People v. Parkinson CA2/2

Filed 4/26/22 P. v. Parkinson CA2/2
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE, B310482

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA435437)
v.

HAROLD PARKINSON,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of
Los Angeles County. Kathleen Kennedy, Judge. Affirmed.

Sara H. Ruddy, under appointment by the Court of Appeal,
for Defendant and Appellant.

Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Assistant
Attorney General, Blythe J. Leszkay and David E. Madeo,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
______________________________
 In 1980, Stephanie Sommers (Sommers) was raped and
murdered in her home. With the forensic capability at the time,
law enforcement was unable to identify the killer, and the case
was unsolved for many years.
In 2004, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) was
able to produce a partial DNA profile of Sommers’s killer from a
swab taken from her body. In 2014, that profile was compared to,
and matched, a reference sample of defendant and appellant
Harold Parkinson’s DNA.
On January 21, 2016, defendant was charged by indictment
with murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)),1 with the special
circumstance allegations that he was engaged in the commission
of rape (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)) and that he had previously been
convicted of second degree murder (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(2)). It was
further alleged that defendant personally used two deadly and
dangerous weapons, to wit a knife and a weight, in the
commission of the murder (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)).
Following a jury trial, defendant was found guilty of first
degree murder, and the rape-murder special circumstance and
weapon allegations were found true. Defendant admitted the
prior conviction special circumstance.
Defendant was sentenced to life in state prison without the
possibility of parole, plus two years for the weapon enhancement.
Defendant timely appealed. On appeal, he argues that
(1) the trial court erroneously excluded third party culpability
evidence; (2) the trial court erroneously admitted evidence of the
victim’s statements about her sexual orientation under
exceptions to the hearsay rule; (3) the prosecutor erred in closing

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code
unless otherwise indicated.

2
argument; and (4) the cumulative effect of these errors compels
reversal.
We are not convinced by defendant’s arguments.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
1. Sommers’s life in the years before she was murdered
Sommers was married for one or two years in the early
1970’s. After the marriage ended, Sommers lived with her sister
for a few months. Sommers was a very clean and neat person.
At some point, she moved to an apartment in Van Nuys.
Sommers was a heavy smoker.
Sommers worked at a Hamilton smog check facility in
Canyon Country. Her coworker, Charles Bryant (Charles),2 lived
with his wife, Debra Bryant-Shiner (Debra),3 in an apartment in
Van Nuys. Sommers socialized with them occasionally when she
lived in Van Nuys. According to Debra, they were acquaintances
with Sommers but not close friends. Debra did not remember
seeing Sommers bring anyone to her apartment.
Sommers once had a three-way sexual liaison with Charles
and Debra. It was brief and unsuccessful. According to Debra,
Charles did not have sexual intercourse with either woman.
According to Charles, he had sexual intercourse with Sommers,
but not Debra. Charles thought Sommers was more interested in
his wife than in him. He believed that Sommers was more

2 Charles was called as a witness by the defense. The
defense presented no other evidence.
3 For clarity, we refer to Charles Bryant and Debra Bryant-
Shiner by their first names. No disrespect is intended.

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comfortable with Debra because they talked on the phone a lot
and went shopping together.
A neighbor who lived near Sommers in the Van Nuys
apartment complex attended social gatherings at the Bryants’
apartment. At one of these gatherings, Sommers told him that
she was gay.
Sommers worked with Martha Hurtado (Hurtado) and
Patricia Roukens (Roukens), and they became friends. Hurtado
and Roukens had been in a relationship and lived in an
apartment on Marathon Street in Silver Lake. Hurtado and
Sommers discussed sexual orientation, and Sommers told her
that she liked women and was a lesbian. Sommers said that she
felt free to talk to Hurtado because she was also a lesbian.
Sommers and Roukens had several conversations, and
Roukens believed they each were aware that the other person
was a lesbian. They had one sexual encounter together.
Sommers told Roukens that she was a lesbian and was not
attracted to men.4 They talked about the attractiveness of
women, and when Sommers talked about men, she would
“shudder.”
Sommers wanted to leave her Van Nuys apartment.
Roukens also wanted to move, and she sublet her Marathon
Street apartment to Sommers while she was on vacation.
Sommers moved to the apartment in May 1980.
The Marathon Street apartment was on the first floor.
There was no air conditioning, and when it was hot, Roukens

4 During the course of his investigation, LAPD Detective
Robert L. Camacho interviewed Roukens. She told him that
Sommers had told her that she had feelings for Debra.

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would open the windows and the front door, keeping only the
screen door locked. There were no bars on the windows, and the
screens were easy to remove. Roukens felt safe in the area.
Sometimes Sommers left her door slightly open, and Hurtado told
her to be careful and keep her doors locked.
Debra last spoke to Sommers on Wednesday, August 27,
1980, at around 8:00 p.m. The next day, Thursday, August 28,
1980, Roukens saw Sommers at work.
Sommers had plans to go with her nephew to Magic
Mountain that weekend, but she never arrived to pick him up.
She did not answer when her nephew called on Friday. Debra
called Sommers on Thursday and Friday, but received no answer.
When Sommers’s family members were unable to reach
her, they called the police. A neighbor also called 9-1-1.
2. Discovery of Sommers’s body
Sommers was found dead in her Marathon Street
apartment on Saturday, August 30, 1980. Detective Camacho
and his partner, Richard Fox, responded to the apartment at
11:55 p.m. and found it in disarray. Trash and cigarette butts
were on the floor. A cat litter box was jarred out of place in the
hallway, and the box contained sunglasses. Sommers’s
underwear was lying on the floor of the hallway leading to the
bedroom, and her shorts were on the bedroom floor. A necklace
with a broken chain was lying under the underwear. A rug by
the entrance was disturbed, and items that appeared to have
been hanging on the wall were lying on the floor.
Sommers was discovered on her back on the bed in her
bedroom. Her head was covered with a pillow, a towel, and a
blanket. She was naked from the waist down. There was a
kitchen knife on her chest, and an 8.8-pound gym weight was

