FILED
COURT O APPEALS
LJ z i4 eL it
2013 JUL -9 AM 9; 10
Ski
8Y
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASE
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
Respondent, No. 43098 3 II
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V.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
PETER JAMES DAVIS,
Appellant.
TOLLEFSON J. .
T. James Davis pleaded guilty to five counts of violating a
P Peter
domestic violence court order and the trial court imposed a 90 month exceptional sentence.
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Davis appeals, asserting that he should be allowed to withdraw his guilty pleas because they
were entered in violation of his due process rights. Davis also asserts that the trial court's
imposition of an exceptional sentence violated his jury trial right. We affirm.
FACTS
The State charged Davis with 10 counts of violating a domestic violence court order after
Davis made telephone calls from the Lewis County Jail to the protected party's telephone
number. Each of the State's charged counts alleged two aggravating factors: (1) s
Davis'
unscored criminal history would result in a presumptive sentence that is clearly too lenient and
2) s multiple offenses and high offender score would result in some current offenses
Davis'
1
Judge Brian M. Tollefson is serving as judge pro tempore of the Washington State Court of
Appeals, Division II,under CAR 21( ).
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No. 43098 3 II
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going unpunished. Davis agreed to plead guilty in exchange for the State dropping five of the
ten charged counts. Davis signed a plea statement that provided in part:
7. I plead guilty to: count[s] V: Violation of a Court Order [ in the] 2nd
I-
Amended Information. I have received a copy of that Information.
8. I make this plea freely and voluntarily.
9. No one has threatened harm of any kind to me or to any other person to cause
me to make this plea.
10. No person has made promises of any kind to cause me to enter this plea
except as set forth in this statement.
11. The judge has asked me to state what I did in my own words that makes me
guilty of this crime. This is my statement: Between 5 31 11 and 7 1 11 on five
- - - -
rate]
sep[ a occasions I knowingly violated a [domestic violence] no contact order
by contacting . . . the protected party in the order. I have had two prior
convictions for violating a court order.
Clerk's Papers (CP)at 49. Davis's plea statement also stated that the prosecuting attorney would
recommend that the trial court sentence Davis to 60 months incarceration but further provided:
The judge does not have to follow anyone's recommendation as to sentence. The
judge must impose a sentence within the standard range unless the judge finds
substantial and compelling reasons not to do so. I understand the following
regarding exceptional sentences:
ii) The judge may impose an exceptional sentence above the standard
range if I am being sentenced for more than one crime and I have an offender
score of more than
CP at 45.
The trial court held a plea hearing on February 15, 2012. After the State informed the
trial court that it was no longer alleging sentencing aggravators, the trial court asked Davis, You
"
understand that I' not.bound by anybody's deals or anybody's recommendations and I could
m
impose any sentence up to the maximum ?" Report of Proceedings ( P)at 5. Davis responded
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affirmatively. The trial court accepted Davis's guilty pleas, finding that the pleas were made
voluntarily, competently, with an understanding of the nature of the charge and the
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No. 43098 3 II
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consequences of the plea [and that] there is a factual basis for the plea." at 7. The trial court
RP
then proceeded to sentencing.
At the start of the sentencing hearing, Davis's defense counsel stated that there needed to
be a change to Davis's prior criminal history stipulation because the stipulation incorrectly listed
two prior felony convictions for violations of a no contact order, when only one of the prior no
contact order violations was a felony and the other was a misdemeanor. The trial court then
struck the word " elony"from one of the convictions for violation of a no contact order listed in
f
Davis's stipulated prior criminal history and reduced Davis's stipulated offender score to " L"
I
The trial court informed Davis that the change in his offender score did not change the standard
range sentence and confirmed that. avis agreed to the changes in his stipulated prior criminal
D
history and offender score.
