IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
May 10, 2005 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. PAUL FRIEDMAN
Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Giles County
No. 10968 Stella L. Hargrove, Judge
No. M2004-01266-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 8, 2005
The Defendant, Paul Friedman, pled guilty to one count of promoting prostitution. Pursuant to
Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 37, the Defendant reserved as a certified question of law the
issue of whether Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-512 (2003), et seq., under which he was
indicted, was unconstitutional. We conclude that this statute is constitutional, and the judgment of
the trial court is therefore affirmed.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORMA MCGEE OGLE and
ALAN E. GLENN , JJ., joined.
John E. Herbison, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Paul Friedman.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Michael Markham, Assistant Attorney General;
Mike Bottoms, District Attorney General; Beverly J. White, Assistant District Attorney General, for
the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Facts
This case arises from the Defendant’s violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-
515, which makes it an offense to promote prostitution. On April 23, 2003, the Giles County Grand
Jury indicted the Defendant for one count of promoting prostitution. On February 17, 2004, the
Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the indictment, contending that Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-13-512, et seq. was unconstitutional. On April 19, 2004, the Defendant pled guilty to one
count of promoting prostitution, reserving as a certified question of law the constitutionality of the
statute under which he was indicted.
The transcript of the guilty plea is not included in the record, but at the hearing on the
Defendant’s motion, the following evidence was presented: Michael R. Chapman, an investigator
for the Giles County Sheriff’s Department, testified that he interviewed the Defendant and half of
the employees of the Island Spa. He said that the Island Spa is a commercial business that involved
masturbation for hire. The investigator testified that the Island Spa was located in a building where
a patron could not gain access unless a locked door was opened from the inside by an employee. He
said that, inside the building, there were individual rooms, each of which had a door. Investigator
Chapman testified that, when he interviewed the Defendant, the Defendant told him that he was the
owner of the Island Spa. The Defendant also told him that each customer at the Island Spa would
initially be given a shower, and then it was the customer’s choice whether to go to a Jacuzzi or a
“rub.” The Defendant referred to the massage as a “rub” or a “full body rub” because none of the
employees were licensed masseuses. If the customer requested a full body rub, before the employee
completed the rub she would ask whether there was any part of the customer that she had not rubbed
that the customer wished to have rubbed. The Defendant said that then, if the customer placed the
employee’s hand on his genitalia, the employee would masturbate the customer. The Defendant told
the investigator that the employee could choose to take her top or her bikini bottoms off during the
full body rub. The Defendant said that the employee received $30 of the $100 fee that the customer
paid to Island Spa.
On April 29, 2004, the trial court denied the Defendant’s motion to dismiss the indictment,
finding:
1. That Defendant, Friedman, does have standing to challenge the statutes
2. That the Court does have an interest in Fundamental Rights of Consenting adults.
However, the [C]ourt additionally finds that the Island Spa was a licensed
commercial business–licensed as a spa. The service they were providing was
masturbation for hire.
THEREFORE, the Court finds that the State of T.C.A. 39-13-512 through 516 are
constitutional and hereby denies the [D]efendant[’]s motion to dismiss the
indictment.
In its final order, the trial court stated the certified question of law, appealable to this Court, as:
“Whether the trial court erroneously denied the Defendant’s motion to dismiss the indictment and
for the determination of unconstitutionality of Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-512, et seq.”
II. Analysis
A. Certified Question of Law
Because this appeal comes before us as a certified question of law, pursuant to Rule 37(b)
of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure, we must first determine whether the question
presented is dispositive. Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 37(b) provides, in pertinent part,
that:
An appeal lies from any order or judgment in a criminal proceeding where the law
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provides for such appeal, and from any judgment of conviction . . . upon a plea of
guilty . . . [if] . . . [t]he defendant entered into a plea agreement under Rule 11(e) but
explicitly reserved with the consent of the state and of the court the right to appeal
a certified question of law that is dispositive of the case and the following
requirements are met:
(A) The judgment of conviction, or other document to which such judgment refers
that is filed before the notice of appeal, must contain a statement of the certified
question of law reserved by the defendant for appellate review;
(B) The question of law must be stated in the judgment or document so as to identify
clearly the scope and limits of the legal issue reserved;
(C) The judgment or document must reflect that the certified question was expressly
reserved with the consent of the state and the trial judge; and
(D) The judgment or document must reflect that the defendant, the state, and the trial
judge are of the opinion that the certified question is dispositive of the case . . . .
State v. Preston, 759 S.W.2d 647, 650 (Tenn. 1988) (quoting Tenn. R. Crim. P. 37(b)(2)). The
record evinces that the requirements of Rule 37 are met. The final order contains a hand-written
statement of the certified question of law, and the trial judge signed below the hand-written
statement. The question of law is, therefore, stated in the final order and clearly identifies the scope
and limits of the legal issue reserved. Further, the hand-written statement indicates that the question
of law is reserved “with the consent of the State and the trial judge.” Finally, the certified question
of law is dispositive of the case. A dispositive issue is one where the appellate court “must either
affirm the judgment or reverse and dismiss. A question is never dispositive when [the appellate
court] might reverse and remand for trial . . . .” State v. Wilkes, 684 S.W.2d 663, 667 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1984). If we hold that Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-512, et seq. is
unconstitutional, the Defendant’s conviction cannot stand, and the indictment against him for
violating this statute must be dismissed. Therefore, this issue is dispositive on appeal, and we now
decide the merits of the certified question of law on appeal.
B. Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-512, et seq.
