ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
STEPHEN L. WILLIAMS H. LINWOOD SHANNON, III
Mann Law Firm Fine & Hatfield
Terre Haute, Indiana Evansville, Indiana
ATTORNEYS FOR AMICUS CURIAE
BRIEF OF INDIANA ASSOCIATION
OF CITIES AND TOWNS AND INDIANA
MUNICIPAL LAWYERS ASSOCIATION
IN SUPPORT OF PETITION TO
TRANSFER:
ANDREW P. WIRICK
Hume Smith Geddes Green &
Simmons, LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana
JO ANGELA WOODS
Indiana Association of Cities and
Towns
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF INDIANA
BRIAN E. CATT, )
)
Appellant (Plaintiff), ) Supreme Court Cause
Number
) 42S01-0106-CV-288
v. )
)
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF ) Court of Appeals Cause Number
KNOX COUNTY, ) 42A01-9911-CV-396
)
Appellee (Defendant). )
APPEAL FROM THE KNOX CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Sherry L. Biddinger Gregg, Judge
Cause No. 42C01-9611-CT-231
CIVIL TRANSFER
November 22, 2002
RUCKER, Justice
Case Summary
Brian Catt was injured in a single-car accident occurring in the
early morning hours of May 18, 1995, when his car slid into a ditch created
by a washed-out culvert. He filed a complaint against the Board of
Commissioners of Knox County (“the County”). The County responded with a
motion for summary judgment alleging immunity under the Indiana Tort Claims
Act (“the Act”). The trial court granted the motion and the Court of
Appeals reversed. Having previously granted transfer, we now affirm the
trial court.
Facts and Procedural History
In the early morning of May 18, 1995, eighteen-year-old Brian Catt was
traveling southbound on County Road 200 East in Harrison Township, Knox
County, Indiana. At that time there was only a slight mist or sprinkle.
However, the night before, Knox County had experienced a torrential
rainstorm. Proceeding down a small hill Catt saw mud in the road. As he
advanced, Catt noticed that the road was out and attempted to stop the car.
Sliding on the slick mud, Catt crashed his car into a water-filled ditch
in the middle of the road. As a result, he sustained serious injuries.
A subsequent examination of the accident site revealed that due to the
immense amount of rain Knox County had received, a culvert had been washed
out sometime during the night of May 17, 1995, or early morning of May 18,
1995. The washed-out culvert, which came to rest approximately fifty feet
downstream from the accident site, left a ditch in the middle of the
roadway approximately ten to twelve feet wide.
Catt filed a complaint against the County alleging negligent
inspection and maintenance of the roadway. The County filed its answer,
which included the affirmative defenses of statutory immunity, contributory
negligence, and assumption of risk. After the parties conducted discovery,
the County filed a motion for summary judgment contending: (i) it owed no
duty to Catt and therefore his negligence claim failed; (ii) it was immune
from liability under the Act; and (iii) Catt was contributorily negligent
which operated as a complete bar to his claim. After entertaining
arguments of counsel, but entering no findings of facts or conclusions
thereon, the trial court granted the County’s motion.
Catt appealed and a divided panel of the Court of Appeals reversed the
trial court. Catt v. Bd. of Comm’rs of Knox County, 736 N.E.2d 341, 343
(Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Adhering to the rule that the Court may affirm a
grant of summary judgment on any grounds supported by the Indiana Trial
Rule 56 materials, the Court of Appeals addressed each ground upon which
the trial court may have based its decision. The Court determined: (1) the
County was not entitled to immunity under the Act; (2) there were disputed
issues of material fact as to whether Catt was contributorily negligent;
and (3) genuine issues of material fact existed as to whether the County
breached its duty of care to maintain public thoroughfares in a safe
condition for travel. The County sought transfer, which we previously
granted. We now affirm the trial court.
Standard of Review
When reviewing a grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment our
standard of review is the same as it is for the trial court: whether there
is a genuine issue of material fact and whether the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Ind. Univ. Med. Ctr. v. Logan,
728 N.E.2d 855, 858 (Ind. 2000). Summary judgment is appropriate only
where the designated evidence shows that there is no genuine issue of
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Corr v. Am. Family Ins., 767 N.E.2d 535, 537 (Ind. 2002). All
facts and reasonable inferences drawn from those facts are construed in
favor of the nonmoving party. Id. at 537-38.