During the sentencing hearing, the State told the trial court that Davis had tried to contact
the subject of his domestic violence court order 217 times. Defense counsel objected, arguing
that the trial court should limit its consideration to the facts concerning the five counts to which
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Davis pleaded guilty. Thetrial court overruled defense counsel's objection. Later, - trial court
the
believed that Davis was " smirking"and it asked Davis, Is
smiling"or " " this funny ?" RP at 17,
15. Davis replied, Yeah,I think it is. But I have nothing to say." at 15. The trial court then
" RP
stated:
THE COURT]: All right. Question then, counsel.... the unscored
For
criminal history ... and the aggravators here, I want to hear from the State on the
aggravators and the multiple current offenses, some going unpunished. I'l hear
l
from the State on that. I know this was not part of any plea agreement. I want to
hear from the State on my authority to impose time on those.
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No. 43098 3 II
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RP at 15. The State responded by presenting a police report concerning all the incidents forming
the bases for its original charges against Davis, as well as a defendant case history ( CH)
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printout purporting to list Davis's criminal history. Defense counsel stated that the defense did
not agree with all of the allegations contained in the DCH printout or the police report, noting
that Davis had only acknowledged the convictions included in his criminal history stipulation.
The trial court orally ruled:
All right. I' going to impose a sentence of 90 months in the Department of
m
Corrections. Finding the aggravating circumstances, that there is unscored
criminal history, that the sentence here would clearly be too lenient, also, a
finding that the multiple current offenses, some of which are in effect going
unpunished given the offender score of five counts here, several of them are
again, given the sentencing range at a maximum of 60 months are going
unpunished. That and Mr. Davis's clearly unrepentant attitude here tells me that
the sentence of 60 months is clearly too lenient. So the sentence is going to be 90
months, credit for time served for the 57 days.
RP at 18. The trial court also entered the following written findings of fact in support of its
imposition of an exceptional sentence:
a)The defendant has extensive unscored criminal history.
b) Given the defendant's conduct, the standard range sentence would result in a
sentence that is clearly too lenient. -
c) The defendant's offender score is such that some of his current convictions
would go unpunished.
d)The uncharged offenses in this matter are a justifiable basis for an exceptional
sentence.
e) The defendant's attitude (smiling smirking and admitting that he thought the
proceedings were funny) show a complete lack of remorse and an unrepentant
attitude.
2
Davis's judgment and sentence document stated that Davis was being sentenced to 60 months
on each of his 5 counts with all counts to be served consecutively and ordered a total
incarceration term of 90 months. Because Davis challenges the trial court's imposition of an
exceptional sentence only insofar as it implicated his Sixth Amendment right to a jury finding,
and because he does not challenge the manner in which the trial court designated such
exceptional sentence in his judgment and sentence document, we need not address any error
contained in that document.
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No. 43098 3 II
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The grounds listed in the preceding paragraph, taken together or considered
individually, constitute sufficient cause to impose the exceptional sentence. This
court would impose the same sentence if only one of the grounds listed in the
preceding paragraph is valid.
CP at 62. Davis timely appeals his judgment and sentence.
DISCUSSION
I. VOLUNTARY ENTRY OF GUILTY PLEA
Davis first contends that the trial court violated his due process rights by accepting his
guilty plea without establishing that his plea was entered knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily. Specifically, Davis argues that he did not have a full understanding of his plea due
to the trial court's failure to establish that he had two qualifying prior convictions for violating a
court order, which is a requisite to elevating a misdemeanor violation of a court order to a felony.
We disagree.
We review de novo the circumstances under which a defendant enters a guilty plea.
Young v. Konz, 91 Wn. d 532, 536, 588 P. d 1360 (1979).We also review alleged due process
2 2
violations de novo. Post v. City of Tacoma, 167 Wn. d 300, 308, 217 P. d 1179 (2009).
2 3 Due
process requires a defendant's guilty plea be made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.
