_________________
McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. This case arises out of the fatal police shooting of
Antonino1 Gordon in a drive-thru line as Gordon attempted to flee from Defendant Police
Officer Keith Bierenga. Gordon’s estate brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against
Bierenga alleging excessive use of force. Bierenga moved for summary judgment, asserting the
defense of qualified immunity. The district court denied qualified immunity at summary
judgment, holding that Bierenga violated Gordon’s Fourth Amendment rights when viewing the
facts in the light most favorable to the estate, and that the violation was “clearly established” by
our decision in Latits v. Phillips, 878 F.3d 541 (6th Cir. 2017). While Latits is similar in some
ways, we do not think Latits is similar enough to the facts of this case to pass muster under the
controlling standards for defining “clearly established” law. Because the estate is unable to point
to a case that would place every reasonable officer in Bierenga’s position on notice that his use
of force in this specific situation was unlawful, we must reverse the district court’s denial of
qualified immunity.
I.
A. Facts
The pertinent events here were recorded by the dash cam of Defendant Police Officer
Keith Bierenga’s police vehicle and the surveillance system at the White Castle where the fatal
shooting occurred. When video evidence exists on an appeal in a qualified immunity case, we
view the facts “in the light depicted by the videos.” Latits, 878 F.3d at 547(citing Scott v.
Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007)). If the facts shown on video “can be interpreted in multiple
ways or if [the] videos do not show all relevant facts,” we view those facts in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party. Id. (citing Godawa v. Byrd, 798 F.3d 457, 463 (6th Cir.
2015)).
1Although listed on the case caption as “Antonio,” records show that the decedent’s name is spelled
“Antonino.”
No. 20-2013 Gordon v. Bierenga Page 3
1. Initial Traffic Stop and Vehicular Flight
Around 6:00 p.m. on April 10, 2018, Bierenga turned left onto 13 Mile Road out of a
residential neighborhood in Royal Oak, Michigan. He then witnessed a BMW driven by
decedent Antonino Gordon merge quickly from the center turn lane into a westbound lane,
forcing an oncoming car in this lane to quickly slow to avoid a collision. Bierenga then
attempted to initiate a traffic stop. He pursued Gordon for a couple of blocks with police lights
activated. Dash cam video shows many cars traveling down 13 Mile Road as Bierenga and
Gordon drove by houses and apartment buildings on either side of the road. After failing to pull
over for several blocks, Gordon came upon a red light at a busy intersection surrounded by
businesses and restaurants. He stopped his car behind several cars waiting at the light, with
Bierenga directly behind him. Bierenga then exited his cruiser, approached Gordon’s car, and
began speaking to him through the driver’s window. Bierenga testified that, through Gordon’s
partially open window, he perceived that Gordon’s skin was pale, his eyes were glassy, and that
he was exhibiting signs of being under the influence of something.
Bierenga spoke to Gordon for approximately ten seconds at the driver’s side of Gordon’s
vehicle while the traffic light remained red. When the light turned green and the traffic ahead of
him moved forward, Gordon accelerated away from Bierenga. Bierenga then ran back to his car
and told dispatch that the driver fled. Dash cam video shows Gordon turning from the
westbound lane into the center turn lane and braking. From the turn lane, Gordon then made a
sharp left turn in front of oncoming traffic into a White Castle parking lot, causing the oncoming
vehicles to brake. On the dash cam, Gordon can be seen turning left into the parking lot,
opposite the designated flow of the drive-thru, and accelerating out of frame as if to drive the
wrong way around the parking lot. Bierenga, at this point back in his police car, followed
Gordon into the White Castle parking lot. Bierenga circled the parking lot once but could not
find Gordon. He then drove through the streets immediately surrounding the White Castle.
Bierenga’s dash cam showed heavy traffic on either side of the White Castle parking lot. He did
not immediately locate Gordon.
No. 20-2013 Gordon v. Bierenga Page 4
2. Shooting at White Castle
After losing track of Gordon, Bierenga provided dispatch with a physical description of
Gordon and a description of the make and color of Gordon’s car. Approximately fifteen minutes
later, Bierenga spotted a BMW in line at the White Castle drive-thru that looked like Gordon’s.
