IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
April 20, 2010 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. KENNETH THOMPSON ANDERSON, JR.
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
No. 2006-C-2268 Monte Watkins, Judge
No. M2009-00494-CCA-R3-CD - Filed January 20, 2011
Following a jury trial, Defendant, Kenneth Thompson Anderson, Jr., was convicted of eight
counts of sexual battery by an authority figure and sentenced to an effective sentence of nine
years. In this direct appeal, Defendant raises the following issues for review: 1) whether the
trial court erred by refusing to allow testimony regarding the victim’s past sexual behavior
and preference for older men; and 2) whether the evidence is sufficient to support
Defendant’s convictions. Finding no error, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed
T HOMAS T. W OODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID H. W ELLES and
J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS, JJ., joined.
Mark C. Scruggs, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Kenneth Thompson Anderson, Jr.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Assistant Attorney
General; Victor S. (Torry) Johnson, III, District Attorney General; and J.W. Hupp, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, the State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Facts
We will refer to the minor victim by her initials. At trial, the victim, A.S., testified
that in late 2005 and early 2006, she was 16 years old and a student at Smyrna High School.
Defendant was her biology teacher. She described Defendant’s class as a “fun class.” She
testified that in the Fall of 2005, she was upset over some issues she was having with her
mother and turned to Defendant to talk about it. During one of her conversations with
Defendant at school after class, Defendant kissed her. Before the Christmas break,
Defendant gave A.S. a cell phone, and he gave her a photograph of himself on the back of
which he wrote, “To my girl who I love with all my heart, soon she’ll be my wife,
[Defendant].”
A.S. testified that on January 5, 2006, Defendant picked her up, and she “snuck out”
of her house to go to his house. A.S. testified that Defendant’s teenage daughters were at his
house, and his 14-year-old daughter woke up while she was there, but later fell back asleep.
Defendant and A.S. went to Defendant’s bedroom where “he performed oral sex on [her],
and [they] had sexual intercourse.” A.S. testified that on January 7, 2006, her stepfather
dropped her off at Hickory Hollow Mall, where she met Defendant, who drove her to his
house, where they again had sexual intercourse. On January 14, 2006, Defendant picked her
up again from the mall. After they dropped off her friend at her boyfriend’s house,
Defendant and A.S. rented a movie and got food from Burger King, which they took to
Defendant’s house. A.S. testified that they ate their food and watched the movie and then
left to pick up the friend and drop her off at home. They returned to Defendant’s house,
where they had sexual intercourse. A.S. stayed the night at Defendant’s house and slept in
his bed. She testified that when she and Defendant woke up on the next morning, on January
15, they had sex again. She left her clothes at Defendant’s house. A.S. testified that she was
in love with Defendant and that Defendant was in love with her.
On cross-examination, A.S. testified that it was “not entirely true” that she was
attracted to older men, and she acknowledged that she had been in a previous relationship
with a man named Deon Lyons that had ended more than two years before her involvement
with Defendant. She also testified that she knew Defendant only from having been in his
biology class. She testified that her mother had learned of her relationship with Defendant
and took away the cell phone that Defendant had given her. A.S. and her mother had a
physical altercation and A.S. was placed in juvenile detention. In her initial statement to the
Smyrna Police Department, while in detention, she did not disclose a sexual relationship with
Defendant. When asked by Detective Adkins to submit to a medical exam, she refused,
which A.S. testified was in an effort to protect Defendant.
Officer Kevin Cooley testified that he assisted in executing a search warrant of
Defendant’s home. When officers arrived at Defendant’s residence, Defendant was not
there. Defendant’s vehicle was stopped in the area, and the items specified in the warrant,
the victim’s jeans and shirt, were found in Defendant’s vehicle.
Defendant’s wife, Janette Anderson, testified that she and Defendant had been married
for 18 years, but they had been separated since September, 1998. She and Defendant have
two daughters together, ages 16 and 18. At the time of the offenses, their daughters lived
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with Defendant during the week and visited Mrs. Anderson on the weekends. She and
Defendant lived within a two or three-minute drive from each other.
Kendra Anderson, Defendant’s 18-year-old daughter, testified that in the Fall of 2005,
she remembered her father waking her up in the middle of the night and taking her to her
mother’s house. She testified that she and Defendant sat down to talk, and Defendant took
her cell phone away from her because he told her she had been “dishonest and sneaky.”