5
next to her head. A work-out bench was nearby in the bedroom.
Sommers had several stab wounds in her belly and chest area,
and there was a large gash or hole in her head above her left eye.
There was blood spatter on the wall, and blood on the floor.
There were no signs of forced entry.
3. Autopsy evidence
Sommers’s body was brought to the coroner’s department
on August 31, 1980. The level of decomposition made it difficult
to see any trauma to her body.5 Sexual assault kit evidence was
collected on September 2 and 4, 1980, and the autopsy was
performed on September 4, 1980. The autopsy was performed by
deputy medical examiner Dr. Eugene Carpenter, who died before
trial. Deputy medical examiner Dr. Kevin Young reviewed the
autopsy report, photographs, and other documents prepared in
connection with the autopsy. Based on these materials,
Dr. Young reached an independent determination that the cause
of death was fatal stab wounds and blunt force injury, and the
manner of death was homicide.
Sommers suffered multiple fractures to her facial bones
and forehead caused by blunt force trauma. Dr. Young believed
that these injuries were the result of more than one forceful blow.
The injuries could have been caused by the weight found next to
her head.
Sommers also suffered multiple stab wounds to the torso.
Dr. Young counted 16 stab wounds on the photos taken at the

5 Toyetta Beukes, the Director of the Sexual Assault
Response Team at San Gabriel Valley Medical Center, testified
that 50 percent of patients that come in for a sexual assault exam
have a normal genital exam with no signs of trauma. The lack of
injury does not preclude forcible rape.

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autopsy. The stab wounds penetrated her heart, both lungs, and
bowel. The wounds could have been inflicted by an eight-inch
knife, similar to the one found on Sommers’s chest.
4. Forensic evidence collected in 1980
Fingerprints were collected from items found inside
Sommers’s apartment. There were no prints on either the knife
or the weight. Prints on other items did not match anyone other
than Sommers.
The sexual assault kit collected on September 2, 1980,
contained a nipple swab, an oral swab, an anal swab, an external
genital swab, and a vaginal swab, as well as a pubic hair and
vaginal aspirate. Smears were made from the oral, anal, vaginal,
and external genital areas. This kit was later designated as
item 14.
A second sexual assault kit collected at the time of the
autopsy on September 4, 1980, contained oral, anal, and vaginal
swabs, as well as smears of all these areas. This kit was later
designated as item 10.
Notes showed that the swabs were not tested in 1980. DNA
analysis was not advanced in 1980. Blood analysis done in 1980
was inconclusive.
In October 1980, Lee Edward Mann (Mann), a forensic
scientist with the LAPD crime lab, received item 10 from the
coroner’s office. It contained six slides and six swabs, two each
from Sommers’s oral, vaginal, and anal cavities. He examined
the six slides for sperm cells, but was unable to detect any.
5. Defendant’s residence in 1980
In 1980, defendant resided on Willowbrook Avenue,
approximately one mile from Sommers’s apartment.

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6. Investigation by the cold case unit
In 2001, the LAPD established a cold case homicide unit
whose mission was to reevaluate approximately 9,000 unsolved
homicides that occurred between 1960 and 1996. Sommers’s case
was assigned to Detective Timothy Marcia, who requested DNA
analysis of one of the sexual assault kits in Sommers’s case.
In 2004, criminalist Alexa Calderaro (Calderaro)
reexamined the sexual assault kit (item 10) that had been
previously analyzed by Mann. She found spermatozoa on the
vaginal slide. Technological advances had made it possible to
discover the presence of DNA where it was not previously.
Calderaro packaged and sent the remaining swabs to the
California Department of Justice laboratory for further testing.
In June 2004, criminalist Amy Rojas (Rojas) performed
DNA analysis on the swabs sent by Calderaro. She obtained a
single source male partial profile from the sperm cells, indicating
that the DNA came from one individual. Rojas sent the results of
the DNA testing to LAPD.
In May 2013, an investigative lead identified defendant as
a potential suspect. Police reinterviewed everyone they thought
could have knowledge about the case, including Roukens,
Hurtado, and the Bryants. They showed all the witnesses they
interviewed a photograph of defendant taken close to the date of
the murder; no one recognized him as an acquaintance of
Sommers.
Detective Marcia was then the coordinator of the cold case
homicide unit and assigned the case to Detective Richard
Bengtson. After obtaining a DNA sample from defendant,
Detective Bengtson submitted those samples for DNA analysis
and comparison with DNA collected from Sommers.