At this time, Gordon was at the drive-thru window paying for his order. Another car was parked
in line about three feet behind him.
The following events are visible on the White Castle drive-thru surveillance camera
located inside the kitchen pointing toward the window. At approximately 6:24 p.m., Gordon can
be seen pulling into the White Castle drive-thru window. During this time, Gordon engaged in a
transaction with the cashier and appeared to be acting normally. The video is not clear enough to
see whether Gordon is exhibiting signs of intoxication.
A few seconds after Gordon handed money to the cashier, Bierenga pulled into the White
Castle and parked at a diagonal angle directly in front of Gordon’s BMW, leaving a few feet
between the two cars. The angle at which Bierenga pulled in effectively blocked Gordon’s car in
between Bierenga’s car and the car behind Gordon in the drive-thru line. Bierenga exited his
vehicle and walked toward the passenger side of Gordon’s vehicle, with Gordon watching him.
Bierenga then walked back around to the front of Gordon’s car with his weapon drawn, in the
few feet of space between his vehicle and Gordon’s car.
As Bierenga walked back directly in front of Gordon’s car, Gordon looked back over his
right shoulder and reversed his car quickly. Gordon’s car jolted as it bumped the car behind him
in the drive thru. Bierenga positioned himself between the front of Gordon’s car and the driver-
side rear door of his police vehicle. Gordon then began to accelerate forward with his wheels
turned toward the rear of Bierenga’s vehicle. As Gordon started driving forward toward
Bierenga, Bierenga moved to his right and out of the direct path of Gordon’s vehicle. Bierenga
can be heard repeatedly yelling, “stop!” as Gordon moved forward. The front of Gordon’s car
then crashed into the back left wheel of Bierenga’s car while Bierenga stood to the driver’s side
of Gordon’s car—stuck between Gordon’s car, his police car, and the White Castle wall.
No. 20-2013 Gordon v. Bierenga Page 5
Gordon then began to back up again as if to complete a three-point turn to maneuver
around Bierenga’s vehicle. He positioned the front of his car toward the opening behind
Bierenga’s vehicle. Bierenga then walked directly up to Gordon’s rolled-down driver window,
his left foot level with the driver door, pointing his gun directly at Gordon. Gordon backed up
several feet more and turned his wheels to the right, away from Bierenga. As Gordon backed up,
Bierenga stayed to the side of the vehicle and walked closer to Gordon’s driver’s side window
with his gun pointed. Gordon then pulled forward, heading away from the White Castle and
toward the opening behind Bierenga’s vehicle to flee around it. As Gordon accelerated forward,
Bierenga yelled “stop” and fired four shots at Gordon through the driver’s side of the car.
Bierenga’s dash cam captured Gordon’s car driving around the White Castle and toward
the street after he was shot. Once Gordon drove around Bierenga’s car, Bierenga got back in his
vehicle and followed Gordon out of the White Castle and onto the street, headed back toward the
direction of the original traffic stop. As Bierenga followed, Gordon picked up speed and then
began to slow down after a block. Gordon then presumably began to lose consciousness, drifted
across the center lane, and crashed into a car travelling the opposite direction. Gordon was
subsequently transported to the hospital, where he died. Gordon suffered two gunshot wounds,
one to his left arm and chest and another to his right arm. Gordon’s toxicology report indicated
that he had a blood alcohol content of .27 at the time of death. Bierenga testified that he shot
Gordon “to stop [him] from hitting and killing me or hurting me,” and that he believed he was
“in direct line of harm at the time that [Bierenga] discharged [his] gun.” R. 58-3, PageID 848.
B. Procedural Background
Plaintiff Nita Gordon, Personal Representative of the Estate of Antonino Gordon, brought
a claim for excessive use of force against Bierenga under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The estate also
brought a claim of municipal liability against the City of Royal Oak, which the district court
dismissed in May of 2019. Bierenga moved for summary judgment asserting the defense of
qualified immunity. The district court denied Bierenga’s motion. The district court held that
Bierenga’s use of deadly force violated Gordon’s right to be free from excessive force during his
vehicular flight, and that this right was clearly established through our decision in Latits.
Bierenga now appeals.