Subsequent to that incident, she called the number for the cell phone her father had taken
from her, and a female answered. Miss Anderson testified that she met the victim in January,
2006, and she was aware of one occasion on which the victim came to Defendant’s house.
She did not see Defendant and the victim engage in any type of inappropriate conduct.
Defendant’s youngest daughter testified that in early 2006, she was awakened by
someone tapping her shoulder while she was sleeping at her father’s house. She asked the
person who woke her, “Are you [A.S.]?” A.S. replied, “yes,” and she went back to sleep.
She considered A.S. a “friend” of her dad’s.
Detective Michael Adkins of the Metro Nashville Police Department testified that he
assisted in executing a search warrant of Defendant’s home. After stopping Defendant’s
vehicle and locating the victim’s jeans and shirt inside, he obtained another warrant for
Defendant’s residence and found mapquest directions from Defendant’s home to the home
of Talesha Tucker, who was a friend of A.S. Detective Adkins also recovered Defendant’s
bedding from the dryer. Detective Adkins did not request DNA analysis of the victim’s
clothes or Defendant’s bedding.
Joshua Smith testified that he was in Defendant’s biology class with the victim. He
testified that within his group of peers, the phrase “be my wife” had the connotation of
friendship rather than an intention to marry. He testified that Defendant “would try to get on
[students’] level and help [them] understand things a lot better, talk to [students] like. . .
[they] talk to each other.”
Defendant denied having had a sexual relationship with A.S., and he testified that his
personal involvement with A.S. outside of his classroom was only to protect her. He testified
that A.S. confided in him about problems in her home life, including physical altercations
between her mother and stepfather. In one instance that A.S. described to Defendant, she
was pushed while trying to intervene, but Defendant never reported any of those incidents
described by the victim to any other authority. Defendant testified that he gave A.S. a cell
phone before the Christmas break to use while she visited her father. Defendant testified that
she continued to confide in him about her personal problems with her family, and he
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described their relationship as “more than a teacher-student relationship. She was a friend
of sorts, where I would talk to her concerning problems.”
Defendant testified that A.S. called him one night very distraught, saying that she
wanted to leave home. Defendant picked her up a block away from her house and drove her
to his house. He testified that after they arrived at his house, Defendant introduced the victim
to his youngest daughter, who, he testified, was not sleeping. According to Defendant, the
victim then “made a bee-line” to his bedroom, which Defendant thought was “kind of odd.”
Defendant testified that she “started unbuttoning her blouse” and “started stripping.”
Defendant told her to stop. He then drove her back to where he had picked her up and
dropped her off.
Defendant testified that he told A.S. on the following morning that the “situation that
happened in [his] house [the previous night] will never repeat itself.” He testified that on
another occasion, he heard A.S. tell some classmates that she was going to spend the
weekend at a friend’s house, who lived in the vicinity of Deon Lyons, with whom Defendant
knew that A.S. had “a problem.” Defendant testified that he was driving around looking for
Deon Lyons that weekend when A.S. sent him a text message asking him to pick her up at
the mall. He met A.S. and her friend Talesha at the mall and drove them to Talesha’s house,
but A.S. stayed in his car, saying she wanted to “hang out and talk” and watch a movie at his
house. Defendant and A.S. rented a movie and returned to Defendant’s house. Defendant
testified that around 11:30 p.m., A.S. received a phone call from Talesha, asking her to pick
her up. Defendant and A.S. drove to where Talesha was, picked her up and dropped her off
at another location. Defendant testified that A.S. wanted to talk to him some more, so they
drove back to his house at around 1:00 a.m. Defendant testified that A.S. slept in his bed that
night, and he slept on the couch. The following morning, Defendant drove her to Talesha’s
grandmother’s house and dropped her off.
Defendant and A.S. exchanged several text messages, which Defendant attempted to
explain. Defendant sent A.S. messages that read, “I love you,” “You didn’t know? I miss
you like crazy, I can get used [sic] to having you with me,” and “I want to marry you as soon
as I can.” Regarding those messages, Defendant testified that he “enjoy[s] the company of
his students” and that he “told each and every student that [he] ever taught that [he] loved and
respected each one of them.” Defendant also testified that a text message he received from
A.S. stating that her “upper thighs hurt” was because several students in his class had been
“wrestling and horse-playing” and “passing licks back and forth.” Defendant testified that
his text message to A.S., “I want to marry you as soon as I can,” was “slang” and that it was
“only to show her that [he would] be there for her whenever she need[ed] [him].” Defendant
admitted that he gave a photograph of himself to A.S. with the words, “to my girl who I love
with all my heart, soon will be my wife,” written on the back, but he testified that he gave
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photographs of himself “to several different students” with “just stupid comments on the
back of them.” He did not intend for his comments to be taken literally.