Discussion
The sole issue presented on transfer is whether the County is immune
from liability pursuant to the Act. The Act “allows suits against
governmental entities for torts committed by their employees but grants
immunity under the specific circumstances enumerated in Indiana Code
section 34-13-3-3.” Mangold v. Ind. Dep’t of Natural Res., 756 N.E.2d 970,
975 (Ind. 2001). Immunity under the Act is a question of law to be decided
by the court. Id. The party seeking immunity bears the burden of
establishing it. Id.
Indiana Code section 34-13-3-3(3) provides in relevant part: “A
governmental entity or an employee acting within the scope of the
employee’s employment is not liable if a loss results from . . . (3) the
temporary condition of a public thoroughfare which results from
weather.”[1] Ind. Code § 34-4-16.5-3(3). The law in this jurisdiction is
settled that a governmental entity has a common law duty to exercise
reasonable care and diligence to keep its streets and sidewalks in a
reasonably safe condition for travel. Galbreath v. City of Indianapolis,
255 N.E.2d 225, 227 (Ind. 1970); see also I.C. § 34-13-3-3(18) (declaring
“[T]his subdivision shall not be construed to relieve a responsible
governmental entity from the continuing duty to provide and maintain public
highways in a reasonably safe condition.”). Our courts have not addressed
this duty in the context of washed-out culverts but have done so in the
context of a city’s duty to remove snow and ice. For example in Van Bree
v. Harrison County, 584 N.E.2d 1114 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992), trans. denied,
the Court noted that under the common law a governmental entity is not
generally liable for injuries caused by defects in sidewalks and roadways
due to the natural accumulation of snow and ice. Id. at 1117 (citing
Walton v. Ramp, 407 N.E.2d 1189, 1191 (Ind. Ct. App. 1980); City of South
Bend v. Fink, 139 Ind. App. 282, 219 N.E.2d 441, 443 (1966)); see also
Adams v. Pa. R. Co., 117 F.2d 649, 650 (7th Cir. 1941) (indicating that in
Indiana the “duty to keep streets reasonably free from defects therein,
does not extend to defects in the streets due to natural accumulation of
ice”); 19 Eugene McQuillin, The Law of Municipal Corporations § 54.79, at
305 (3rd ed. 1994). However, a city could be held liable under the common
law for failure to remove snow and ice if it could be shown that the snow
and ice represented an obstruction to travel and the city had an
opportunity to remove the snow and ice, but failed to do so. Van Bree, 584
N.E.2d at 1117 (citing Ewald v. City of South Bend, 104 Ind. App. 679, 12
N.E.2d 995, 997 (1938)); see also City of Muncie v. Hey, 164 Ind. 570, 74
N.E. 250, 251 (1905) (holding “The accumulation of water and ice . . . so
as to obstruct the free and safe use of the sidewalk, constitute[s] a
nuisance which it [is] the duty of the city to prevent or abate, and if it
negligently fail[s] to perform this duty . . . it . . . will be held
liable.”); McQuillin, supra, § 54.79, at 306. As the Van Bree court points
out, the Act reflects these common law principles, and provides immunity
for temporary conditions caused by weather, but does not provide for
immunity when the condition is permanent or not caused by the weather. Van
Bree, 584 N.E.2d at 1117. We agree and find these observations equally
applicable here.
Analyzing the immunity provision of the Act, the Court of Appeals
examined the meaning of “temporary.” Contrasting “temporary” with
“permanent” the Court said that while inclement weather may temporarily
cause a roadway or bridge to become dangerous or impassable for a motorist,
“if this condition is due to poor inspection, design, or maintenance of the
thoroughfare then the condition of the thoroughfare could be considered
‘permanent.’” Catt, 743 N.E.2d at 345.
We agree that if the hazardous condition of a roadway is due to poor
inspection, design or maintenance, then the governmental entity may be held
liable for injuries caused thereby. Indeed a governmental entity is not
entitled to immunity every time an accident occurs during bad weather. Bd.
of Comm’rs of Steuben County v. Angulo, 655 N.E.2d 512, 513 (Ind. Ct. App.
1995), trans. not sought. Rather, in determining whether a governmental
entity is immune under the Act, the relevant inquiry is whether the loss
suffered by the plaintiff was actually the result of weather or some other
factor. Id. However we disagree with our colleagues on the Court of
Appeals that poor inspection, design, or maintenance are factors to be
considered in determining whether the condition of a roadway is permanent.