No. 20-2013 Gordon v. Bierenga Page 6
II.
A.
We have jurisdiction to review a district court’s denial of qualified immunity. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291; Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985). But our review is limited to “only purely
legal questions.” McGrew v. Duncan, 937 F.3d 664, 669 (6th Cir. 2019). Because this appeal
turns on the legal question of whether the law was clearly established, we have jurisdiction over
the appeal.
B.
We review a district court’s denial of summary judgment based on qualified immunity de
novo, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant. Foster v. Patrick,
806 F.3d 883, 886 (6th Cir. 2015). Under the familiar test for qualified immunity, a public
official is immune from suit unless the plaintiff establishes: (1) a constitutional violation; and (2)
that the right at issue was “clearly established” when the event occurred. Martin v. City of
Broadview Heights, 712 F.3d 951, 957 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S.
223, 232 (2009)). Both prongs must be met “for the case to go to a factfinder to decide if [the]
officer’s conduct in the particular circumstances violated a plaintiff’s clearly established
constitutional rights. If either one is not satisfied, qualified immunity will shield the officer from
civil damages.” Id. (citing Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236).
Here, we begin and end with the second prong. Even when a defendant violates a
plaintiff’s constitutional rights, the defendant is entitled to qualified immunity unless the right at
issue was “clearly established[.]” Id. (citing Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232). “A right is clearly
established when it is ‘sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would have understood
that what he is doing violates that right.’” Rivas-Villegas v. Cortesluna, 142 S. Ct. 4, 7 (2021)
(per curiam) (quoting Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 11 (2015) (per curiam)). A case “directly on
point” is not required, but “existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional
question beyond debate.” Id. (quoting White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548, 551 (2017)). The inquiry
depends on the specific facts of the case and their similarity to caselaw in existence at the time of
the alleged violation. Id. Such specificity is “especially important” in the Fourth Amendment
No. 20-2013 Gordon v. Bierenga Page 7
excessive force context, because “it is sometimes difficult for an officer to determine how the
relevant legal doctrine . . . will apply to the factual situation the officer confronts.” Id. (quoting
Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 12).
Supreme Court precedent sets out general standards governing the bounds of excessive
force. Under Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 11 (1985), deadly force may not be used unless
an “officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm,
either to the officer or to others[.]” Under Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989),
whether an officer has used excessive force depends on “the facts and circumstances of each
particular case, including [1] the severity of the crime at issue, [2] whether the suspect poses an
immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and [3] whether he is actively resisting
arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.”
However, outside of the “obvious case,” general principles established in Garner and
Graham cannot clearly establish the law. Rivas-Villegas, 142 S. Ct. at 8 (quoting Brosseau v.
Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 199 (2004)). “[P]olice officers are entitled to qualified immunity unless
existing precedent ‘squarely governs’ the specific facts at issue.” Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct.
1148, 1153 (2018) (quoting Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 13).
In this case, although it is a close call, no existing precedent “‘squarely governs’ the
specific facts at issue.” Id. (citation omitted). The “critical question” in cases involving use of
deadly force during vehicular flight is “whether the officer has ‘reason to believe that the
[fleeing] car presents an imminent danger’ to ‘officers and members of the public in the area.’”
Cass v. City of Dayton, 770 F.3d 368, 375 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Smith v. Cupp, 430 F.3d 766,
775 (6th Cir. 2005)). Deadly force is justified against “a driver who objectively appears ready to
drive into an officer or bystander with his car.” Id. (quoting Hermiz v. City of Southfield, 484 F.
App’x 13, 16 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Brosseau, 543 U.S. at 197–200)). Deadly force is generally
not justified “once the car moves away, leaving the officer and bystanders in a position of
safety[,]” but an officer may “continue to fire at a fleeing vehicle even when no one is in the
vehicle’s direct path when ‘the officer’s prior interactions with the driver suggest that the driver
will continue to endanger others with his car.’” Id. (quoting Hermiz, 484 F. App’x at 16); Scott
v. Clay County, 205 F.3d 867, 877 (6th Cir. 2000); Smith v. Freland, 954 F.2d 343, 347 (6th Cir.
