IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
June 24, 2009
No. 08-20515 Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
GUARDIAN NORA DUTKA, AS GUARDIAN FOR THE ESTATE OF T.M., A
MINOR and THE ESTATE OF J.M., A MINOR
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
AIG LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
Defendant - Appellee
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, GARZA, and PRADO, Circuit Judges.
PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM:
The beneficiaries of decedent Istvan Macsai appeal a summary judgment
in favor of insurer AIG in their action to recover accidental death insurance
under ERISA. We affirm the denial of benefits.
I
On September 15, 2005, Macsai was piloting a private plane with two
passengers on a reconnaissance flight of deer hunting sites near Cleveland,
Texas. The nature of the mission required flight at low altitude. Macsai failed
to maintain adequate air speed resulting in a stall/spin from which, at low
No. 08-20515
altitude, there was not time to recover. The crash killed both Macsai and the
two passengers.
Mr. Macsai's beneficiaries claimed benefits under an accidental death
benefit plan Macsai had enrolled in through his employer, Continental Airlines.
The insurer, AIG, originally denied the claim and Plaintiffs sought
administrative review. The ERISA Appeals Committee of AIG reviewed and
upheld the denial, finding that the accident fell under the Plan's exclusion for
losses “caused in whole or in part by, or resulting in whole or in part from . . . the
Insured Person being under the influence of drugs or intoxicants.”
Plaintiffs then sought district court review of the denial under ERISA, 29
U.S.C. 1132(a)(1)(B). On cross motions for summary judgment, the district court
ruled that AIG did not abuse its discretion in determining that the Plan's
intoxication exclusion applied. It based its ruling on the “uncontroverted
evidence” in an NTSB accident report, FAA toxicology report, and the opinion of
an expert engaged by AIG. Plaintiffs now appeal, challenging the district court's
standard of review and its factual findings.
II
The parties dispute both the standard of review that was applied by the
district court in reviewing AIG's decision and that which should be applied by
this Court in reviewing the ruling of the district court. The law, however, is
straightforward on this score. The Supreme Court in Firestone Tire and Rubber
Co. v. Bruch held that a district court reviewing a denial of benefits under
ERISA is to apply a de novo review unless the plan gives the administrator
“discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the
terms of the plan.” 1 While the parties here contest the existence of a discretion
clause in the plan, this Circuit reads Bruch as speaking only to questions of law;
1
489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989).
2
No. 08-20515
thus, with or without a discretion clause, a district court rejects an
administrator's factual determinations in the course of a benefits review only
upon the showing of an abuse of discretion.2
The district court in this case reviewed a factual determination. AIG
denied the claim because it determined that the decedent's intoxication was a
cause of the crash. In the ERISA context, we have considered the question of the
cause of death to be a factual determination.3 Accordingly, the district court did
not err in employing an abuse of discretion standard to review AIG's similar
determination that the crash was caused in part by the decedent's intoxication.4
On appeal, this Court reviews the district court's grant of summary
judgment de novo.5 Thus, we consider the district court's decision using its
same perspective—reviewing the administrator's legal interpretations de novo,
and giving discretion to its factual determinations.
III
In applying the abuse of discretion standard to an administrator’s factual
determinations we analyze whether the administrator acted arbitrarily or
2
Pierre v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 932 F.2d 1552, 1562 (5th Cir. 1991) (“[W]e hold that
for factual determinations under ERISA plans, the abuse of discretion standard of review is
the appropriate standard; that is, federal courts owe due deference to an administrator's
factual conclusions that reflect a reasonable and impartial judgment.”).
3
See Thomas v. AIG Life Ins. Co., 244 F.3d 368, 369 (5th Cir. 2001) (“Because Pierre
specifically applied the abuse of discretion standard to an accidental death finding, we do so
as well.”).
4
Because the plan administrator made a factual determination in this case, which
under this Circuit’s settled caselaw we review for an abuse of discretion, it is of no moment
that a clause giving AIG discretion is found only in the Summary Plan Description and not in
the actual policy. Appellants’ argument that the Summary Plan Description was written by
Continental and not AIG is inapposite.
