Supreme Court
No. 2011-263-C.A.
(W1/91-385A)
State :
v. :
Cory J. Roberts. :
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island,
250 Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone
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corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
Supreme Court
No. 2011-263-C.A.
(W1/91-385A)
State :
v. :
Cory J. Roberts. :
Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.
OPINION
Justice Goldberg, for the Court. The defendant, Cory J. Roberts, appeals from a
decision arising from a motion to correct a sentence of imprisonment that was executed after a
finding of probation violation. In this procedurally challenging case, the defendant contends that
the trial justice who presided over his 2004 probation-revocation hearing erroneously stayed the
execution of ten years of a previously suspended fifteen-year sentence. From that premise, the
defendant argues that, notwithstanding that the trial justice subsequently corrected that illegal
sentence, it was no longer a viable sentence, such that he improperly was adjudged to be a
probation violator in 2009. Finally, the defendant asserts that, after correcting his error, the trial
justice impermissibly resentenced the defendant. After careful consideration, we affirm the
judgment below.
Facts and Travel
In 1992, defendant, who then was eighteen years old, entered pleas of nolo contendere to
a host of charges, including first- and second-degree child molestation, resisting arrest, and
multiple counts of breaking and entering and simple assault and battery. These offenses included
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multiple home invasions and child sexual assaults upon the occupants. The defendant was
sentenced to thirty years on each of the molestation counts, with fifteen years to serve, fifteen
years suspended, with probation.
In May 2001, shortly after his release from incarceration, defendant was convicted of
residential burglary in the State of Washington. That offense was similar to the crimes for which
defendant was imprisoned in 1992; it involved breaking and entering into a home, during which
defendant awakened a woman who was asleep in bed with her husband. The defendant was
incarcerated in the State of Washington and subsequently was adjudicated a probation violator in
Superior Court in March 2004. After determining that defendant was a probation violator, the
trial justice wrestled with the difficult decision of what portion of defendant‟s fifteen-year
suspended sentence should be executed.
The trial justice first heard argument from defense counsel, who represented to the court
that defendant “has absolutely no problem with the vacating of [defendant‟s previously
suspended] sentence and [then] staying a large portion of that sentence and as a condition of that
stay, imposing a requirement that [defendant undergo] sex offender counseling. [The defendant]
has no problem with [undergoing] sex offender counseling at all.” For its part, in a sentencing
memorandum, the state requested that defendant serve all fifteen years remaining on the child-
molestation counts; it emphasized the similarity between the Rhode Island and Washington
crimes.
Before proceeding to announce his decision, the trial justice declared that “this is one of
the most difficult sentencing decisions I‟ve ever had to make or be a part of.” On the one hand,
the trial justice recognized that the Rhode Island offenses of which defendant stands convicted
are very serious; he also found that defendant was a “predator.” On the other hand, the trial
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justice was troubled that defendant appeared not to know what made him commit these crimes.
In an effort to balance these concerns, the trial justice vacated the suspension of the fifteen-year
sentence on the 1992 child-molestation convictions, ordered defendant to serve five years of the
fifteen-year sentence, consecutive to the term then being served by defendant as a parole
violator,1 and ordered that the execution of the remaining ten years be “stayed” on condition that,
upon his release from prison, defendant immediately engage in and remain compliant with an
approved sex-offender treatment program. The trial justice further provided that, if defendant
failed to enroll in an approved sex-offender treatment program within thirty days of his release
from prison and if he did not remain in treatment until its successful completion, the so-called
“stay of execution” of the ten-year term would be vacated and he would serve all ten years in
prison. The defendant failed to live up to these requirements.
In March 2009, in accordance with Rule 32(f) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal
Procedure, the state filed a probation-violation report against defendant, alleging that, shortly
after being released from prison, defendant had left the state without permission and that he had
been arrested in Virginia. The defendant admitted the violation, and the trial justice who had
ordered the so-called “stayed” sentence in 2004 removed the stay of execution on the remaining
ten years of defendant‟s sentence and ordered defendant to serve eight years, with the remaining
two years further stayed.
