ATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFFS ATTORNEYS FOR DEFENDANT
Brent W. Baldwin Ignacia S. Moreno
J. Robert Sears Assistant Attorney General
Baker Sterchi Cowden & Rice, L.L.C.
St. Louis, MO David C. Shilton
United States Department of Justice
Bryan H. Babb Environment & Natural Resources Division
Alan S. Townsend Washington, DC
Bose McKinney & Evans LLP
Indianapolis, IN Joseph H. Hogsett
United States Attorney
Southern District of Indiana
Shelese Woods
United States Attorneys Office
Indianapolis, IN
______________________________________________________________________________
In the FILED
Indiana Supreme Court
Mar 20 2012, 11:45 am
_________________________________ CLERK
of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
No. 94S00-1106-CQ-333
HENRY L. HOWARD, ET AL., Plaintiffs,
v.
UNITED STATES, Defendant.
_________________________________
Certified Question from the United States Court of Federal Claims,
No. 1:09-CV575-MBH,
The Honorable Marian Blank Horn, Judge
_________________________________
March 20, 2012
Dickson, Justice.
The United States Court of Federal Claims has certified for our resolution the following
question:
Under Indiana law, are railbanking and interim trail use pursuant to 16 U.S.C. § 1274(d)
uses that are within the scope of the easements acquired by the railroad companies either
by prescription, condemnation, or the deed at issue; and if either is not within the scope
of the easements originally acquired, is railbanking with interim tr[ai]l use a shifting pub-
lic use?
Pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 64, we accepted the question and now answer both parts in
the negative. Under Indiana law, railbanking and interim trail use pursuant to 16 U.S.C.
§ 1274(d) are not uses within the scope of the easements, and railbanking with interim trail use
does not constitute a permissible shifting public use.
The underlying suit is what is commonly referred to as a "Rails to Trails" case. See
Consol. Rail Corp., Inc. v. Lewellen, 682 N.E.2d 779 (Ind. 1997) (holding that railroad ease-
ments had been abandoned and thus could not be transferred to railroad corridor trails group).
The question arises from a federal lawsuit brought by 128 Indiana landowners whose lands are
burdened by railroad easements. Together these easements compose a railroad corridor approx-
imately twenty-one miles in length. Because the rail lines are no longer in use, the railroad, pur-
suant to federal law, 49 U.S.C. § 10903, sought authorization from the Surface Transportation
Board ("STB") to abandon the easements. The STB authorized the railroad to negotiate transfer
of the railroad corridor to the Indiana Trails Fund for use as a public trail ("interim trail use") in
accordance with the National Trails System Act ("Trails Act"), 16 U.S.C. § 1247. The Trails Act
authorizes the STB to facilitate such transactions in order to "preserve established railroad rights-
of-way for future reactivation," Id. § 1247(d), a process frequently called "railbanking."
The Court of Federal Claims certified this question to us in accordance with Preseault v.
I.C.C., which upheld the constitutionality of the Trails Act but noted that "[s]tate law generally
governs the disposition of reversionary interests" and that, "[b]y deeming interim trail use to be
like discontinuance rather than abandonment, Congress prevented property interests from revert-
ing under state law." 494 U.S. 1, 8, 110 S. Ct. 914, 920, 108 L. Ed. 2d 1, 11 (1990) (citation
omitted). In her concurrence, Justice O'Connor stated, "Determining what interest petitioners
would have enjoyed under [state] law, in the absence of the [Interstate Commerce Commission]'s
recent actions, will establish whether petitioners possess the predicate property interest that must
underlie any takings claim."1 Id. at 21, 110 S. Ct. at 926, 108 L. Ed. 2d at 20 (O'Connor, J., con-
1
The Interstate Commerce Commission ("ICC") was the predecessor to the STB. The ICC was
abolished in 1995 and replaced with the STB. ICC Termination Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104-88, 109
Stat. 803.
2
curring). The Court concluded that any remedy to which a landowner may be entitled must be
secured through the provisions of the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). See Preseault, 494
U.S. at 11–17, 110 S. Ct. at 921–24, 108 L. Ed. 2d at 13–17.
To determine whether railbanking and interim trail use pursuant to the Trails Act are
permitted uses within the scope of the easements under Indiana law, we first consider Indiana
law regarding the abandonment and the preservation of railroad rights-of-way. The General As-
sembly has specifically delineated when and how a railroad easement may be deemed aban-
doned. See Ind. Code §§ 32-23-11-6 to -8; Lewellen, 682 N.E.2d at 783 ("[T]he common law on
whether abandonment [of railroad easements] has occurred was superseded by the General As-
sembly."). One means of preserving the railroad easements is by converting it to a recreational
trail under the Trails Act. Ind. Code § 32-23-11-7 ("A right-of-way is not considered abandoned
if the [ICC] or [STB] imposes on the right-of-way a trail use condition under 16 U.S.C.