Relevancy of the Evidence
Defendant asserts on appeal that the trial court unfairly limited the scope of defense
counsel’s cross-examination of the victim and the direct examination of Defendant with
regard to the victim’s knowledge of sexual matters and her preference for older men.
Tennessee Rule of Evidence 412 governs the admissibility of evidence about a sex
crime victim’s prior sexual acts. It is a rule of relevance, see State v. Brown, 29 S.W.3d 427,
430 (Tenn. 2000), and we will not overturn a trial court’s Rule 412 ruling absent an abuse
of discretion. State v. Sheline, 955 S.W.2d 42, 46 (Tenn. 1997).
Rule 412 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
(c) Specific instances of conduct. Evidence of specific instances of a
victim’s sexual behavior is inadmissible unless admitted in accordance with
the procedures in subdivision (d) of this rule, and the evidence is:
(4) If the sexual behavior was with persons other than the accused,
(i) to rebut or explain scientific or medical evidence, or
(ii) to prove or explain the source of semen, injury, disease,
or knowledge of sexual matters, or
(iii) to prove consent if the evidence is of a pattern of sexual
behavior so distinctive and so closely resembling the
accused’s version of the alleged encounter with the victim
that it tends to prove that the victim consented to the act
charged or behaved in such a manner as to lead the defendant
reasonably to believe that the victim consented.
Tenn. R. Evid. 412(c)(4). (emphasis added).
At the hearing on Defendant’s Rule 412 motion, A.S. testified that her sexual
relationship with Defendant was consensual. She also testified that she had a sexual
relationship with former boyfriend Deon Lyons and a man named Chauncey. She testified
that she confided in Defendant about personal matters, including problems in her home life.
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A.S. denied that she had a sexual relationship with a 40-year-old man who was, at the time
of the hearing, being investigated for having had a sexual relationship with her. She testified
that she learned of sexual matters from her sexual experiences prior to Defendant.
In an order denying Defendant’s motion, the trial court found as follows:
The Court also finds that the Tenn. R. Evid. 412 is a rule of exclusion and
that the defendant did not establish the need for the evidence when the State
has conceded that the victim has allegedly engaged in sexual behavior with
another individual to prove sexual knowledge. Therefore, the evidence of
prior sexual abuse and sexual encounters are not admissible. The
defendant’s motion for introduction of Tenn. R. Evid. 412 evidence is
DENIED.
The State argues that evidence of the victim’s past sexual behavior was not relevant
in that the victim was not a young child as contemplated by Rule 412, and there was no
suggestion that she could only have acquired knowledge about sexual matters from the
defendant. However, as the State also points out, Defendant did not offer the evidence for
the purpose of showing that the victim had knowledge of sexual matters, but rather to
demonstrate the victim’s alleged attraction to older men.
In the case sub judice, the victim was 16 years of age at the time of the offense and
18 years old at the time of trial, rather than a very young child as contemplated by section
(c)(4)(ii) of Rule 412. See Tenn. R. Evid. 412, Advisory Comm’n Cmts. (“This provision
also permits proof of the source of knowledge of sexual matters. It will most frequently be
used in cases where the victim is a young child who testified in detail about sexual activity.
To disprove any suggestion that the child acquired the detailed information about sexual
matters from the encounter with the accused, the defense may want to prove that the child
learned the terminology as the result of sexual activity with third parties.”) Moreover, the
jury heard evidence of A.S.’s knowledge of sexual matters. A.S. testified at trial that she had
been involved in at least one relationship with an older man, Deon Lyons, and Defendant
testified that A.S. told him that she had been sexually active before he knew her.
Finally, Defendant’s stated purpose for offering the evidence was to show the victim’s
alleged attraction to older men in order to support his defense that he did not “use[ ] his
position of authority to engage in sexual relations with [A.S.],” as stated in Defendant’s
motion. This was also Defendant’s argument to the trial court for admitting the evidence.
Defendant’s stated purpose for admitting the evidence is not among the purposes allowed
under Rule 412. Furthermore, the victim’s lack of consent is not an element of the crime for
which Defendant was convicted. The offense of sexual battery by an authority figure does
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not require that the minor victim withhold consent. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-527.