State v. Mendoza, 157 Wn. d 582,'
2 587, 141 P. d 49 (2006).A guilty plea is not knowing,
3
intelligent, and voluntary unless the defendant has an accurate understanding of the relation of
the facts to the law. State v. R. . Wn. App. 699, 705 706, 133 P. d 505 (2006).An
D.,
L 132 - 3
involuntary plea constitutes a manifest injustice, and a defendant may raise this claim for the first
time on appeal. State v. Walsh, 143 Wn. d 1, 6 8,17 P. d 591 (2001).
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No. 43098 3 II
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The requirement that a guilty plea be made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily is
embodied in CrR 4. (
d),prohibits a trial court from accepting a guilty plea without first
2 which
determining that the defendant understood the nature of the State's charges and the consequences
of pleading guilty. Additionally, t] satisfy the requirements
"[ o of CrR d)
4. (
2 there must be
.....
sufficient evidence of a factual basis for the plea for a jury to conclude that the defendant is
guilty of the crime charged."State v. A. .168 Wn. d 91, 118, 225 P. d 956 (2010).
J., 2
N 3
T] e factual basis [requirement] may be satisfied by a recitation of facts the
h
prosecutor would prove at trial. Where the prosecutor's factual statement is orally
acknowledged by the defendant or where the court orally interrogates the
defendant concerning his conduct, the constitutional requirements are satisfied
and both society and the defendant are better served. Where, however, the court
relies only on the written statement of the defendant on the guilty plea form, it
must insure the facts admitted amount to the violation charged. Anything less
endangers the finality of the plea."
State v. S. .,• App. 401,414, 996 P. d 1111 (2000)alterations in the original)quoting
100 Wn.
M 2 ( (
In re Peas. Restraint of Taylor, 31 Wn. App. 254, 259, 640 P. d 737 (1982)). entering a guilty
2 In
plea to charges in the State's information, a defendant admits all the allegations contained in the
information. State v. Pringle, 83 Wn. d 188, 190 91,517 P. d 192 (1973).
2 - 2
RCW 26. 0. provides in part:
5 110
Violation of order —Penalties. (1)( Whenever an order is granted under this
a)
chapter, chapter 7.0, 9. 10. 9,, 10, 26. 6, or 74. 4 RCW, or there
9 94A, 26- 9,0
9 26. 2 3
is a valid foreign protection order as defined in RCW 26. 2. and the
020, 5
respondent or person to be restrained knows of the order, a violation of any of the
following provisions of the order is a gross misdemeanor, except as provided.in
subsections (4) and ( )of this section:
S
3
CrR 4. (
d)
2 provides:
Voluntariness. The court shall not accept a plea of guilty, without first
determining that it is made voluntarily, competently and with an understanding of .
the nature of the charge and the consequences of the plea. The court shall not
enter a judgment upon a plea of guilty unless it is satisfied that there is a factual
basis for the plea.
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No. 43098 3 II
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i) restraint provisions prohibiting contact with a protected party.
...
5) A violation of a court order issued under this chapter, chapter 7.0,
9
9. 10. 9, 26. 9, 26. 0, 26. 6, or 74. 4 RCW, or of a valid foreign protection
94A, 9 0 1 2 3
order as .defined in RCW 26. 2.is a class Cfelony if the offender has at least
020,
5
two previous convictions for violating the provisions ofan order issued under this
chapter, chapter 7.0, 9. 10. 9, 26 09, 2610, 2626, or 74. 4 RCW, or of a
9 94A, 9 3
valid foreign protection order as defined in RCW 2652. 20.
0 The previous
convictions may involve the same victim or other victims specifically protected
by the orders the offender violated.
Emphasis added.)
Davis contends that the trial court failed to establish a factual basis for his guilty plea
because his criminal history stipulation did not specify that his prior convictions for violating a
court order were qualifying convictions under RCW 26. 0.
