Filed 9/13/13 P. v. Greenwood CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E055051
v. (Super.Ct.No. INF064474)
STUART ALDEN GREENWOOD, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Graham Anderson
Cribbs, Judge. (Retired judge of the Riverside Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.
Ron Boyer, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Meagan Beale, and William M.
Wood, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
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I
INTRODUCTION
This case arises out of defendant Stuart Alden Greenwood, a chiropractor,
committing sexual crimes against his female patients while leading them to believe he
was providing them with chiropractic treatment. Defendant appeals from judgment
entered following jury convictions for two counts of foreign object penetration by means
of a fraudulent professional purpose (Pen. Code, § 289, subd. (d)(4);1 counts 1 and 5),
three counts of sexual battery by means of a fraudulent professional purpose (§ 243.4,
subd. (c); counts 2, 3, 4), and three counts of misdemeanor sexual battery (§ 243.4, subd.
(e)(1); counts 6, 7, 8). The trial court sentenced defendant to an aggregate prison term of
eight years.
Defendant contends the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for
foreign object penetration by means of a fraudulent professional purpose as to R.S. (count
1) and his conviction for sexual battery by means of a fraudulent professional purpose as
to De.L. (count 8). Defendant also contends the trial court erred in giving CALCRIM
No. 370 on motive.
Defendant concedes in his appellate reply brief that the evidence was sufficient to
support a conviction for count 8. Because defendant has waived the issue, we therefore
do not address the contention in this opinion. As to defendant’s other contentions, we
1 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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conclude there was sufficient evidence as to count 1 and that any instructional error as to
motive was harmless. The judgment is affirmed.
II
FACTS
Although defendant was convicted on numerous counts of sexually abusing his
patients, only count 1 is being challenged on sufficiency of evidence grounds. We
therefore will only briefly summarize the facts as to the other counts.
Count 1 - Foreign Object Penetration by Means of Fraud, as to R.S.
In January and February 2008, R.S. visited defendant four times for chiropractic
treatment of her upper back and right shoulder. Count 1 is based on her fourth and final
visit. Count 2 is based on her third visit.
R.S.’s first two visits were unremarkable. During the third appointment,
defendant grabbed R.S. around her shoulders from behind and lifted her off the floor.
After putting her down, he moved his hands down her front to her vaginal area, where he
rubbed her. R.S. was wearing her street clothing. Defendant told her this was part of her
treatment.
During R.S.’s last visit on February 7, 2008, she received treatment with electrical
pads while lying on a table in her underwear and a gown. After defendant completed this
treatment, he rubbed his hands up her left leg to her crotch area and put his finger into her
vagina. About three weeks later, when R.S.’s daughter visited her, R.S. told her daughter
about the touching and reported the incident to the police. R.S. waited to report the
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incident to the police because she did not speak English well and wanted to wait for her
daughter to help her.
Other Charged Offenses
Defendant was charged with committing additional sex crimes by means of fraud,
against six other women. Defendant is not challenging the sufficiency of evidence as to
these crimes.
Count 3 - sexual battery by means of a fraudulent professional purpose (§ 243.4,
subd. (c)) - was committed in June 2006, against defendant’s 25-year-old office manager,
V.P. When V.P. complained of lower back pain, defendant offered to provide her with
treatment. During the third treatment, defendant told V.P. he was going to check for a
yeast infection and then put his hand under her gown and touched V.P.’s vaginal area.
V.P. quit her employment with defendant the next day.
Count 4 - sexual battery by means of a fraudulent professional purpose (§ 243.4,
subd. (c)) - was committed in February 2005, against E.M., who was 60 years old. E.M.
visited defendant for treatment of her back and heel pain. During her first visit,
defendant put his hand under E.M.’s gown and began touching her, from her upper torso
to the top of her legs, including under her breasts and over her pubic bone. While doing
so, defendant told E.M. he was detecting infections. E.M. was confused by the touching
but did not object because she trusted defendant as a doctor. E.M. saw defendant 14
more times, with the same type of treatment and touching. She finally stopped seeing
defendant because the infections never developed, she dreaded the visits, and she felt
insulted by the touching.
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Count 5 - foreign object penetration by means of a fraudulent professional
purpose; § 289, subd. (d)(4)) - was committed in August 2006, against K.G., who was an
RN and hospital administrator. K.G. saw defendant for a painful neurological condition
arising from nerve irritation in the pelvis. During her second visit, defendant told K.G.
she had a yeast infection that was contributing to her pain. Defendant then proceeded to
cover K.G.’s eyes with a cloth and apply ultraviolet light and cream to K.G.’s vaginal
area. After removing his fingers from inside K.G.’s vagina, defendant rubbed her genital
area. K.G. filed a complaint with the Board of Chiropractic Examiners but did not take
any other action because she trusted that a physician would provide proper treatment.