No. 20-2013 Gordon v. Bierenga Page 8
1992). Thus, in evaluating the reasonableness of deadly force in the context of a fleeing driver,
we must look both to whether anyone was in the car’s immediate path at the time of the shooting
and to the officer’s prior interactions with the driver that show potential for “imminent danger to
other officers or members of the public in the area” if the driver is permitted to continue fleeing.
Latits, 878 F.3d at 549.
We have held, in several cases, “that deadly force was objectively unreasonable when the
officer was to the side of the moving car or the car had already passed by him—taking the officer
out of harm’s way—when the officer shot the driver.” Id. (citing Godawa, 798 F.3d at 466–67;
Hermiz, 484 F. App’x at 16; Sigley v. City of Parma Heights, 437 F.3d 527, 531, 537 (6th Cir.
2006); Cupp, 430 F.3d at 774–75). However, none of those cases contained facts similar enough
to this case such that “every reasonable official” in Bierenga’s position would have been on
notice that his conduct violated Gordon’s Fourth Amendment rights. Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 11
(emphasis added) (citation omitted).
The estate relies primarily on our decision in Latits. In that case, an officer pulled over a
driver after midnight for turning the wrong way onto a road. 878 F.3d at 544. When the officer
approached the car and asked the suspect for his license and registration, he saw the driver
attempt to hide bags of suspected narcotics. Id. After the officer asked the driver to step out of
the car, the driver fled. Id. He then led officers on a chase travelling at about 60 miles per hour
on a ten-lane divided highway with no other vehicles around. Id. at 544–45, 549. Eventually,
the defendant officer rammed the driver’s vehicle off the road and into the grass. Id. at 545–46.
When the driver’s car stopped in the grass, he began to drive slowly toward an opening between
two officers’ cars and collided head on with another officer’s car at low speed. Id. at 546. The
driver then reversed away from the car past the defendant officer, who was now on foot. Id. As
the car passed, the officer shot the driver three times, killing him. Id.
For at least two reasons, we held that the driver “did not present an imminent or ongoing
danger and therefore that the shooting was not objectively reasonable.” Id. at 552. First, because
the officer had fired at the driver’s car “after [the] car had passed the point where it could harm
him,” so the officer “had time to realize he was no longer in immediate danger.” Id. at 548. And
second, because permitting the driver “to continue to flee instead of shooting him would not have
No. 20-2013 Gordon v. Bierenga Page 9
put the public in imminent danger either.” Id. at 550. The second reason materially
distinguishes this case from Latits.
Here, like in Latits, the video from the White Castle drive-thru permits an interpretation
that Bierenga fired four shots at Gordon after Gordon’s car “had passed the point where it could
harm him,” such that Bierenga “had time to realize he was no longer in immediate danger.” Id.
at 548. But the driver’s conduct prior to the moments of the shooting in Latits are not close
enough to the facts here such that every reasonable officer in Bierenga’s position would be on
notice that shooting Gordon, rather than permitting Gordon to continue to flee and potentially
endanger the public, would violate Gordon’s Fourth Amendment rights. See id. at 552.
Crucial to our analysis in Latits was that the “chase occurred under circumstances in
which risk to the public was relatively low.” Id. at 550. The driver fled, in the dead of night, on
“a large, effectively empty highway surrounded by non-populated areas (a cemetery and vacant
state fairgrounds), passing no pedestrians, cyclists, or motorists besides the police trailing him.”
Id. Furthermore, the driver in Latits “had shown no intention or willingness to drive recklessly
through residential neighborhoods.” Id.
The circumstances of Gordon’s flight are different. Gordon fled from Bierenga during
rush hour in the middle of a major road in a populated Detroit suburb, adjacent to residential
neighborhoods and businesses. Bierenga observed Gordon make a reckless left turn in the face
of oncoming traffic near a busy intersection to escape from Bierenga, causing oncoming cars to
brake to avoid colliding with Gordon as he turned into the White Castle parking lot. Several cars
were parked in the parking lot. Multiple patrons and employees were inside. What’s more, after
Bierenga later blocked in Gordon at the drive-thru window, Gordon reversed into the occupied
vehicle behind him before accelerating forward and hitting Bierenga’s police vehicle. Although
Gordon’s contact with those vehicles occurred at a relatively low speed, his conduct showed a
willingness to strike both police and civilian vehicles to effectuate his escape from police. Given
the time and place at which it occurred, Gordon’s reckless driving posed a materially higher risk
of harm to the surrounding public than the reckless driving in Latits. See id. at 552. Thus, Latits
did not “clearly establish” that using lethal force in the specific scenario Bierenga confronted
was unconstitutional.