110(
5 which
5 ), qualifying convictions
are necessary to elevate his crime to a class C felony. In support of this contention, Davis argues
that protection orders may be issued under chapter 10. 4 RCW, which is not listed in RCW
1
110(
26. 0.Although we agree that protection orders issued under chapter 10. 4 RCW are not
5
5 ). 1
included within RCW 26. 0.
s)'
110(
5 enumerated list of qualifying prior convictions, we hold
5
that a sufficient factual basis supported the trial court's acceptance of Davis's guilty pleas
because he acknowledged that his prior convictions qualified under RCW 26. 0.
110(
5
5 ).
Here, Davis signed a plea statement that provided he was pleading guilty to five counts of
violation of court order as charged in the State's second amended information, which
information Davis stated he had received. Each of the charged counts in the State's second
amended information provided " he defendant did have at least two prior convictions for
t
violating the provisions of a court order issued under Chapter 10.99, 26 09, 2610, 2626, 26. 0
5
26 52, andor a validforeign protection order as defined in RCW 26. 2.contrary to Revised
/ 020;
5
Code of Washington 26. 0.CP at 2 13 (
110."
5 - emphasis added).Paragraph 11 of Davis's plea
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No. 43098 3 II
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statement also included the following handwritten statement, Between 5 31 11 and 7 1 11 on
" - - - -
five a occasions I knowingly violated
rate]
sep[ a DV no contact order by contacting ... the
protected party in the order. I have had two prior convictions for violating a court order."CP at
49. Additionally, at his plea hearing, the trial court confirmed that Davis had a full
understanding of the factual bases and legal consequences of his guilty plea by asking Davis the
following:
THE COURT]: All right. Is this your statement: " Between May 31,
2011 and"this looks like " uly 1, 2011 "?
J
DAVIS]:Yes.
THE COURT]: "On five separate occasions I knowingly violated a
domestic violence no contact order by contacting ... the protected party in the
order. I'e had two prior convictions for violating a court order."
v
DAVIS]:Yes, it is.
THE COURT]: You agree that the prior domestic violence protection
order was a valid order?
DAVIS]:Yes.
THE COURT]:And that you had knowledge of that order?
DAVIS]:Yes.
THE COURT]: And you knowingly violated it by making the phone
calls?
DAVIS]:Yes, I did.
THE COURT]: State feel that's a sufficient statement?
STATE]:He indicated it' five separate occasions,correct, Your Honor?
s
THE COURT]:Yes, five separate occasions.
STATE]:That's fine.
THE COURT]: And those five separate occasions coincide with the date
and times alleged in counts one through five,that's what you're pleading to?
DAVIS]:Yes.
RP at 5 6. This colloquy, together with Davis's acknowledgment in his plea statement that he
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was pleading guilty to violating domestic violence no contact orders as charged in the State's
second amended information, which information alleged that Davis had two prior qualifying
convictions under RCW 26. 0.shows that Davis had a full understanding of his plea despite
110,
5
his failure to specify in his criminal history stipulation the statutes under which his prior court
No. 43098 3 II
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orders had issued. Because the record clearly demonstrates that Davis had a full understanding
of his guilty plea to felony violations of a domestic violence court order, we hold that the trial
court did not violate Davis's due process rights by accepting his guilty plea.
II. EXCEPTIONAL SENTENCE JURY TRIAL RIGHT
/
Next, Davis contends that the trial court imposed an exceptional sentence in violation of
his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. Again, we disagree.
We review de novo a sentencing court's statutory authority to impose an exceptional
sentence under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA),
chapter 9. RCW. State v. Mann,
94A
146 Wn. App. 349, 357, 189 P. d 843 (2008);
3 State v. Murray, 118 Wn.App. 518, 521, 77 P. d
3
1188 (2003).We also review alleged constitutional violations de novo. State v. Siers, 174
Wn. d 269,273 74,274 P. d 358 (2012).