Count 6 - misdemeanor sexual battery (§ 243.4, subd. (e)(1)) - was committed in
November 2007, against Di.L., who was 26 years old and seeking treatment for lower
back pain. During her first visit, defendant felt Di.L.’s lower back and stomach area. He
then said, “[M]ay I?” and put his hand sideways between her thighs and moved it to her
groin, touching Di.L.’s vaginal area through her jeans. Defendant told Di.L. she had a
yeast infection in her left ovary, which he detected from energy flowing from her left
ovary. Di.L. told her mother what had happened and the two returned to defendant’s
office to confront him. Defendant said the examination was routine.
Count 7 - misdemeanor sexual battery (§ 243.4, subd. (e)(1)) - was committed in
November 2008, against A.D., who was 34 years old and seeking treatment for neck and
shoulder pain. Defendant rubbed A.D.’s stomach and told her he needed to check to see
if she had a yeast infection. Defendant put his hands between her legs at the knees,
moved his hands up to her crotch, and touched her vaginal area outside her clothing.
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Count 8 - misdemeanor sexual battery (§ 243.4, subd. (e)(1)) - was committed in
July 2007, against De.L., who was 58 or 59 years old and seeking treatment for her knee.
During each of four visits, defendant had De.L. lie on her back and pressed one hand
against each side of her hips while holding the palm of his other hand against her pubic
bone. He also had her stand while he stood behind her, pressing his body into hers. She
felt his groin against her buttocks and twice felt his semi-erect penis against her.
Defendant then had De.L. lie on the table again and rubbed his hand from her stomach
area up between her breasts to her neck. Defendant told De.L. he was putting her body
into alignment. On one occasion, defendant told De.L. he liked his women with a little
meat on their bones.
Uncharged Incident
During an uncharged incident in September 2006, B.H. visited defendant for
treatment for upper back and hip pain. Defendant touched B.H.’s groin and pubic bone.
He told her he was doing a gynecological exam and that B.H. had a yeast infection.
Expert Testimony
Dr. Wayne Whalen testified as an expert in chiropractic practice. Whalen testified
that yeast infections are not detectible by touch and he would not put his hand on a
patient’s stomach or crotch, even if he suspected a yeast infection. Under chiropractic
standards, a chaperone should be present when a chiropractor is dealing with private
areas on a patient of the opposite sex, and patient consent should be provided before
touching a patient’s private areas. Whalen testified that he would not have committed
defendant’s alleged acts, and such acts were “way beyond what chiropractors do.”
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III
SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE AS TO COUNT 1
Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for
foreign object penetration by means of a fraudulent professional purpose (§ 289, subd.
(d)(4)). Specifically, defendant argues the evidence established that R.S. was conscious
of the nature of the act committed by defendant.
Section 289, subdivision (d)(4), provides: “Any person who commits an act of
sexual penetration, and the victim is at the time unconscious of the nature of the act and
this is known to the person committing the act or causing the act to be committed, shall
be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for three, six, or eight years. As used in
this subdivision, ‘unconscious of the nature of the act’ means incapable of resisting
because the victim meets one of the following conditions: [¶] . . . [¶] (4) Was not aware,
knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the
perpetrator’s fraudulent representation that the sexual penetration served a professional
purpose when it served no professional purpose.” (Italics added.)
“Sexual penetration,” within the meaning of section 289, subdivision (k)(1), is
defined as “the act of causing the penetration, however slight, of the genital or anal
opening of any person or causing another person to so penetrate the defendant’s or
another person’s genital or anal opening for the purpose of sexual arousal, gratification,
or abuse by any foreign object, substance, instrument, or device, or by any unknown
object.”
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Defendant assumes for purpose of this appeal, that the penetration alleged in count
1 was for the purpose of sexual arousal, gratification, or abuse. However, he argues there
was insufficient evidence that R.S. was unaware of the essential characteristics of the act.
Defendant also argues there was insufficient evidence establishing R.S. permitted the
penetration based on fraudulent representation by defendant that the unlawful touching
and penetration served a professional purpose. We conclude there was more than
sufficient evidence of these elements of unconsciousness and fraud. R.S. testified she
visited defendant for the purpose of receiving chiropractic treatment for her upper back
and right shoulder. Defendant led her to believe that he was providing appropriate
treatment for her ailments. During the third appointment, defendant groped and fondled
the front of her body and vaginal area. When R.S. asked defendant why he touched her
that way, he told her it was part of her treatment. R.S. testified that, at that time, she did
not think defendant had acted inappropriately and did not realize he was sexually abusing
her. She did not know what was going on. She thought the incident was strange but did
not think anything bad had happened. This is why she returned for the fourth treatment,
which is the basis of count 1.