5
Urbano v. Continental Airlines, Inc., 138 F.3d 204, 205 (5th Cir. 1998).
3
No. 08-20515
capriciously.6 If the determination is supported by substantial evidence, it is not
arbitrary and capricious.7 “Substantial evidence is ‘more than a scintilla, less
than a preponderance, and is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might
accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’”8
Under this standard, the plan administrator did not abuse its discretion
in finding that the crash was caused by the pilot’s intoxication. This is not to say
there were not weaknesses in the evidence, as pointed out by Appellants. The
FAA forensic toxicology report showed the chemicals in the decedent’s blood at
the time they were tested, over fifty days after the accident. The evidence
presented by Appellee’s expert Dr. Lage was not unequivocal as to the content
of drugs present in the decedent’s blood at the time of the accident, particularly
as to cocaine. He opined that the decedent “had recently illegally used cocaine,
had used alcohol, and had taken the prescription drug Propoxyphene within a
few hours of his death.” However, he also reasoned that based on the levels of
Benzoylecgonine present in decedent’s urine at the time of the toxicology report,
he “[could] not rule that cocaine may have been present in his blood at the time
of his death.” It betrays logic to jump from inability to rule out cocaine use to
opining to “a reasonable degree of medical certainty” that the decedent “used
cocaine . . . within a few hours of his death.”
6
Meditrust Fin. Servs. Co. v. Sterling Chems., Inc., 168 F.3d 211, 214 (5th Cir. 1999).
When a plan administrator both evaluates and pays claims, it operates under a conflict of
interest that we weigh as a factor in determining whether there is an abuse of discretion.
Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 128 S.Ct. 2343 (2008). Appellants adduced no evidence in this
case that AIG’s conflict affected the benefits decision and in light of the evidence supporting
the plan administrator’s decision, the conflict of interest is not a “tiebreaking” factor. Id. at
2351.
7
Id. at 215.
8
Ellis v. Liberty Life Assurance Co., 394 F.3d 262, 273 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting Deters
v. Sec’y of Health, Educ. & Welfare, 789 F.2d 1181, 1185 (5th Cir. 1986)).
4
No. 08-20515
Despite this gap in Dr. Lage’s reports, the FAA toxicology report did
disclose the presence of chemicals in the decedent’s body consistent with the use
of multiple drugs around the time of the accident. Dr. Lage’s reports, at the
least, explained the relationship of the chemicals in the decedent’s blood and
urine to his use of particular drugs. His reports also conclusively show that the
decedent had a therapeutic dose of the narcotic Propoxyphene in his body at the
time of his death. And, while Dr. Lage’s opinion as to alcohol and cocaine may
not rise to the level of making it more likely than not that the decedent was
under the influence of these drugs during his last flight, the evidence is
consistent with that conclusion. With evidence that the decedent was under the
influence of Propoxyphene at the time of the crash and that he had recently used
alcohol and cocaine, we cannot find arbitrary and capricious the administrator’s
conclusion that the decedent was intoxicated at the time of the crash.
Appellant’s also challenge that the decedent’s intoxication was a cause of
the crash. They specifically point to the district court’s statement that “[t]here
is no proof that the drugs in Decedent’s system were a cause of the fatal crash,
but the administrator’s conclusion that they were is not unreasonable in light of
the uncontroverted evidence.” We agree with the district court that there was
no direct proof that the drugs caused the crash, however, in such a case there
rarely is—the evidence is circumstantial. The nature of the accident itself
supports the conclusion that drugs contributed. In good visual meteorological
conditions and with no evidence of mechanical failure, as the NTSB report found
in this case, the failure to maintain airspeed at low altitude is a fundamental
piloting error making it reasonable to conclude that the accident resulted in part
from the pilot being under the influence of drugs.
The plan administrator’s decision that the crash was caused in part by the
influence of drugs was not arbitrary and capricious. The judgment of the district
court is AFFIRMED.
5