In our view such factors may demonstrate negligence. And if a party can
show that his or her injury is due to negligence - as opposed to the
temporary condition of a thoroughfare “that results from weather” - then
the governmental entity may be held liable for the party’s loss. See id.
at 513, 514 (rejecting County’s claim that the accident would not have
occurred but for temporary foggy weather conditions, where plaintiff
designated materials showing that the accident also was the result of
County failing to place appropriate markings on the roadway, failing to
post appropriate warning signs, and the presence of ruts in the roadway).
As we see it, a determination of whether a condition is temporary or
permanent is separate from a determination of whether the condition is due
to some other cause. The focus of whether the condition is permanent is
whether the governmental body has had the time and opportunity to remove
the obstruction but failed to do so. Van Bree, 584 N.E.2d at 1117. As
applied to the facts in this case, the question is whether the washed-out
culvert was due to weather and whether the County had the opportunity to
repair the culvert and did not.
The record shows that in support of its motion for summary judgment,
the County presented the affidavit of Harry Manning, Superintendent of the
Knox County Highway Department. He testified that a number of culverts
throughout Knox County had been washed-out due to the severe rain and
resulting flood that occurred in the early morning hours of May 18, 1995.
R. at 202. According to Manning the Highway Department received no notice
of the culvert at issue here being washed-out until after the accident had
occurred. R. at 202. He further testified that in 1993 a different
culvert in the same area washed out and was replaced with a larger culvert
to accommodate the water flow. Manning elaborated,
[f]rom the time we replaced the culvert until the accident, we had no
complaints of the larger culvert washing-out or flooding. Also from
the time we replaced the culvert until we received notice of the wash-
out in question, the Knox County Highway Department was not aware and
had no knowledge that this larger culvert had ever washed-out.
R. at 202.
In opposition to the County’s motion for summary judgment, Catt
presented evidence that the culvert in question had washed-out on many
occasions since 1972, R. at 266; and that the County Highway Department
would come out and check the culvert after some of the storms. R. at 263-
64. Focusing on the repeated instances of the culvert being washed away
during rainstorms, Catt insists that “the condition of the roadway,
culvert, and drainage system near the roadway . . . a long term, permanent,
condition, which caused the culvert to wash away, and the mud to accumulate
on the roadway, caus[ed] Catt’s wreck.” Br. of Appellant at 10. However,
as we have indicated the frequency with which the culvert may have washed
out in the past has no bearing on whether that condition is permanent. As
for whether the accident was due to causes other than weather, Catt seems
to suggest one of two possibilities: either (1) negligent inspection,
design, or maintenance of the roadway resulted in his injuries, or (2)
negligent, inspection, design, or maintenance of the roadway caused the
culvert to be washed away by rain which resulted in his injuries.
Concerning the former, Catt presented no Indiana Trial Rule 56 material to
support his claim. Compare Angulo, 655 N.E.2d at 513, 514 (designating
materials to demonstrate conditions of the roadway other than weather
conditions contributed to plaintiff’s injuries). As for the latter, the
negligence of the County is not relevant if it is immune. Immunity assumes
negligence but denies liability. Ind. Dep’t of Fin. Insts. v. Worthington
Bancshares, Inc., 728 N.E.2d 899, 902 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000), trans. denied.
As this Court has previously observed:
[T]he issues of duty, breach and causation are not before the court in
deciding whether the government entity is immune. If the court finds
the government is not immune, the case may yet be decided on the basis
of failure of any element of negligence. This should not be confused
with the threshold determination of immunity.
Peavler v. Bd. of Comm’rs of Monroe County, 528 N.E.2d 40, 46-47 (Ind.
1988).
In this case, the County has shown that the washed-out culvert was the
result of a rainstorm and that it had no notice that the culvert washed out
until after Catt’s accident. Although there is no evidence in this record
that the culvert has since been repaired, the record does show that the
Knox County Highway Department was busy on the morning after the storm
repairing other washed out culverts of which it was aware, and had repaired
this particular culvert when it had been washed out on previous occasions.
We conclude that the County carried its burden of demonstrating that the
condition of the roadway was temporary and resulted from weather. It is
therefore immune under the Act, and the trial court properly granted
summary judgment in the County’s favor.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
SHEPARD, C.J., and DICKSON, SULLIVAN and BOEHM, JJ., concur.
-----------------------
[1] Amended by P.L. 250-2001, § 6. The provision now reads in
relevant part: “A governmental entity or an employee acting within the
scope of the employee’s employment is not liable if a loss results from the
following . . . (3) The temporary condition of a public thoroughfare or
extreme sport area that results from weather.” I.C. § 34-13-3-3(3) (West
Supp. 2002).