2 - 3
In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U. . 466, 490, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed. 2d 435 (2000),
S
the United States Supreme Court held, Other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that
"
increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to
a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt." The Supreme Court later clarified its
-
decision in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U. .296, 303, 124 S. Ct.531, 159 L.Ed. 2d 403 (2004),
S 2
where it held that " he ` tatutory maximum' for Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a
t s
judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the
defendant."
Here, the sentencing court provided five alternative findings for imposing an exceptional
sentence and stated that it would impose the
" same sentence if only one of the grounds ... is
valid."CP at 62. Because the State concedes that the sentencing court lacked authority to
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No. 43098 3 II
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impose an exceptional sentence under four of its five stated grounds absent a jury finding, we
address only whether Davis's Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial was violated by the trial
court's imposition of an exceptional sentence upon its finding that "[ he defendant's offender
t]
score is such that some of his current convictions would go unpunished. A CP at 62.
Davis relies on State v. Hughes, 154 Wn. d 118, 134, 139 40, 110 P. d 192 (2005),
2 - 3
abrogated on other grounds by Washington v. Recuenco, 548 U. .212, 126 S. Ct. 2546, 165 L.
S
Ed. 2d. 66 (2006)to support his argument that a jury finding was required before the trial court
4
could impose an exceptional sentence based upon Davis's current convictions going unpunished
due to his high offender score. In Hughes, our Supreme Court held that in undertaking a `free
crimes' analysis under the SRA, t] conclusion that allowing a current offense to go
"[ he
unpunished is clearly too lenient is a factual determination that cannot be made by the trial court
following Blakely."154 Wn. d at 140 (some emphasis added).In reaching this conclusion, the
2
Hughes court relied on the language of former RCW 9.
i)"
535( 4A.2003),
2)(
9 which stated, The (
operation of the multiple offense policy of RCW 9. results in a presumptive sentence
589
94A.
that is clearly too lenient in light of the purpose of this chapter, as expressed in RCW
4
Specifically, the State has conceded that the following stated grounds by the trial court cannot
justify the imposition of an exceptional sentence absent a jury factual determination:
a)The defendant has extensive unscored criminal history.
b)Given the defendant's conduct, the standard range sentence would result in a
sentence that is clearly too lenient.
d)The uncharged offenses in this matter are a justifiable basis for an exceptional
sentence.
e) The defendant's attitude (smiling smirking and admitting that he thought the
proceedings were funny) show a complete lack of remorse and an unrepentant
attitude.
CP at 62.
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No. 43098 3 II
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010." State v. Alvarado, 164 Wn. d 556, 563, 192 P. d 345 (2008).As the court
9.
94A. See 2 3
noted in Alvarado, however, the legislature amended chapter 9. RCW in 2005 to comply
94A
with Blakely. 164 Wn. d at 564. The current applicable statutory provision now provides:
2
2) Aggravating Circumstances— Considered and Imposed by the Court
The trial court may impose an aggravated exceptional sentence without a finding
of fact by a jury. nder the following circumstances:
u
c) The defendant has committed multiple current offenses and the
defendant's high offender score results in some of the current offense going
unpunished.
RCW 9.
c).
535( 4A. The Alvarado court held that under this statutory provision no "clearly
2)(
9
too lenient"finding is required and thus, the only factors the trial court relies upon in imposing
"
an exceptional sentence ... are based on criminal history and the jury's verdict on the current
convictions[,which b]th fall under the Blakely prior convictions exception, as no judicial fact
o
finding is involved." 164 Wn. d at 566 67 (
2 - citation omitted). Accordingly, the trial court's
imposition of an exceptional sentence under RCW 9.
c)
535( 4A.did not implicate Davis's
2)(
9
Sixth Amendment jury trial right and we affirm his judgment and sentence.
A majority ofthe panelhaving determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
040,
2.6.it is so ordered.
0
TOLLEFSON, . P. .
T
We concur:
WORSWICK, C. .
J
c
Al,
I ANSON, J.
U
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