8
 In 2014, Rojas received from LAPD a swab containing a
buccal sample from defendant. Rojas compared this DNA
reference sample for defendant with the vaginal swab sperm
sample from the 2004 test, and found that they matched. The
DNA profiles were consistent at all corresponding locations. The
odds of identical profiles occurring at random among unrelated
individuals were one in 720 billion for African-Americans, one in
20 trillion for United States Caucasians, and one in 17 trillion for
Southwest Hispanics.
In 2014, criminalist Stephanie Tan (Tan) prepared several
evidentiary items from this case for DNA analysis. She examined
a cutting from Sommers’s underwear found on the floor and
detected nucleated epithelial cells but no sperm. Sperm are more
durable than epithelial cells, so if there had been any sperm
present, Tan would likely have found them. Sommers’s shorts
also tested negative for sperm.
DNA analysis was done on several other items collected at
the scene of the crime, including a cigarette, knife, weight, and
fingernail scrapings. These tests did not result in DNA typing,
most likely due to the passage of time and the fact that not much
DNA was deposited on the objects originally.
Following the match between defendant’s DNA and DNA
found on Sommers’s vaginal swab, defendant was arrested in
June 2014.
In 2018, Detective Bengtson became aware of the second
sexual assault kit (item 14) in the case. That kit was also tested.
Forrest Yumori (Yumori), the lead DNA analyst with the LAPD
crime lab for this sexual assault kit, performed the analysis of the
DNA data gathered from the swabs from the external genital,
vaginal, and anal areas. Male DNA was detected on the anal

9
swab and the external genital swab, but no sperm. The vaginal
swab tested positive for sperm. The amount of sperm detected in
the vaginal sample was higher than would be expected if a
woman had walked around for days with semen in her vagina.
Over time, the amount of foreign DNA in a person’s body
decreases, and any semen present would drain out.
Yumori determined that DNA from both defendant and
Sommers was present in the external genital sample. The
probability of randomly finding defendant’s DNA profile in a
population would be one in two billion. Male DNA in the vaginal
sample matched defendant’s DNA profile on all 23 loci. The
frequency of such a match was greater than one in one septillion.
DISCUSSION
I. The trial court properly excluded the proffered third party
culpability evidence because it failed to link the third party to the
murder
Defendant contends that the trial court erred when it
excluded evidence supporting the possibility that another
individual, Dennis Castro (Castro), might have been responsible
for Sommers’s rape and murder.
A. Relevant facts and proceedings
Before trial, the prosecutor moved to exclude evidence of
alleged third party culpability. The motion discussed several
individuals who were investigated for possible involvement in the
murder. Among these was Castro, an insurance salesman who
was referred to Sommers by his cousin and Sommers’s friend,
Robin Friar (Friar). Castro met Sommers at her home on
August 28, 1980, at approximately 4:00 p.m. to discuss insuring
her vehicle. Castro told police that he had never met Sommers
before that day. They had a friendly conversation. At one point,

10
she asked him to look at her barbells and a photograph in her
bedroom. When the phone rang, he picked it up and handed it to
Sommers. Castro denied having sex with Sommers and stated he
left her apartment at about 5:20 p.m.
Castro learned of Sommers’s death from his cousin. He
contacted Detective Fox on September 2, 1980, and provided
details of his interaction with Sommers. On September 12, 1980,
Castro submitted to a polygraph examination but could not
complete it. During the examination, he mentioned that
Sommers had been stabbed and hit with a weight. His
knowledge of some facts about Sommers’s death, in addition to
the subsequent discovery that his fingerprints matched those
recovered from a drinking glass in Sommers’s apartment, led
investigators to believe that he might have been involved in her
death.
Castro told police that Sommers gave him a glass of water
during their appointment. And he said that he learned of the
details of the murder from Friar. Investigators interviewed Friar
and confirmed that she had learned the details of the murder on
September 9, 1980, from Dr. Quigley, a chiropractor who treated
both Friar and Sommers. Dr. Quigley had learned of the details
of the murder from the coroner’s office and then shared them
with Friar, who then shared them with Castro.
On November 5, 1980, Castro took another polygraph
examination and passed it. Other than the glass, Castro’s
fingerprints were not found anywhere else in Sommers’s
apartment.
During the hearing on third party culpability evidence,
defense counsel argued that Castro was in Sommers’s apartment,
was one of the last people to see her alive, and was aware of some

11
facts of her death before they were disclosed. The prosecutor
noted that Friar had told Castro of the details shortly after the
murder.
The trial court found that the defense had not established a
connection between any of the individuals, including Castro, to
the crime, and granted the motion to exclude third party
culpability evidence.
B. Relevant law
“‘“[T]o be admissible, evidence of the culpability of a third
party offered by a defendant to demonstrate that a reasonable
doubt exists concerning his or her guilt, must link the third
person either directly or circumstantially to the actual
perpetration of the crime. . . .”’” (People v. Young (2019) 7 Cal.5th
905, 937.) “‘[E]vidence that another person had a motive or
opportunity to commit the crime, without more, is irrelevant
because it does not raise a reasonable doubt about a defendant’s
guilt; to be relevant, the evidence must link this third person to
the actual commission of the crime. . . .’” (People v. Clark (2016)
63 Cal.4th 522, 598; see also People v. Abilez (2007) 41 Cal.4th
472, 517.) “‘“In assessing an offer of proof relating to such
evidence, the court must decide whether the evidence could raise
a reasonable doubt as to defendant’s guilt and whether it is
substantially more prejudicial than probative under Evidence
Code section 352.”’” (People v. Young, supra, at p. 937.) The trial
court’s ruling is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (People v.
Clark, supra, at p. 598.)
“[C]ourts should simply treat third-party culpability
evidence like any other evidence: if relevant it is admissible
([Evid. Code,] § 350) unless its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the risk of undue delay, prejudice, or confusion