§ 1247(d)."). Accordingly, such rights-of-way may be "railbanked" indefinitely because such
action does not abandon the easement but rather preserves it. This informs, but does not settle
the first part of the certified question, which asks whether, under Indiana law, such Trails Act
uses are within the scope of the easements acquired. This question—regarding the use of the
railroad rights-of-way as public recreational trails—is governed by the Indiana common law on
easements.
Indiana law with respect to the scope of easements2 is well settled. The extent of the
easement interest is determined by the purpose served by the easement. New York Cent. R.R.
Co. v. Yarian, 219 Ind. 477, 482–83, 39 N.E.2d 604, 606 (1942) ("It is sometimes said that res-
ervations of easements are strictly limited to the purposes in the minds of the parties, but we be-
lieve a proper application of the rule puts the limitation not upon the character of traffic upon a
reserved way, but upon the purpose to be served by the traffic."); see also McCauley v. Harris,
2
An easement is:
An interest in land owned by another person, consisting in the right to use or control the land, or
an area above or below it, for a specific limited purpose (such as to cross it for access to a public
road). The land benefitting from an easement is called the dominant estate; the land burdened by
an easement is called the servient estate.
Black's Law Dictionary 585–86 (9th ed. 2009). The "scope" of an easement refers to the extent or bound-
aries of that "specific limited purpose" which benefits the dominant estate and burdens the servient estate.
3
928 N.E.2d 309, 314 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) ("It is well established that easements are limited to
the purpose for which they are granted."), trans. denied.
Usually, easements arise to fill some need or serve some purpose. That purpose, whether
expressed in the grant, implied, or acquired through prescription, is the focal point in the
relationship which exists between the titleholders of the dominant and servient estates.
The servient estate is burdened to the extent necessary to accomplish the end for which
the dominant estate was created. The titleholder of the dominant estate cannot subject the
servient estate to extra burdens any more than the holder of the servient estate can mate-
rially impair or unreasonably interfere with the use of the easement.
Klotz v. Horn, 558 N.E.2d 1096, 1099–1100 (Ind. 1990) (citations omitted) (quoting Brown v.
Heidersbach, 172 Ind. App. 434, 438, 360 N.E.2d 614, 618 (1977), reh'g denied, trans. denied).
And while this Court has had little occasion to apply these rules of late, these principles continue
to have force today. See, e.g., Rehl v. Billetz, No. 52A05-1105-PL-246, 2012 WL 77213, at *4
(Ind. Ct. App. 2012), pet. for reh'g pending; Kwolek v. Swickard, 944 N.E.2d 564, 571 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2011), trans. denied; McCauley, 928 N.E.2d at 314.
The fact that the majority of the easements at issue in this case were created by prescrip-
tion or condemnation and not granted by deed3 does not alter the analysis. The purpose of the
adverse use giving rise to an easement by prescription determines the extent of the interest. Con-
sumers' Gas Trust Co. v. Am. Plate Glass Co., 162 Ind. 393, 396, 68 N.E. 1020, 1021 (1903) ("A
prescriptive right, where there is no color of title, cannot be broader than the claim which the us-
er evidences."); Brookville & Metamora Hydraulic Co. v. Butler, 91 Ind. 134, 136 (1883) ("A
prescriptive right can never be broader than the claim evidenced by [the] user."); Postlethwaite v.
Payne, 8 Ind. 104, 107 (1856) ("[Prescriptive easements] must have been enjoyed in the same
degree—to the same extent—as claimed in the suit involving them."); Contel of Ind., Inc. v.
Coulson, 659 N.E.2d 224, 229 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995) ("A prescriptive easement is limited to the
purpose for which it is created and cannot be extended by implication."), reh'g denied, trans. de-
nied; Heidersbach, 172 Ind. App. at 439, 360 N.E.2d at 618 ("All easements are limited to the
purpose for which they were created, and their enjoyment cannot be extended by implication.").
3
Only one of the easements at issue in this case was granted by deed ("the Hathaway deed"), the
remaining 127 were acquired through prescription or condemnation. The Hathaway deed granted the
easement "for the purpose of maintaining a line of rail way." Addendum to Pl.'s Br. at 4–6. As our anal-
ysis reveals, the scope of the easement granted by the Hathaway deed is effectively the same as those ac-
quired through prescription and condemnation.
4
Likewise, railroad rights of way created by condemnation establish only easements that are nec-
essarily limited to the purpose for which they are taken. Quick v. Taylor, 113 Ind. 540, 542–43,
16 N.E. 588, 589–90 (1888) ("The doctrine generally accepted is, that the right acquired by the
power of eminent domain extends only to an easement in the land taken, unless the statute plain-
ly provides for the acquisition of a larger interest."); accord Chi. & W. Mich. Ry. Co. v.
Huncheon, 130 Ind. 529, 532–33, 30 N.E. 636, 637 (1892); Hoffman v. Zollman, 49 Ind. App.