During R.S.’s fourth and final visit, defendant stood in front of R.S., facing her
while she was standing, and told her he was going to transfer excess energy on the right
side of her body to her left side. Defendant kneeled in front of R.S. and began rubbing
his hands up her left leg to her crotch area. He then put his finger under her underwear
and into her vagina. Although R.S. testified she was shocked, she did not know what to
do at that time and did not understand why it had happened to her. When R.S. said,
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“[W]hat is this?,” defendant replied, “Next time I will use the glove,” indicating his
conduct was part of routine chiropractic treatment. This evidence was more than
sufficient to establish R.S. was unaware that defendant was sexually abusing her and that
defendant had fraudulently led her to believe that he was providing her with appropriate
chiropractic treatment.
R.S.’s testimony demonstrated that she was unaware that defendant was
inappropriately touching her until afterwards. She allowed defendant to touch her
because she believed defendant’s representations that his acts were in furtherance of
providing necessary chiropractic treatment. A finding of unconsciousness, within the
meaning of section 289, does not require physical unconsciousness. It “simply requires
proof the defendant tricked the victim into submitting to the touching on the pretext it
served a professional purpose.” (People v. Pham (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 919, 928.) The
unconsciousness requirement will be satisfied “[s]o long as the victim was unaware of the
‘essential characteristics of the act,’ i.e., the sexual nature of the act itself.” (Ibid.) Here,
defendant’s conduct and representations created the false impression his actions were for
the purpose of chiropractic treatment and not of a sexual nature.
IV
INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR
Defendant contends he was denied due process when the trial court gave
CALCRIM No. 370, instructing the jury that proof of motive was not required, whereas
motive was central to the charged sexual crimes. Defendant argues the instruction
conflicted with instructions on the elements of the charged crimes, in which the jury was
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told that it must find that defendant’s acts were committed with the purpose of sexual
arousal, sexual gratification or sexual abuse.
During a discussion of the jury instructions, defense counsel objected to the trial
court giving CALCRIM No. 370 on motive. Defense counsel argued that motive for
committing the charged crimes was the same as the specific intent required to prove
defendant was guilty of the crimes. Therefore CALCRIM No. 370 on motive would be
duplicative and confuse the jury as to motive and specific intent.
CALCRIM No. 370, as read to the jury, states: “The People are not required to
prove that the defendant had a motive to commit any of the crimes charged. In reaching
your verdict you may, however, consider whether the defendant did, in fact, have a
motive. [¶] Having a motive may be a factor tending to show that the defendant is
guilty. Not having a motive may be a factor tending to show that the defendant is not
guilty.” The Bench Notes on CALCRIM No. 370 state: “Do not give this instruction if
motive is an element of the crime charged.”
Defense counsel suggested that if the court gave CALCRIM No. 370, the
following language should be added to the instruction to eliminate confusion by
CALCRIM No. 370, stating a finding of motive was not required, and the instructions on
the elements of the sex crimes, which required a finding of sexual purpose or intent:
“‘Independent of motive, the People must still prove beyond a reasonable doubt the
specific intent required for a conviction of each crime contained in the Information.’”
The prosecutor responded that according to case law, such as People v. Hillhouse (2002)
27 Cal.4th 469, 503-504 (Hillhouse), motive, intent and malice are separate and distinct
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mental states. Therefore giving instruction on motive does not conflict with the
instructions on intent and malice. The trial court agreed and gave CALCRIM No. 370.
Defendant argues Hillhouse, supra, 27 Cal.4th 469, is distinguishable. In
Hillhouse, the defendant was convicted of first degree murder, robbery, and kidnapping
for robbery. The trial court instructed on the mental states required for the various
charges, including that murder required malice or a killing during the commission of
robbery, that robbery required the specific intent permanently to deprive the victim of
property, that the force or intimidation required for robbery must be motivated by the
intent to steal, and that kidnapping for robbery required the purpose and specific intent to
commit robbery. The court also instructed, in accordance with CALJIC No. 2.51, which
is similar to CALCRIM No. 370,2 that “‘[m]otive is not an element of the crime charged
and need not be shown.’” The defendant argued that telling the jury that motive was not
an element of the crimes contradicted the other instructions, because motive was an
element of the various crimes. The Hillhouse court held that the trial court did not err in
giving CALJIC No. 2.51, since motive was not an element of the crimes. (Hillhouse,
supra, 27 Cal.4th at pp. 503-504.)