On April 1, 2010, defendant filed a pro se motion under Rule 35(a) of the Superior Court
Rules of Criminal Procedure to correct the 2004 sentence, focusing on the stayed component of
the sentence. The defendant argued that the trial justice was without authority to impose a
“stayed sentence” and that only the five-year term of incarceration—which defendant already
1
The defendant also was a parole violator with respect to the original fifteen-year prison term.
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had served—was lawful. Counsel was appointed to represent defendant on this motion.2 The
state raised several arguments in support of its objection to the motion to correct sentence,
including, inter alia, timeliness, laches, and estoppel.3
The trial justice issued a written order granting in part defendant‟s motion to correct his
2004 sentence. Although the trial justice recognized the irony arising from the fact that “the
stayed sentence imposed was designed to grant [defendant] some level of leniency” and was
negotiated by counsel on behalf of defendant—who readily agreed to accept it—he nonetheless
concluded that “the sentence modification in 2004 was impermissible as a matter of law.”
Accordingly, the trial justice vacated the sentence that was ordered in connection with the 2004
violation adjudication.
The defendant was resentenced on August 26, 2010. Before pronouncing sentence, the
trial justice entertained argument from defendant and the state. The defendant argued that, when
he completed the five-year term imposed in 2004, the entire sentence was satisfied. The
defendant further contended that, because the ten-year stayed sentence was illegal, it was null
and void ab initio and that, therefore, he could not be presented as a probation violator in 2009—
since, he argued, after completing the 2004 incarcerative term, he no longer was on probation. In
response, the state argued that, when the trial justice ordered that defendant serve five years of
2
Relatedly, defendant subsequently filed a pro se motion to vacate the sentence he received as a
result of his 2009 adjudication of probation violation; he contended that because the only
sentence outstanding at the time of his departure from this state was the illegal ten-year stayed
sentence, there was no probationary term in 2009 and that, therefore, defendant could not be
adjudicated a probation violator. However, the trial justice returned this motion to defendant
because it was not submitted through appointed counsel.
3
Because of our decision affirming the trial justice on the merits, we need not address these
contentions, save for brief consideration of the question of timeliness under Rule 35(a) of the
Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure.
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the then-suspended fifteen years, the ten-year balance simply remained as a suspended portion of
the original sentence and did not vanish, as defendant appeared to argue.
The trial justice rejected defendant‟s argument that the ten-year stayed sentence no longer
existed, concluding that, at a probation-revocation proceeding, a trial justice is powerless to
reduce the sentence imposed by the original sentencing justice. Accordingly, the trial justice
issued two orders to effectuate his original intention when executing the sentences in 2004 and
again in 2009. The first judgment was ordered nunc pro tunc to March 18, 2004 and executed
five years of defendant‟s previously suspended fifteen-year sentence, with the remaining ten
years suspended, with probation. The second judgment, nunc pro tunc to September 1, 2009,
executed eight years of defendant‟s previously suspended ten-year sentence, with the remaining
two years further suspended, with probation. The defendant timely appealed.
Standard of Review
It is well established that “[d]ecisions concerning Rule 35 motions are within the sound
discretion of the trial justice.” State v. Brown, 755 A.2d 124, 125 (R.I. 2000); see also State v.
Bouffard, 35 A.3d 909, 916 (R.I. 2012). Accordingly, “[o]ur authority to review a trial justice‟s
decision on such a motion „is extremely limited and should be exercised only when the sentence
is without justification[,]‟” Brown, 755 A.2d at 125 (quoting State v. Brigham, 666 A.2d 405,
406 (R.I. 1995)), and “grossly disparate from other sentences generally imposed for similar
offenses.” State v. Snell, 11 A.3d 97, 101 (R.I. 2011) (quoting State v. Ruffner, 5 A.3d 864, 867
(R.I. 2010)). “When faced with the interpretation of statutes and court rules upon review of a
Rule 35 motion, however, we apply a de novo standard.” Bouffard, 35 A.3d at 916; see also
State v. Goncalves, 941 A.2d 842, 847 (R.I. 2008). Finally, with respect to a trial justice‟s
decision to execute all or a portion of a defendant‟s previously suspended sentence after a
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finding of probation violation, “[t]he [trial justice] has wide discretion when determining the
proper sentence to exact upon a probation violator,” and we will uphold that decision unless it
constitutes an abuse of that discretion. State v. Lancellotta, 35 A.3d 863, 869 (R.I. 2012).