12
([Evid. Code,] § 352).” (People v. Hall (1986) 41 Cal.3d 826, 834;
People v. Dworak (2021) 11 Cal.5th 881, 895.)
Evidence Code section 352 provides the trial court with
broad discretion in assessing whether the probative value of
particular evidence is “‘substantially outweighed by the
probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue
consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue
prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.’”
(People v. Mills (2010) 48 Cal.4th 158, 195.) We review the trial
court’s exercise of discretion in admitting or excluding evidence
for abuse of discretion, and we will not disturb the trial court’s
ruling except on a showing the trial court acted in an arbitrary,
capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest
miscarriage of justice. (Ibid.; People v. Brown (2011) 192
Cal.App.4th 1222, 1233.)
C. Analysis
Applying these legal principles, we readily conclude that
the trial court did not err. The evidence of Castro’s involvement
with Sommers was minimally relevant, if at all, to the issues at
trial. There was no evidence that connected Castro to Sommers
at the time of her death or suggested that he had any motive or
opportunity to kill her. Castro stated that he was last at
Sommers’s apartment on Thursday at 5:20 p.m. Debra called
Sommers later that evening and the next day but got no answer.
Sommers’s nephew called her the next day and did not speak to
her. While it is likely that Sommers was murdered sometime
between Thursday night and Friday night, there is no definitive
time of death. There is no evidence that Castro, unlike
defendant, was in Sommers’s bedroom when she was murdered.

13
 Defendant speculates in trying to connect Castro to the
murder. But, following investigation, it was clear that Castro’s
knowledge of some of the facts of the murder had been obtained
from his cousin through the coroner’s office, soon after Castro
learned of Sommers’s death.
Additionally, defendant claims that Castro’s presence in
Sommers’s bedroom, and defense counsel’s proffer that Castro
told the police that Sommers came on to him, leads to a “plausible
scenario” whereby Sommers invited Castro in for sex, changed
her mind, and Castro then became angry and killed her with the
weight and a knife.
The proffered evidence only showed that Castro was
present with Sommers at the murder scene at some point in the
day or two leading up to the murder. Because the trial court
reasonably concluded that the proffered third party culpability
evidence failed to directly or circumstantially link Castro to the
actual perpetration of the murder, the trial court properly
exercised its discretion in excluding the evidence. (See, e.g.,
People v. Kerley (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 513, 573–574; People v.
Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 598 [evidence that third party
visited victim’s home on same day as alleged actual killer did not
show anything more than opportunity]; People v. DePriest (2007)
42 Cal.4th 1, 43 [evidence that another person “had some ‘remote’
connection to the victim or crime scene[] is not sufficient to raise
the requisite reasonable doubt”]; People v. Samaniego (2009)
172 Cal.App.4th 1148, 1175 [evidence inadmissible as third party
culpability evidence because it only showed motive and
opportunity, and did not show the person was involved with the
murder]; People v. Geier (2007) 41 Cal.4th 555, 582–583.)

14
 The trial court was also well within its discretion in
excluding any evidence as to Castro pursuant to Evidence Code
section 352. (People v. Mills, supra, 48 Cal.4th at p. 195; People
v. Carter (2005) 36 Cal.4th 1114, 1166.) As set forth above, the
evidence had limited or no probative value on the issue of third
party culpability. Defendant’s proffered evidence about Castro’s
possible involvement risked using a large amount of trial time to
delve into insignificant facts. While the polygraph evidence was
inadmissible, defendant would presumably present evidence that
Castro mentioned some details about the murder to investigators.
The prosecution would then have to present testimony to explain
that Castro learned of these details from his cousin, who had
learned them from her chiropractor, who had learned them from
an acquaintance in the coroner’s office. The additional evidence
would have been time-consuming and confusing for the jurors,
while providing minimal, if any, relevance to the issues at trial.
In addition, we reject defendant’s claim that the exclusion
of third party culpability evidence violated his constitutional
right to present a defense. The “‘“ordinary rules of evidence do
not impermissibly infringe on the accused’s [constitutional] right
to present a defense,”’” and courts retain “‘“a traditional and
intrinsic power to exercise discretion to control the admission of
evidence in the interests of orderly procedure and the avoidance
of prejudice.”’” (People v. Lawley (2002) 27 Cal.4th 102, 155;
People v. Lucas (1995) 12 Cal.4th 415, 464; Crane v. Kentucky
(1986) 476 U.S. 683, 689–690; Holmes v. South Carolina (2006)
547 U.S. 319, 327–328 & fn. * [noting that the rule set forth in
People v. Hall, supra, 41 Cal.3d at p. 833 has been widely
accepted].)