The court in Hillhouse explained that, “‘Motive, intent, and malice . . . are separate
and disparate mental states. The words are not synonyms. . . .’ Motive describes the
reason a person chooses to commit a crime. The reason, however, is different from a
2 CALJIC 2.51 states: “Motive is not an element of the crime charged and need not
be shown. However, you may consider motive or lack of motive as a circumstance in this
case. Presence of motive may tend to establish the defendant is guilty. Absence of
motive may tend to show the defendant is not guilty.”
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required mental state such as intent or malice.” (Hillhouse, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 504.)
The Hillhouse court distinguished People v. Maurer (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1121, a child
sexual abuse case (§ 647.6), in which the court found prejudicial error in giving CALJIC
No. 2.51 because motive was an element of the charged offense. The trial court in
Maurer instructed the jury on the elements of a section 647.6 offense as follows: “‘Every
person who annoys or molests any child under the age of 18 years is guilty of a
misdemeanor. [¶] ‘In order to prove such crime, each of the following elements must be
proved: [¶] ‘1. That a person engaged in acts or conduct, directed at a child under the
age of 18, which would unhesitatingly disturb or irritate a normal person, if directed at
such person, and [¶] ‘2. Such acts or conduct were motivated by an unnatural or
abnormal sexual interest in [K.V.] [¶] ‘It is not necessary that the acts or conduct
actually disturb or irritate the child, or that the body of the child be actually touched.’”
(Maurer, at p. 1125; italics added.)
The Maurer court found that, although motive is not generally an element of a
criminal offense, motive was an element of the sexual crime of violating section 647.6.
(People v. Maurer, supra, 32 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1126-1127.) The Maurer court therefore
concluded CALJIC No. 2.51 and the instruction on the elements of a section 647.6 crime
were contradictory and thus erroneous, since CALJIC No. 2.51 said motive was not
required and the other instructions on the crime elements said motive was required.
(Ibid.)
Here, sexual purpose is an element of the charged sexual crimes. As in Maurer,
the crimes require findings of sexual interest when committing the crimes. The trial court
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instructed the jury that as to each of the sexual crimes (foreign object penetration by
means of a fraudulent professional purpose (§ 289, subd. (d)(4)), sexual battery by means
of a fraudulent professional purpose (§ 243.4, subd. (c)), and misdemeanor sexual battery
(§ 243.4, subd. (e)(1)), the jury was instructed that it must find defendant committed the
crimes by committing sexual penetration or touching an intimate part of the victim’s
body, “for the specific purpose of sexual arousal, sexual gratification, or sexual abuse.”
Because sexual purpose is an element of the charged crimes in the instant case, the
trial court erred in giving CALCRIM No. 370 on motive. Nevertheless, such error was
harmless under Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24. The trial court instructed
the jury that each of the crimes required a finding that defendant committed the crimes
“for the specific purpose of sexual arousal, sexual gratification, or sexual abuse.” The
jury was also instructed that each of the crimes required proof of the union of the
prohibited act with the required specific intent or mental state. “An instruction that omits
a required definition of or misdescribes an element of an offense is harmless only if ‘it
appears “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the
verdict obtained.”’ [Citation.]” (People v. Mayfield (1997) 14 Cal.4th 668, 774.) Unlike
in Maurer, there was not as clear a conflict between the instruction stating motive was
not required (CALCRIM No. 370) and the instructions on the crime elements, because in
the instant case the instructions on the crime elements referred to the need for a finding of
sexual “purpose,” rather than “motive.” But even assuming the two terms are
synonymous, it is not reasonably probable that giving CALCRIM No. 370 contributed to
the verdict obtained.
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Defendant argues that CALCRIM No. 370 misinformed the jury that it was not
required to find motive and therefore could have convicted him without the required
finding of sexual purpose for the physical acts. But no reasonable juror would have
construed the instructions as a whole in such a way, particularly since the jury was
instructed that convictions for the charged offenses required findings defendant acted
with sexual purpose, and the prosecutor argued that the evidence showed defendant acted
with the motive of sexually assaulting his victims. There is no reason to believe that the
jury did not follow the instructions requiring a finding of sexual purpose as to each crime,
even though it was also told it did not have to find motive. Juries are presumed to follow
the instructions given, and therefore it can be presumed the jury found defendant acted
with sexual purpose, particularly since there was overwhelming evidence of this. (People
v. Van Winkle (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 133, 148.)
We conclude any error in giving CALCRIM No. 370 was harmless.
V
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
CODRINGTON
J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ
P. J.
HOLLENHORST
J.
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