No. 20-2013 Gordon v. Bierenga Page 10
Our earlier cases do not suffice to clearly establish the law either. In Cupp, an officer
arrested a seemingly intoxicated man for making harassing phone calls and placed him in the
back of a cruiser in a parking lot at night. 430 F.3d at 769. The officer then went to speak to a
tow truck driver about towing the man’s vehicle. Id. The man then moved to the front seat of
the officer’s cruiser and began to drive the cruiser away. Id. The officer moved out of the way
of the vehicle and fired four shots as the vehicle was passing him, killing the man. Id. at 770.
In Sigley, officers arranged a controlled buy from a suspected high-level ecstasy dealer in
the parking lot of a restaurant. 437 F.3d at 529–30. After the man exchanged drugs with a
confidential informant in the parking lot, two unmarked police cars blocked his vehicle in from
the front and the back. Id. at 530. The officers then exited their vehicles and approached. Id.
One officer positioned himself at the passenger side, and the other positioned himself in between
the front of the man’s vehicle and the officer’s vehicle. Id. The man attempted to flee. Id. He
backed up far enough to free himself from the block, hitting an officer’s hand in the process. Id.
The man then positioned his vehicle so that he could drive forward and around the officer and
the vehicle blocking him in, and did so. Id. at 531. The officer shot the suspect in the back
through the open driver’s side window as the car drove forward. Id.
We denied qualified immunity in both cases. Id. at 537; Cupp, 430 F.3d at 777. We later
recognized that Cupp and Sigley “would inform a reasonable officer that shooting a driver while
positioned to the side of his fleeing car violates the Fourth Amendment, absent some indication
suggesting that the driver poses more than a fleeting threat.” Hermiz, 484 F. App’x at 17
(emphasis added). In this case, unlike in Cupp or Sigley, a reasonable officer in Bierenga’s
position had at least some suggestion that Gordon “pose[d] more than a fleeting threat” to the
surrounding public. Id. While Cupp in Sigley are similar to this case in that they “involved
officers confronting a car in a parking lot and shooting the non-violent driver as he attempted to
initiate flight[,]” Latits, 878 F.3d at 553 (emphasis omitted), neither case involved reckless flight
from a traffic stop in a crowded area prior to the shooting, or the striking of both civilian and
police vehicles in an attempt to flee.
To be sure, Gordon’s reckless driving did not demonstrate an “obvious willingness to
endanger the public by leading the police on chases at very high speeds and through active
No. 20-2013 Gordon v. Bierenga Page 11
traffic.” Latits, 878 F.3d at 551; cf. Plumhoff v. Rickard, 572 U.S. 765, 769–70 (2014) (driver
swerved through traffic at over 100 miles per hour, passing more than two dozen vehicles);
Freland, 954 F.2d at 344 (driver fled at over 90 miles per hour and crashed into a police car).
But that is what makes this such a close case. On one hand, Gordon’s reckless flight did not rise
to level of that in cases like Plumhoff and Freland. On the other hand, Gordon’s reckless flight
posed a materially higher risk to the public than the driver in Latits. Thus, stuck on this “hazy
border[] between excessive and acceptable force,” we cannot say that “existing precedent . . .
placed the . . . constitutional question beyond debate.” Rivas-Villegas, 142 S. Ct. at 7–9
(citations omitted).
In sum, the estate cannot point to a case that meets the requisite level of “specificity” to
clearly establish that it was unlawful for Bierenga to shoot Gordon in this factual scenario. Id. at
8 (quoting Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 12). Thus, Bierenga is entitled to qualified immunity.
III.
We REVERSE the district court’s denial of qualified immunity at summary judgment and
REMAND to the district court with instructions to enter judgment in favor of Defendant Keith
Bierenga.