The Defendant contends that Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-512, et seq. is
unconstitutional for two reasons. He contends that the statute violates his fundamental constitutional
rights of privacy and personal autonomy, thereby violating his constitutional guarantees to
substantive due process. He asserts that the right to engage in sexual activity is a fundamental right
and that this statute is, therefore, subject to a strict scrutiny analysis. He also asserts that the
Tennessee Constitution protects an individual’s right to make inherently personal decisions, and to
act on those decisions. Further, he contends that the decision to engage in sex is an inherently
personal decision. The Defendant relies on the Court of Appeals decision in Campbell v. Sundquist,
926 S.W.2d 250, 262 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996), and the Tennessee Supreme Court opinion in Planned
Parenthood v. Sundquist, 38 S.W.3d 1, 15 (Tenn. 2000), for the proposition that an adult’s right to
engage in consensual and noncommercial sexual activities is a matter which is at the heart of
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Tennessee’s protection of right to privacy. The State agrees that consenting adults have a right to
engage in consensual and noncommercial sexual activities in the privacy of their own home, but it
asserts that this right does not encompass the practice of engaging in sexual activity in a public place,
namely a business, or engaging in prostitution.
Appellate courts are charged with upholding the constitutionality of statutes wherever
possible. State v. Lyons, 802 S.W.2d 590, 592 (Tenn. 1990). In other words, we are required to
indulge every presumption and resolve every doubt in favor of the constitutionality of the statute
when reviewing a statute for a possible constitutional infirmity. Id. The right to privacy is addressed
within the context of due process guaranties. State v. Smith, 6 S.W.3d 512, 515 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999). Protection against infringement of fundamental rights is guaranteed by both the United States
and Tennessee Constitutions. See U.S. Const. amend XIV; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 8. “When a
challenge is made alleging infringement of a fundamental right, “strict scrutiny” of the legislative
classification is only required when the classification interferes with the exercise of a “fundamental
right” or operates to the peculiar disadvantage of a suspect class.” Smith, 6 S.W.3d at 515 (citing
Evans v. Steelman, 970 S.W.2d 431, 435 (Tenn. 1998); State v. Tester, 879 S.W.2d 823, 827 (Tenn.
1994) (citations omitted)). However, if no fundamental right or suspect class is affected, the court
must determine whether there is some rational basis to justify a classification set out in a statute.
Steelman, 970 S.W.2d at 435 (citation omitted).
In the case under submission, there is no dispute that the challenged statutory provision does
not involve a suspect class, thus, our initial determination remains whether the Defendant’s right to
own and operate a business where he is aware that his employees engage in sexual activity with his
customers for a monetary fee is a guaranteed “fundamental right.” “Fundamental rights” have been
defined by the United States Supreme Court as “those fundamental rights that are implicit in the
concepts of ordered liberty such that neither liberty nor justice would exist if they were sacrificed.”
See Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937), overruled on other grounds by Benton v. Maryland,
395 U.S. 784 (1969).
The statute at issue in this case makes it a crime to “promote prostitution.” See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-13-515. “Promoting prostitution” means: (A) Owning, controlling, managing,
supervising, or in any way keeping, alone or in association with others, a business for the purpose
of engaging in prostitution, or a house of prostitution . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-512(4)(A).
“Prostitution” means “engaging in . . . sexual activity as a business” and “sexual activity” is defined
as “any sexual relations.” Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-512(5), (6).
“Prostitution is not constitutionally protected conduct.” State v. Joseph Chi-Choi Wong, No.
M2003-00504-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 1434384, at *13 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, June 25,
2004), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 6, 2004) (holding that Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-
13-512 was not unconstitutionally vague or overbroad) (citing Ellwest Stereo Theater, Inc. v. Bill
Boner, 718 F. Supp. 1553, 1561-62 (M.D. Tenn. 1989)). Further, the “State clearly has the authority
to criminalize prostitution and obscene behavior.” Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560, 575
(1991). “There is unquestionably a control in the states over the morals of their citizens, and, it may
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be admitted, it extends to making prostitution a crime.” Hoke v. United States, 227 U.S. 308, 321
(1913). While it is true that consenting adults have a right to privacy that extends to entitle them,
in certain circumstances, to engage in sexual activity in the privacy of their home, see Campbell, 926
S.W.2d at 262, there is no such entitlement to do so in a public place. See Broadway Books, Inc.
v. Roberts, 642 F. Supp. 486, 492 (E.D. Tenn. 1986); State v. Lunati, 665 S.W.2d 739, 748 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1983); Wong, 2004 WL 1434384, at *13.
In accordance with the foregoing, we conclude that the statute at issue in this case does not
infringe on the Defendant’s fundamental right of privacy. As previously stated, the State has a
control over the morals of its citizens and this extends to making prostitution a crime. It follows that
this control also extends to making the promotion of prostitution a crime. The Defendant admitted
to owning a business where customers paid $100 and received a shower after which they were
offered a massage. The Defendant’s employee would then ask if the customer would like anything
else massaged, and the customer could choose to place the employee’s hand on his groin and, if the
customer so chose, the customer would be masturbated by the employee. The employee received
$30 of the $100 fee. We can think of fewer more clear examples of prostitution or the promotion
of prostitution, and the State has a right to criminalize this conduct without infringing on the privacy
rights of its citizens. Accordingly, we conclude that Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-512,
et seq., is not unconstitutional as applied to the Defendant. This issue is without merit.
III. Conclusion
In accordance with the foregoing reasoning and authorities, we conclude Tennessee Code
Annotated section 39-13-512, et seq., is not unconstitutional. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the
Defendant’s conviction.
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ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE
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