Analysis
Before this Court, defendant contends, as he argued below, that the ten-year stayed
sentence that was executed in 2004 was null and void and that after serving the five-year
incarcerative term, the entire sentence was satisfied. The defendant further contends that his
Rule 35 motion only attacked the illegal portion of his 2004 sentence—the ten-year stayed
sentence—and that the trial justice, having determined that the stayed sentence was unlawful,
erred in resentencing him on the entire 2004 sentence. Finally, defendant argues that he should
not have been adjudicated a probation violator in 2009 because the only sentence remaining was
the illegal ten-year stayed sentence. Indeed, defendant submits that his due process rights were
violated when he was presented and sentenced as a probation violator in 2009. We reject these
contentions.
At the outset, we address an issue of timeliness. Rule 35(a) sets forth the temporal
limitations on a motion to correct a sentence and provides, in pertinent part, as follows: “The
court may correct an illegal sentence at any time. The court may correct a sentence imposed in
an illegal manner and it may reduce any sentence when a motion is filed within one hundred and
twenty (120) days after the sentence is imposed * * *.” (Emphases added.) For timing purposes,
Rule 35(a) thus distinguishes between two types of sentences: illegal sentences and sentences
imposed in an illegal manner. In this case, defendant‟s motion to correct his 2004 sentence was
filed on April 1, 2010—well beyond the 120-day limit for correcting a sentence imposed in an
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illegal manner.4 Therefore, defendant‟s motion to correct was timely only to the extent, if any, it
challenged an “illegal sentence” under Rule 35(a).
We have explained that an illegal sentence under Rule 35(a) is “one that is not authorized
by the statute establishing the punishment that may be imposed for the particular crime or
crimes.” State v. Linde, 965 A.2d 415, 417 (R.I. 2009) (quoting State v. Texieira, 944 A.2d 132,
143 (R.I. 2008)). The Reporter‟s Notes to Rule 35(a) provide:
“For purposes of the rule, an „illegal sentence‟ is one which has
been imposed after a valid conviction but is not authorized under
law. It includes, e.g., a sentence in excess of that provided by
statute, imposition of an unauthorized form of punishment, a
judgment that does not conform to the oral sentence.”
The state insists that defendant‟s Rule 35 motion only alleged that his sentence was
imposed in an illegal manner—not that he received an illegal sentence—and that it therefore was
time-barred. In response, defendant contends that the trial justice exceeded his authority under
G.L. 1956 § 12-19-9 in staying the execution of his previously suspended sentence upon
condition that he engage in and remain compliant with sex-offender treatment. Although this is a
close question, we are satisfied that this contention is more closely akin to a challenge to an
illegal sentence. See State v. Tucker, 747 A.2d 451, 453 (R.I. 2000). In Tucker, 747 A.2d at
453, the defendant filed a Rule 35 motion to correct his sentence, arguing that the probation-
revocation trial justice did not have the authority under § 12-19-9 to execute a portion of his
4
Although defendant‟s motion focused on the sentence he received at the 2004 probation-
revocation hearing, we note that the 120-day period in Rule 35(a) begins to run on the date of the
final judgment of conviction, and not on the date that a defendant‟s probation is revoked. See
State v. Brown, 821 A.2d 695, 696-97 n.2 (R.I. 2003) (“It is well settled that a trial justice does
not impose a new sentence after a probation revocation hearing, but rather executes the
previously imposed sentence. * * * Thus, a motion to reduce sentence must be filed within 120
days of the final judgment of conviction.”).
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previously suspended sentence and simultaneously continue the rest of his suspended sentence.
We deemed the defendant‟s argument to be a challenge to an illegal sentence:
“Tucker‟s position is that the violation-hearing justice imposed an
illegal sentence upon him when he ordered him to serve eighteen
months of his prior-suspended sentence and continued the
suspension for the remaining fifty-four months of his original
sentence. Thus, the expiration of Rule 35‟s 120-day time limit did
not preclude the court from addressing the merits of Tucker‟s
argument.” Tucker, 747 A.2d at 453.