Therefore, the evidence is neither relevant, nor was it offered for a purpose stated in the rule.
We conclude that the trial court properly excluded the evidence.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, our standard
of review is whether, after reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789,
61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). The trier of fact, not this Court, resolves questions concerning the
credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all
factual issues raised by the evidence. State v. Tuttle, 914 S.W.2d 926, 932 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1995). Nor may this Court reweigh or re-evaluate the evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571
S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). On appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate
view of the evidence and all inferences therefrom. Id. Because a verdict of guilt removes
the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a presumption of guilt, the accused has the
burden in this court of illustrating why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict
returned by the trier of fact. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).
The judgments reflect that Defendant was convicted on eight counts of sexual battery
by an authority figure, which is defined as “unlawful sexual contact with a victim by the
defendant or the defendant by a victim” where “[t]he victim was, at the time of the offense”
between the ages of 13 and 17 years old, and “[t]he defendant was at the time of the offense
in a position of trust, or had supervisory or disciplinary power over the victim by virtue of
the defendant’s legal, professional or occupational status and used the position of trust or
power to accomplish the sexual contact.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-527.
Defendant argues that the proof at trial was insufficient to show that he used his
position of authority, as the victim’s teacher, to accomplish the sexual contact with the
victim. On appeal, Defendant points to the following trial testimony from the victim:
[Defense counsel]: [A.S.], once again, did [Defendant] use his position as
a biology teacher to influence you in any way to have
sex with him?
[A.S.]: No.
[Defense counsel]: Pardon?
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[A.S.]: No.
[Defense counsel]: So, the fact that he was a biology teacher had nothing
to do with your relationship. Isn’t that correct?
[A.S]: It depends on how you look at it.
[Defense counsel]: Well, if you met the man, let’s just say at Kroger or
something, all right [sic]? And y’all started talking
and you liked him, that could have easily been the
same situation as having met him in the classroom?
[A.S.]: No.
[Defense counsel]: No. Well, as far as him being your biology teacher, all
right [sic], he never said you had to socialize with him
or do anything with him sexually or otherwise in order
to get a grade. Correct?
[A.S.]: Correct.
[Defense counsel]: He never put any pressure on you to socialize with
him or to have a relationship with him in order to have
a good grade or have anything to do with school.
Right?
[A.S.]: Right.
[Defense counsel]: What you did with him – what you claim you did with
him – was completely and absolutely voluntary. Isn’t
that right?
[A.S.]: Correct.
The State responds that the victim also testified that it was through the teacher-student
relationship that Defendant gained the victim’s trust, and she began confiding in him about
problems in her family. The victim ultimately stated that the only way Defendant was able
to have a sexual relationship with her was through his relationship with her as a teacher.
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Defendant also asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions
because the sexual contact did not take place at the school. However, nothing in the statute
requires that the sexual activity occur at the school, or other place that is the source of the
defendant’s authority. In State v. Farmer, this Court held that a defendant need not use his
position of authority to “force” sexual contact with the victim, but rather, the statute prohibits
a defendant from using such power to “accomplish” the sexual contact. In that case, this
Court relied on the following definition of “accomplish”: “Without a definition provided by
the legislature, we turn to the plain meaning of accomplish, which is ‘1: to bring about (a
result) by effort . . . 2: to bring to completion: fulfill.’ Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary,
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/accomplish (last visited July 21, 2008).” State
v. Farmer, No. M2007-01553-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 3843847 at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. At
Nashville, June 17, 2008), perm. to app. denied.
When viewed in a light most favorable to the State, the evidence establishes that
Defendant used his position of trust to accomplish sexual contact with the victim. A.S.
testified that she had sexual contact with Defendant. Defendant and A.S. testified that,
during the time period in which A.S. testified the sexual contact occurred, Defendant was her
biology teacher. Defendant gained A.S.’s trust by allowing her to confide in him about her
family problems, and he endeared himself to her through his many provocative and
inappropriate messages to her. According to Defendant’s own testimony, even after A.S.’s
behavior indicated that she was interested in an inappropriate relationship with him, his
actions fostered such a relationship when he spent time alone with her and brought her to his
house, where he allowed her to spend the night. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this
issue.
CONCLUSION
After a thorough review of the record, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.
_________________________________
THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE
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