664, 670 (1912); Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi., and St. Louis Ry. Co. v. Doan, 47 Ind. App. 322,
325, 94 N.E. 598, 599 (1911); see also Meyer v. N. Ind. Pub. Serv. Co., 254 Ind. 112, 115, 258
N.E.2d 57, 58 (1970) ("Eminent domain is limited by the necessity of the take and the condemn-
ing authority may condemn only for future use which is fairly and reasonably needed."); Kessler
v. City of Indianapolis, 199 Ind. 420, 426, 157 N.E. 547, 549 (1927) ("The purpose for which
private property is condemned is the very basis of the right to condemn."). Thus, the purpose for
which the property is acquired, either through prescription or condemnation, determines the
scope of the easement, and the holder of the easement cannot impose a different or extra burden
upon the landowner. Klotz, 558 N.E.2d at 1100 (quoting Heidersbach, 172 Ind. App. at 438, 360
N.E.2d at 618).
Applying the law to this case, we hold that a public trail is not within the scope of ease-
ments acquired for the purpose of operating a line of railway. The original interest obtained as
against the landowners' predecessors in title was no greater than the purpose for which the ease-
ment was used at that time. Yarian, 219 Ind. at 482–83, 39 N.E.2d at 606. That purpose was the
transportation of goods through the operation of a railroad line. The easement cannot now be
recast for use as a public recreational trail without exceeding the scope of the easement and in-
fringing the rights of the landowners.
The Government contends that Indiana applies a form of "shifting public use" doctrine
and that this case calls for its application. Def.'s Br. at 23–25. Specifically, the Government as-
serts that our line of cases holding that the installation of utility or gas lines along railroad and
highway easements generally does not constitute an additional burden should also permit the use
of those easements as public recreational trails. See, e.g., Fox v. Ohio Valley Gas Corp., 250
Ind. 111, 235 N.E.2d 168 (1968) (holding that the laying of a gas pipeline on a public highway
5
easement did not impose an additional burden on the abutting landowners). In fact, the Govern-
ment contends that our precedent "allow[s] a wide diversity of activities along the [railroad] cor-
ridor," Def.'s Br. at 20, and that "a new use that is compatible with the original use . . . does not
fall outside the scope of the easement." Id. at 23. We disagree.
As Fox makes clear, the focus remains on the purpose of the easement at the time of its
acquisition. 250 Ind. at 117–18, 235 N.E.2d at 172 (citing with approval Yarian, 219 Ind. at 485,
39 N.E.2d at 607). Indiana has never recognized the "shifting public use" doctrine,4 and we de-
cline to do so here. The recognition that with the "advancement of commerce and new inven-
tions, society must adjust itself from existing conditions to growing and changed conditions and
specifically to new means of transportation," id., is a reinforcement, not an alteration, of the
principle that the scope of an easement is directly correlated to its purpose rather than a specific
use. "A dedication of land for highway purposes when made is deemed to comprehend not only
specific uses in the minds of the parties at the time, but also those developed and invented, which
fall into the category of transportation in the future." Id. at 118, 235 N.E.2d 172–73 (emphasis
added). That is, a new use that is compatible with the original purpose is within the scope of the
easement, see id., and "does not place an additional burden on the subservient land." Louisville
& Ind. R.R. Co. v. Ind. Gas Co., 829 N.E.2d 7, 11–12 (Ind. 2005) (relying on Fox to hold that
gas company was not required to compensate railroad for installation of gas pipes across railroad
right-of-way). The transportation of gas or oil by pipe rather than by truck or train is a variation
of use but not of purpose. See, e.g., Fox, 250 Ind. at 118, 235 N.E.2d at 173 ("Industry has found
it more feasible, for example, to move oil or gas through pipe lines in many instances, rather than
by truck on the surface along highways."). Likewise, the transmittal of communications through
telephone lines rather than via postal letter carried by train, truck, or wagon is merely an alternate
means to accomplish the same purpose. See, e.g., Magee v. Overshiner, 150 Ind. 127, 49 N.E.
951 (1898) (holding that the erection of telephone lines along a public road did not constitute an
additional burden on the abutting landowners). Such a scenario is not presented by this case.
The transformation of a line of railway to a public trail imputes a different purpose. The opera-
tion a railroad line is a commercial enterprise of transport. Whereas as public trail is an activity
4
In fact, the phrase "shifting public use(s)" appears only a single time in Indiana case law.
Lewellen, 682 N.E.2d at 783 n.6 (declining to address the viability of the doctrine in Indiana).
6
of "recreation, not transportation." Preseault v. United States, 100 F.3d 1525, 1554 (Fed. Cir.
1996). A public recreational trail is not within the scope of a railroad easement and does not
constitute a permissible shifting public use.
The Government also asserts that if "railbanking and interim trail use fall outside the
scope of railroad easements, [this Court] should then consider what the consequences of that
finding would be under Indiana law." Def.'s Br. at 27. This question is not among the questions
certified by the Court of Federal Claims.
Conclusion
We hold that, under Indiana law, railbanking and interim trail use pursuant to the federal
Trails Act are not within the scope of railroad easements and that railbanking and interim trail
use do not constitute a permissible shifting public use.
Sullivan, Rucker, and David, JJ., concur.
Shepard, C.J., dissents, concluding that the contemplated railbanking and interim trail uses do
fall within the scope of the easements presented.
7