15
 D. Any evidentiary error was harmless
Even assuming without deciding that the trial court erred
in excluding this evidence, that error would have been harmless
under any standard in light of the overwhelming evidence of
defendant’s guilt. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836;
Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24; People v. Cole
(2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1195.)
The issue of defendant’s identity as the killer was
conclusively established by the forensic evidence that his DNA
matched DNA found inside the vagina of the victim. The DNA
profiles were consistent at all corresponding locations. The odds
of identical profiles occurring at random among unrelated
individuals were one in 720 billion for African-Americans, one in
20 trillion for United States Caucasians, and one in 17 trillion for
Southwest Hispanics. Following the 2018 analysis of the second
sexual assault kit (item 14), defendant’s DNA was found in the
external genital sample. The probability of randomly finding
defendant’s DNA profile in a population would be one in two
billion. Male DNA in the vaginal sample matched defendant’s
DNA profile on all 23 loci. The frequency of such a match was
one in greater than one septillion.
This DNA evidence proves that defendant had sex with
Sommers at around the time she was murdered. The vaginal
swab in the second sexual assault kit tested positive for
defendant’s sperm. The amount of sperm detected in the vaginal
sample was higher than would be expected if a woman had
walked around for days with semen in her vagina. Over time, the
amount of foreign DNA in a person’s body decreases, and any
semen present would drain out. But there was no sperm found in
the external genital sample, the anal sample, or on the

16
underwear that was found on the floor near her bed. Defendant’s
sperm was found nowhere else near Sommers’s body other than
in her vagina. If Sommers had had sex with defendant and then
gotten up before being killed, defendant’s sperm would have
likely been present in some amount on the external areas of her
body and her underwear.
This evidence indicates that Sommers did not get up after
having sex; rather, she was either raped and then murdered, or
beaten unconscious and/or killed and then raped. Indeed, the
level of defendant’s sperm present in Sommers’s vagina, and not
present elsewhere, combined with the state in which Sommers’s
apartment was found, and the manner in which her body was
found—on the bed with her face covered and naked from the
waist down—indicates that defendant must have raped Sommers
after Castro had left her apartment.
II. The trial court properly admitted evidence of Sommers’s
statements about her sexual orientation
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in permitting
the prosecutor to introduce out-of-court statements made by
Sommers about her sexual orientation under hearsay exceptions.
A. Relevant facts and proceedings
Before trial, the prosecutor moved to admit Sommers’s
statements about her sexual orientation and her feelings for
Debra under various hearsay exceptions. The prosecutor argued
that in order to explain the presence of defendant’s sperm in
Sommers’s vagina, the defense would contend that she engaged
in sexual intercourse with men, based upon Sommers’s one
sexual encounter with the Bryants. The prosecutor intended to
introduce evidence that Sommers was a lesbian and harbored
romantic feelings towards Debra pursuant to the state-of-mind

17
exception to the hearsay rule (Evid. Code, §§ 1250, 1252).
Sommers’s statements to her friends and family about her sexual
orientation were relevant in establishing her lack of interest in
men and the unlikelihood that she consented to sexual
intercourse with a man who was a stranger to her.
Defendant objected, arguing that a person’s sexual
orientation is not the same as her state of mind. The prosecutor
contended that Sommers’s statements were trustworthy and fell
under well-established exceptions to the hearsay rule.
The trial court determined that the fact that Sommers
came out to her family and said she was a lesbian was
admissible. It then noted that homosexuals in the 1970’s were
subject to more discrimination than today, leading it to conclude
that Sommers’s statements about her sexual orientation were
admissible as statements against interest under Evidence Code
section 1230. The trial court stated: “I think people who were
homosexual were largely in the closet and would do anything to
hide the fact that they were homosexual for fear of rejection,
hatred, ridicule, ostracization, whatever, by family, by friends, co-
workers. Whoever.”
Furthermore, it found that Sommers’s statement to
Roukens that she had no interest in men and that she had
feelings for Debra was admissible under the state of mind
exception to the hearsay rule. It also found Sommers’s statement
to Roukens that Sommers would “shudder” at the thought of
finding a man attractive admissible as indicative of Sommers’s
state of mind.
Several witnesses then testified about Sommers’s
statements to them. Roukens testified that Sommers told her
that she was a lesbian and was not attracted to men. They

18
talked about the attractiveness of women, and when Sommers
talked about men, she would “shudder.” Detective Camacho
testified that Roukens told him that Sommers had told her that
she had feelings for Debra. Hurtado testified that she and
Sommers discussed sexual orientation, and Sommers told her
that she liked women and was a lesbian. Sommers said that she
felt free to talk to Hurtado because she was also a lesbian.
Sommers’s neighbor testified that he and his wife socialized
with Sommers at gatherings at the Bryants’ apartment and at
one such gathering, Sommers told him, “‘You know, you know I’m
gay.’”
B. Relevant law
1. Standard of review
The trial court is vested with broad discretion in
determining the admissibility of evidence. (People v. Karis (1988)
46 Cal.3d 612, 637.) We review the trial court’s determination as
to the admissibility of evidence, including the application of
exceptions to the hearsay rule, for abuse of discretion. (People v.
Rowland (1992) 4 Cal.4th 238, 264; see also People v. Valdez
(2012) 55 Cal.4th 82, 143.) Under this standard, a trial court’s
ruling will not be disturbed, and reversal of the judgment is not
required, unless the trial court exercised its discretion in an
arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in
a manifest miscarriage of justice. (People v. Guerra (2006)
37 Cal.4th 1067, 1113.) “[T]he admission of evidence, even if
erroneous under state law, results in a due process violation only
if it makes the trial fundamentally unfair.” (People v. Partida
(2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 439.)