We therefore proceed to address the merits of defendant‟s contentions.
“The General Assembly set forth various disposition options from which a violation-
hearing justice can choose after finding that a defendant has violated his or her condition(s) of
probation.” Tucker, 747 A.2d at 453. Those options are set forth in § 12-19-9, which provides,
in pertinent part, that:
“Upon a determination that the defendant has violated the terms
and conditions of his or her probation the court, in open court and
in the presence of the defendant, may remove the suspension and
order the defendant committed on the sentence previously
imposed, or on a lesser sentence, or impose a sentence if one has
not been previously imposed, or may continue the suspension of a
sentence previously imposed, as to the court may seem just and
proper.”
In this case, after declaring defendant a probation violator in 2004, the trial justice
ordered defendant to serve five years of the original fifteen-year suspended sentence and stayed
execution of the remaining ten years on condition that defendant engage in and remain compliant
with sex-offender counseling. Although “the General Assembly intended that a violation-
hearing justice would have considerable discretion in selecting which of the options in § 12-19-9
he or she would apply to a probation violator and in deciding how those options would be
applied,” Tucker, 747 A.2d at 453-54, a probation-revocation justice has no discretion to fashion
a sentence that is not allowed by law. Section 12-19-9, which we have declared “clear and
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unambiguous,” State v. Parson, 844 A.2d 178, 180 (R.I. 2004), does not permit a trial justice to
stay the execution of a previously suspended sentence. Recognizing his error, the trial justice
corrected the error and resentenced defendant.
However, our conclusion that the trial justice had no authority under § 12-19-9 to stay the
execution of defendant‟s suspended sentence is but a partial victory for defendant. The
defendant argues that the ten-year stayed sentence was null and void ab initio and therefore
disappeared, leaving only the completed five-year incarcerative term. This contention runs afoul
of our decision in State v. Heath, 659 A.2d 116 (R.I. 1995).
In Heath, 659 A.2d at 116, the defendant originally received a five-year sentence, with
six months to serve and the balance suspended, with probation. On several occasions, the
defendant was adjudged a probation violator. Id. On the third occasion, the trial justice ordered
the defendant to serve six months, but the justice neglected to mention the fate of the remaining
three and one-half years of the suspended sentence. Id. When the defendant was once again
adjudged a probation violator, he argued that he no longer was on probation because the justice
presiding over his third probation-revocation hearing had not ordered any suspended sentence
when imposing the defendant‟s six-month prison term. Id. The trial justice, and later this Court,
rejected that argument. Id. at 116-17. We explained that “the intention of the justice who
originally imposed the suspended sentences is controlling and that the justice who finds a
violation of probationary status and executes the sentence is bound by the initial determination.”
Id. at 116 (quoting State v. Studman, 468 A.2d 918, 920 (R.I. 1983)). With this limitation on a
probation-revocation justice‟s authority in mind, we held that a “trial justice at [a] violation
hearing [does] not possess the statutory power to amend or decrease the sentence as originally
imposed and [is] bound by the terms of that sentence.” Id. at 117. We repeatedly have
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reaffirmed our holding in Heath. See, e.g., State v. Bergevine, 883 A.2d 1158, 1159 (R.I. 2005)
(mem.); Tucker, 747 A.2d at 454-55; State v. Rice, 727 A.2d 1229, 1231 (R.I. 1999).
Our decision in Heath forecloses defendant‟s argument that the ten years of the
previously suspended sentence that had been stayed by the probation-revocation justice no longer
existed. If a probation-revocation justice lacks the statutory power to amend or reduce the
sentence purposefully, surely he or she may not accomplish that result unintentionally, in the
course of a display of compassion and grace to the violator. In this case, therefore, the trial
justice‟s error in staying the execution of the ten years remaining on the previously suspended
sentence did not vitiate that portion of the sentence that the original sentencing justice had
imposed. Appropriately recognizing that he could not reduce the sentence imposed by the
original sentencing justice, the trial justice reevaluated his sentence and accomplished that which
he intended in the first place.