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 2. Hearsay rule and its exceptions
Evidence of a statement that was made other than by a
witness while testifying at the hearing, and that is offered to
prove the truth of the matter stated, is generally inadmissible
hearsay. (Evid. Code, § 1200.) “A statement within the scope of
an exception to the hearsay rule is not inadmissible on the
ground that the evidence of such statement is hearsay evidence if
such hearsay evidence consists of one or more statements each of
which meets the requirements of an exception to the hearsay
rule.” (Evid. Code, § 1201.)
Two exceptions to the hearsay rule are at issue in the
instant case, namely the state of mind exception and the
declaration against interest exception. As defendant correctly
points out, the prosecutor, as the proponent of the evidence, bore
the burden of demonstrating the admissibility of Sommers’s
statements via these exceptions. (People v. Ramos (1997)
15 Cal.4th 1133, 1177.)
a. State of mind exception
Evidence Code section 1250 provides for an exception to the
hearsay rule for evidence of the declarant’s then-existing state of
mind: “(a) Subject to Section 1252, evidence of a statement of the
declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion, or physical
sensation (including a statement of intent, plan, motive, design,
mental feeling, pain, or bodily health) is not made inadmissible
by the hearsay rule when: [¶] (1) The evidence is offered to prove
the declarant’s state of mind, emotion, or physical sensation at
that time or at any other time when it is itself an issue in the
action; or [¶] (2) The evidence is offered to prove or explain acts
or conduct of the declarant.” (Evid. Code, § 1250.) Evidence Code
section 1252 provides: “Evidence of a statement is inadmissible

20
under this article if the statement was made under circumstances
such as to indicate its lack of trustworthiness.”
An essential element of Evidence Code section 1250 is
whether the state of mind of the declarant is a fact in question
and a relevant issue. (People v. Noguera (1992) 4 Cal.4th 599,
621.) The other two factors for consideration include the
tendency of the statement to establish the state of mind of the
declarant and the trustworthiness of the statement. (People v.
Majors (1998) 18 Cal.4th 385, 404 [statements of intent to do a
future act were admissible under Evid. Code, § 1250].)
b. Declaration against interest
Evidence Code section 1230 provides in relevant part:
“Evidence of a statement by a declarant . . . is not made
inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable
as a witness and the statement, when made . . . created such a
risk of making [her] an object of hatred, ridicule, or social
disgrace in the community, that a reasonable [wo]man in [her]
position would not have made the statement unless [she] believed
it to be true.”
“‘In determining whether a statement is truly against
interest within the meaning of Evidence Code section 1230, and
hence is sufficiently trustworthy to be admissible, the court may
take into account not just the words but the circumstances under
which they were uttered, the possible motivation of the declarant,
and the declarant’s relationship to the defendant.’” (People v.
Grimes (2016) 1 Cal.5th 698, 711; accord, People v. Dalton (2019)
7 Cal.5th 166, 207.) In order for an out-of-court declaration to be
against the declarant’s social interest to such an extent that it
becomes admissible under this section, both the content of the
statement and the fact that the statement was made must be

21
against the declarant’s social interest. (In re Weber (1974)
11 Cal.3d 703, 721.)
C. Analysis
1. State of mind exception
Sommers’s statements that she was attracted to women
were relevant to her state of mind during the last moments of her
life. Specifically, her statements to Roukens that she was a
lesbian and that she “shuddered” when she talked about men
explained her state of mind that she would not be attracted to a
man sexually and thus would not consent to sex with a man.
Sommers also told Roukens that she was attracted to Debra and
that she thought Debra liked her. In addition, Sommers also told
Hurtado and her neighbor that she was a lesbian. While the trial
court did not specifically determine that Sommers’s other
statements to her friends about her sexual orientation were
admissible under the state-of-mind hearsay exception, they also
were relevant to explain Sommers’s mindset that she was a
lesbian and would not have consented to sex with defendant.
Sommers’s statements that she was a lesbian, and was not
attracted to men, were offered to prove Sommers’s “state of mind,
emotion, or physical sensation at that time or at any other time
when it is itself an issue in the action.” (Evid. Code, § 1250, subd.
(a)(1).) Since defendant’s sperm was inside Sommers’s vagina at
the time of her murder, her state of mind regarding whether she
consented to having sex with him was an issue in this case.
These statements were also “offered to prove or explain acts or
conduct of” Sommers in the moments before she was murdered.
(Evid. Code, § 1250, subd. (a)(2).) Again, it is highly unlikely that
a lesbian who “shuddered” at the thought of being with a man
would have consensual sex with a man that she just met. (People