The defendant insists that this resentencing was error; because he had challenged only the
illegal portion of his 2004 sentence, he argues, the trial justice erred in recalibrating the entire
sentence that was executed in 2004. To support this contention, he cites two federal court
decisions—United States v. Henry, 709 F.2d 298, 307-08 (5th Cir. 1983) (en banc); United
States v. Turner, 518 F.2d 14, 15-17 (7th Cir. 1975)—one of which has been overruled, and the
second overwhelmingly has been rejected. See United States v. Jefferson, 714 F.2d 689, 707
(7th Cir. 1983), vacated on other grounds, 474 U.S. 806 (1985) (mem.) (overruling Turner); see,
e.g., United States v. Pimienta-Redondo, 874 F.2d 9, 14 & n.5 (1st Cir. 1989) (en banc)
(rejecting Henry); United States v. Bentley, 850 F.2d 327, 329 (7th Cir. 1988) (same). We need
not accompany defendant on his cross-country tour, however, for the issue is well settled in this
jurisdiction.
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In Goncalves, 941 A.2d at 848, we first addressed the issue of sentence re-bundling and
held that “a hearing justice who corrects an illegal sentence pursuant to Rule 35(a) may correct
the entire initial sentencing package to preserve the originally intended sentencing scheme, so
long as the corrected sentence does not exceed the sentence originally imposed.” We recently
reaffirmed this holding in Bouffard, 35 A.3d at 917.
In the case before us, the trial justice ably followed our pronouncements on sentence re-
bundling. The trial justice‟s recalibration of the sentence that was executed in 2004 preserved
his original sentencing scheme—to execute five years of the fifteen-year suspended sentence,
with the remaining ten years suspended—and did not exceed the original sentence. The same
can be said for the trial justice‟s correction of the sentence he executed after he adjudged
defendant a probation violator yet again, in 2009. We are of the opinion that the trial justice
acted well within his discretion in determining what portion of defendant‟s suspended sentence
should be executed and what portion should remain suspended.
Finally, defendant argues that his due process rights were violated when he was
sentenced as a probation violator in 2009; he contends that after completing his five-year prison
term, he no longer was on probation because only the illegal ten-year stayed sentence remained
at that point. We deem this argument unavailing for several reasons.
As a threshold matter, defendant failed to raise this issue in 2009, when he admitted that
he was a violator. The proper method of challenging the state‟s Rule 32(f) notice of violation
would have been a motion to dismiss at the probation-revocation hearing, not a Rule 35 motion
after a sentence was executed upon the finding of probation violation. See State v. Dantzler, 690
A.2d 338, 339 (R.I. 1997) (the defendant moved to dismiss the state‟s Rule 32(f) notice of
probation violation, contending that his probationary term had not begun at the time of the
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alleged violation). Therefore, we are convinced that defendant has failed to preserve any
argument that he could not have been presented as a probation violator in 2009.
Moreover, if the defendant‟s due process contention had been preserved, we nonetheless
would conclude that it has no merit. The defendant‟s argument that he did not believe he was on
probation after completing the five-year incarcerative term that was executed in 2004 is belied by
the papers he signed when he was released from prison, in which he acknowledged the
conditions of his probation. Thus, despite his present assertions to the contrary, the defendant
had notice that he was on probation after he was released from prison. Therefore, the
defendant‟s due process contention must fail.
Conclusion
For the reasons articulated above, we affirm the judgment below. The papers in this case
may be remanded to the Superior Court.
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RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE
Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet
TITLE OF CASE: State v. Cory J. Roberts.
CASE NO: No. 2011-263-C.A.
(W1/91-385A)
COURT: Supreme Court
DATE OPINION FILED: February 13, 2013
JUSTICES: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia JJ.
WRITTEN BY: Associate Justice Maureen McKenna Goldberg
SOURCE OF APPEAL: Washington County Superior Court
JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:
Associate Justice Edwin J. Gale
ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:
For State: Aaron L. Weisman
Department of Attorney General
For Defendant: Richard K. Corley, Esq.