22
v. Guerra, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 1113 [trial court properly
admitted the victim’s statement that she was afraid of the
defendant because she believed he had come into her house while
she was sleeping as evidence that she would not have consented
to have sex with him].)
People v. Griffin (2004) 33 Cal.4th 536, 576–578 is
instructive. In that case, the trial court admitted the deceased
victim’s statements that she intended to confront the defendant if
he continued to molest her. The statement was properly
admissible within the state-of-mind hearsay exception to prove
the victim’s future conduct of confronting the defendant, in
accordance with the intent expressed in her statement, which
prompted him to kill her. (Id. at p. 578.) Similarly, Sommers’s
stated feelings toward men were admissible to prove her future
conduct of not consenting to sex with a man that she did not
know.
And Sommers’s statements were not made “under
circumstances such as to indicate its lack of trustworthiness.”
(Evid. Code, § 1252.) Sommers made these comments about her
sexual orientation to trusted friends with whom she felt
comfortable. The fact that she made similar comments to several
individuals also bolsters their credibility.
2. Declaration against interest exception
The trial court here was well within its discretion in finding
that Sommers’s statements about her sexual orientation “created
such a risk of making [her] an object of hatred, ridicule, or social
disgrace in the community,” that a reasonable person “in [her]
position would not have made the statement unless [she] believed
it to be true.” (Evid. Code, § 1230.) The trial court reasonably
recognized that the social climate as to sexual orientation was

23
very different in the 1970’s.6 Sommers was presumably aware
that there might have been negative social consequences
associated with declaring her sexual orientation. And, there is no
indication in the record that declaring Sommers’s sexual
orientation would improve her social standing.
Defendant claims that the circumstances under which
Sommers made the statements indicated that she would not have
felt any negative consequences. After all, Roukens and Hurtado
were also lesbians and were Sommers’s friends, so it would be
expected that Sommers would be more comfortable discussing her
sexuality. But that makes it even less likely that Sommers would
have made false statements. Regardless, there is nothing in the
record indicating that Sommers’s declaration to her neighbor, an
apparently straight male acquaintance, could have benefitted
her. Rather, her statement to him included an inherent risk to
her social interest and strengthened the trustworthiness of each
of her statements of her sexual orientation.
D. Harmless error
Assuming, without deciding that the trial court erred in
admitting Sommers’s statements about her sexual orientation,
that error would have been harmless under any standard because
defendant has not shown a reasonable probability of a different
result absent the error. (People v. Marks (2003) 31 Cal.4th 197,
226–227; People v. Duarte (2000) 24 Cal.4th 603, 618–619; Cole,
supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1195.) As set forth above, the evidence of

6 On appeal, defendant characterizes the 1970’s differently,
asserting that it was “famously a time of sexual
experimentation.” The fact that defendant views the 1970’s
differently than the trial court did does not demonstrate an abuse
of discretion.

24
defendant’s guilt is overwhelming. He was conclusively identified
through forensic DNA analysis as being the person who had sex
with Sommers at the time she was killed. The forensic evidence
also proved that Sommers did not get up after having sex; rather,
she was either raped and then murdered, or beaten unconscious
and/or killed and then raped.
We reject defendant’s contention that there was an
“absence of any physical evidence indicating that [he] had been in
[Sommers’s] apartment.” The evidence conclusively established
that defendant’s DNA and sperm were present inside Sommers’s
vagina when she was found dead in her bedroom. And, the lack
of sperm on Sommers’s external genitalia indicates that she was
killed in her bed after or immediately before being raped. The
lack of physical injury to her vaginal area was reasonably
explained by the advanced state of decomposition of her body by
the time of the autopsy, and an expert testified that lack of injury
does not preclude forcible rape. Sommers was on the bed, naked
from the waist down, with sperm inside of her, which tended to
prove she was raped. The disarray in Sommers’s apartment,
including her underwear and shorts lying on the floor in the
hallway leading to her bedroom, indicates that there was a
struggle just before she was raped and murdered. No evidence
supports defendant’s speculation that, because they lived within
a mile of each other, they had consensual sex a short time before
she died, presumably at another location.
Defendant also questions the conclusion that Sommers
would not have sex with a man simply because she was a lesbian.
Although being homosexual does not foreclose the possibility of
having sex with a member of the opposite sex, whether Sommers
in fact did is a question of the weight of the evidence, not

25
admissibility. (People v. Wharton (1991) 53 Cal.3d 522, 597.)
And it has no bearing on whether Sommers’s statements about
her sexual orientation are admissible as hearsay exceptions.
Finally, for the same reasons, defendant’s due process
rights were not violated. (People v. Lawley, supra, 27 Cal.4th at
p. 155 [ordinary rules of evidence do not infringe upon an
accused’s constitutional right to present a defense].)
III. Alleged prosecutorial misconduct
Defendant contends that the prosecutor committed
misconduct7 during closing argument that violated his
constitutional rights to a fair trial. Specifically, he claims that
the prosecutor attacked the defense for failing to present evidence
that he and Sommers knew each other.
A. Relevant proceedings
During closing argument, defense counsel argued that it
was possible that defendant and Sommers interacted because
they lived about a mile from each other.
In rebuttal, the prosecutor noted that, once evidence was
discovered showing that defendant lived near Sommers in 1980,
the defense speculated that they had met someplace in the area.
The prosecutor then explained that the defense does not have to
present any evidence: “[T]he defense doesn’t have to do anything
at all. They don’t have to do an opening statement; they don’t
have to question witnesses; they don’t have to present any
evidence; they don’t have to do a closing argument.” The
prosecutor then noted that the defense made speculative
statements but provided no evidence to support them: “But they

7 Prosecutorial error is a more apt description of defendant’s
claim. (People v. Centeno (2014) 60 Cal.4th 659, 666–667.)

26
did here. And they suggested some things to you. And to support
those things that they suggested to you such as the defendant
knew the victim because they ran into each other in the
neighborhood, they can call logical witnesses. They can present
logical evidence.
“Where are the photos of the defendant and the victim
together? Did you see them? I didn’t.
“Where are the friends of the [defendant] who knew them
together?”
Defendant objected on the ground of “shifting the burden.”
The trial court overruled the objection.
The prosecutor continued: “Did anyone come here? Any of
his friends tell you that they knew each other? No.
“Where are his family members to talk about how they
knew the two of them together or how they heard her name,
perhaps? Or perhaps the mention of a woman who lived where
she did?
“Counsel is trying to get all of you to believe or buy into the
idea that they knew each other; that the victim knew him, and
that she consented to this act of sexual intercourse.
“There is zero evidence that they knew each other, and
there is zero evidence that she would consent to any type of
sexual contact with [defendant]. And there’s zero evidence of
that because it’s not true.
“She did not know [him].”
B. Relevant law
“‘“[A] prosecutor is given wide latitude during argument.
The argument may be vigorous as long as it amounts to fair
comment on the evidence, which can include reasonable
inferences, or deductions to be drawn therefrom.”’” (People v. Hill

27
(1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 819.) “In Griffin v. California (1965)
380 U.S. 609, the United States Supreme Court held that the
prosecution may not comment upon a defendant’s failure to
testify in his or her own behalf. Its holding does not, however,
extend to bar prosecution comments based upon the state of the
evidence or upon the failure of the defense to introduce material
evidence or to call anticipated witnesses. [Citations.]” (People v.
Bradford (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1229, 1339.)
“The applicable federal and state standards regarding
prosecutorial misconduct are well established. ‘“A prosecutor’s
. . . intemperate behavior violates the federal Constitution when
it comprises a pattern of conduct ‘so egregious that it infects the
trial with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of
due process.’”’ [Citations.] Conduct by a prosecutor that does not
render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair is prosecutorial
misconduct under state law only if it involves ‘“‘the use of
deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either
the court or the jury.’”’” (People v. Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal.4th
795, 841.)
“[W]hen [a] claim [of misconduct] focuses upon comments
made by the prosecutor before the jury, the question is whether
there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury construed or applied
any of the complained-of remarks in an objectionable fashion.”
(People v. Samayoa, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 841; see also People v.
Sanders (1995) 11 Cal.4th 475, 526.)
C. Analysis
Applying these legal principles, we readily conclude that
the prosecutor did not err or commit misconduct. She merely
observed that the defense failed to provide any evidentiary
support for the claim that defendant and Sommers knew each

28
other and then had consensual sex; the statements were a proper
commentary on the state of the evidence.8 (People v. Hughes
(2002) 27 Cal.4th 287, 372.) The comments did not improperly
shift the burden of proof to the defense. (People v. Bradford,
supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 1340 [“A distinction clearly exists between
the permissible comment that a defendant has not produced any
evidence, and on the other hand an improper statement that a
defendant has a duty or burden to produce evidence, or a duty or
burden to prove his or her innocence”].)
Urging us to reverse, defendant asserts that because no one
but him could have testified to a relationship between him and
Sommers, the prosecutor’s comments violated Griffin v.
California, supra, 380 U.S. 609. After all, this was “not an
ordinary case” because Sommers was murdered in 1980 and he
had been incarcerated for an unrelated murder since 1981. But
defendant’s incarceration after Sommers’s murder has nothing to
do with whether he could provide supporting evidence for his
claim that he had a relationship with Sommers before that
incarceration.
D. Harmless error
Even if the prosecutor had erred in her comments, that
error would have been harmless as defendant cannot show any
resulting prejudice under either state or federal law. (People v.
Wallace (2008) 44 Cal.4th 1032, 1071; People v. Quartermain
(1997) 16 Cal.4th 600, 621.)
The trial court instructed the jurors that they must not
draw any inference from the fact that defendant did not testify

8 Defendant “acknowledges that the prosecutor did not
actually suggest that [he] should have testified.”

29
(CALCRIM No. 355), that the prosecution must prove every
element of the charges against him beyond a reasonable doubt
(CALCRIM Nos. 220, 224), and that neither side was required to
call as witnesses all persons with knowledge of events (CALCRIM
No. 300). We presume that the jurors understood and followed
those instructions. (People v. Letner and Tobin (2010) 50 Cal.4th
99, 172.) And, as discussed previously, the evidence that
defendant raped and murdered Sommers was overwhelming.
It follows that any alleged prosecutorial error during
closing argument was not prejudicial.
IV. Cumulative error
Finally, defendant contends that the cumulative effect of
combined trial errors rendered his trial fundamentally unfair in
violation of his due process rights, requiring reversal.
“Under the cumulative error doctrine, the reviewing court
must ‘review each allegation and assess the cumulative effect of
any errors to see if it is reasonably probable the jury would have
reached a result more favorable to defendant in their absence.’
[Citation.] When the cumulative effect of errors deprives the
defendant of a fair trial and due process, reversal is required.”
(People v. Williams (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 587, 646.)
As set forth above, no errors occurred. And, even if there
were, they were harmless. They did not combine to render this
trial unfair. (People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 1009
[defendants are entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect one].)

30
 DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.

_____________________, Acting P. J.
ASHMANN-GERST

We concur:

________________________, J.
CHAVEZ

________________________, J.
HOFFSTADT

31